tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11253789013012988702024-03-14T07:41:07.889+01:00Mick's marine biologyMick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.comBlogger61125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-70469225448135319332022-08-29T22:50:00.006+02:002022-08-29T23:15:38.982+02:00Op zoek naar de Raketmeduse, Cladonema radiatum in Nederland <p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidPfYd3XfkmIDjufZ6DFJoy8ApM9pZBOhZRIs3Lb6gk_jyoiNKUDe9gMWtEazF0Bf5YVfhg4yy9EpijwwF_AD7odSPbs5GrjSFemYO_H9-W-OFhjZmWwu3QW5FSWS1FxolyNtbEdXhY549WLfkSA04DxrS-2umkwrLogoj02EMSHiOaiU_iRecJCJk/s1476/001Cladonema%20radiatum%20-%20stack%20-%202020-12-05%2015-11-44%20(B,Radius8,Smoothing4)v2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="1476" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidPfYd3XfkmIDjufZ6DFJoy8ApM9pZBOhZRIs3Lb6gk_jyoiNKUDe9gMWtEazF0Bf5YVfhg4yy9EpijwwF_AD7odSPbs5GrjSFemYO_H9-W-OFhjZmWwu3QW5FSWS1FxolyNtbEdXhY549WLfkSA04DxrS-2umkwrLogoj02EMSHiOaiU_iRecJCJk/w640-h426/001Cladonema%20radiatum%20-%20stack%20-%202020-12-05%2015-11-44%20(B,Radius8,Smoothing4)v2.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">fig. 1. Zijaanzicht Raketmeduse, <i>Cladonema radiatum</i>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Dit blogbericht had ik als titel willen geven: ‘De Raketmeduse, <i>Cladonema radiatum</i> Dujardin, 1843 nieuw voor Nederland.’ Hoewel niet is uit te sluiten dat er in Nederlands kustwater Raketmeduses zijn voor(t)gekomen, is dat niet met 100% zekerheid vast te stellen. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Met dit blogbericht als artikel in Het Zeepaard (82-3) en een artikel van Robert Brons over deze soort in hetzelfde nummer, is het een oproep om naar deze bijzondere hydromeduses uit te kijken. Vooruitlopend op een vondst in Nederland ben ik meteen zo vrij geweest om een Nederlandse naam te geven: de Raketmeduse. </span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Vondsten en soort<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Begin november 2020 zag ik in één van mijn aquaria een tiental roodbruine ‘strengetjes’ van een paar millimeter die schokvormige bewegingen maakten. Toen ik er een vergrootglas bij haalde - de diertjes waren tussen de 0,5 en 2,5 mm hoog (althans het klokje) - bleken het heel fraaie hydromeduses te zijn (fig. 1 en 2). <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Toen ik ze op naam wilde brengen en daarvoor ‘Overzicht van de Nederlandse Leptolida’ van Vervoort & Faasse (2009) uit de boekenkast trok, bleken daarin meer dan 50 soorten hydropoliepen beschreven die in hun leven een medusestadium kennen. Dat leek me dus zoeken naar een naald in een hooiberg, maar dat bleek mee te vallen. <i>Cladonema radiatum</i> heeft opmerkelijke knotsjes aan zijn vertakte tentakels zitten, in het boek omschreven als bolvormige netelconcentraties. Toen ik vervolgens de beschrijving las en ging googlen naar foto’s, leek mij de soort onmiskenbaar. Marco Faasse bevestigde de determinatie per email. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiiR6nWSLgFksEHwV36B0eQa9bFh3oAbf2VtKvJKIXyZbJhM0HYo6bIDY_4-2JrF9HvrmY-aMhqviZhm7wIYadtErbtOS9dTndzUKuyvVDX40ECghIB6TcXJ7amz7Y-WKBNp-E90FqCbeJKIlnvs9YUlnNCJHOnVOrpxWRwqyB_TPtiOjwtdiWhXlj/s1476/002%202020-12-04%2016-39-58%20(B,Radius8,Smoothing4)v2v2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="1476" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiiR6nWSLgFksEHwV36B0eQa9bFh3oAbf2VtKvJKIXyZbJhM0HYo6bIDY_4-2JrF9HvrmY-aMhqviZhm7wIYadtErbtOS9dTndzUKuyvVDX40ECghIB6TcXJ7amz7Y-WKBNp-E90FqCbeJKIlnvs9YUlnNCJHOnVOrpxWRwqyB_TPtiOjwtdiWhXlj/w640-h426/002%202020-12-04%2016-39-58%20(B,Radius8,Smoothing4)v2v2.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 2. Bovenaanzicht.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In het boek wordt gemeld dat de soort nog niet in Nederland is gevonden, maar "in ons kustplankton is te verwachten". De wens wordt al snel de vader van de gedachte en ik dacht de eerste exemplaren uit Nederlands kustwater te hebben gevonden. Ik vond ze namelijk direct nadat ik vers zeewater voor mijn aquarium had gehaald bij Neeltje Jans. Maar hoe meer ik er over las, hoe groter de twijfel. Eén van de belangrijkste tegenargumenten was dat de hydromeduses doodgaan bij een temperatuur lager dan 14 ºC; het zeewater bij Neeltje Jans was toen 12 ºC. Daarbij vond ik zo’n 10 exemplaren in dat aquarium van nog geen 7 liter en dat was wel erg veel voor het toeval. Een ander tegenargument is dat dit dier op heel veel plaatsen in de wereld opduikt… in aquaria! Dan is niet altijd duidelijk waar de diertjes vandaan komen. Vaak blijken ze meegelift met geïmporteerd koraal en ‘levend steen’ en komen ze in de omringende zee van dat land niet voor. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ook Marco Faasse liet weten ze lang geleden in zijn aquarium te hebben gehad. De herkomst was niet duidelijk, maar hij vermoedde dat ze waren meegekomen met wat materiaal uit de Middellandse Zee. Juist in mijn meduse-aquarium had ik zeewieren als het groenwier <i>Caulerpa racemosa</i> en wat zeeanemoontjes op Groot zeegras, <i>Zostera marina</i> van de Franse Middellandse Zeekust ondergebracht, die ik juni dat jaar had verzameld. Dat was teveel toeval.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Van Thom van Riet kreeg ik juni 2021 een foto gemaild met het bericht dat hij een twaalftal vreemde kwalletjes in de filterbak van zijn aquarium zag. Ik herkende ze meteen: dezelfde prachtige hydromeduses van <i>Cladonema radiatum.</i>Zouden dat dan toch de eerste exemplaren zijn uit Nederlands water? Al het zeeleven en zeewater dat hij voor zijn aquarium verzameld, komt uit Zeeuwse wateren. Nou ja, bijna al het zeeleven: ik heb hem in maart 2021 wat Kussensterretjes, <i>Asterina gibbosa</i> gegeven… Kon dat dan toch de bron van ‘besmetting’ zijn? Er zat wat water bij, maar dat oogde schoon en daarbij was er geen uitwisseling van water van het kleine meduse-aquarium met het (hoofd)aquarium waar de Kussensterretjes vandaan kwamen. Ook was zijn aquariumtemperatuur toen voor een langere periode 10 tot 12 ºC. Dat zou dodelijk moeten zijn voor <i>Cladonema</i>. Dus toch de eerste Nederlandse vondst?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Robert Brons, die jarenlange ervaring heeft met het kweken van zeedieren, gaf een duidelijke reactie op mijn concept tekst: hij was niet overtuigd van de Nederlandse herkomst. Hij zou dat pas zijn als het aquarium en alles daaromheen grondig gesteriliseerd zou zijn, laat staan dat er ‘vreemd’ materiaal in terecht is gekomen als de Kussensterretjes. Robert: “<i>Cladonema</i> komt zeer, zeer algemeen voor in Nederlandse zeeaquaria en dat is al minstens 40 jaar zo. Vanuit mijn aquacultuur-verleden weet ik dat <i>Cladonema</i> zich ondanks UV-sterilisatie, handen en netten ontsmetten, toch verbazingwekkend gemakkelijk van het ene naar het andere systeem weet te verspreiden. Ongetwijfeld door menselijke foutjes, maar nooit was iemand zich daarvan bewust. Dit dier is een ongelooflijke overlevings- en verspreidingskunstenaar.” Op basis daarvan durf ik uiteindelijk niet te stellen dat Thom’s exemplaren met zekerheid uit Nederlandse wateren komen. Opnieuw jammer, maar het is meteen een goede aanleiding om naar deze hydromeduses uit te kijken. Daarover later meer. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Het gaat dus om de hydropoliep <i>Cladonema radiatum</i> Dujardin, 1843. Het dier valt onder de stam Cnidaria, waartoe ook kwallen, zeeanemonen en koralen behoren en vervolgens onder de klasse Hydrozoa. Omdat het verspreidingsgebied van dit kleine, wat verborgen dier erg groot is, vraagt Schuchert (2006) zich af of het niet om een complex van soorten gaat. Zoals zo vaak volgt dan de opmerking dat er nader onderzoek gedaan moet worden. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjydWJJ5-SaCmW2TkwrKMc9c6egfkrwK0lzVIoJlWTHsydelDhafmBIEOlrJN6gQ4xYOrBEd9ZrngshUTLsL8kbwvefbVJNw198plMx81zV-_st33ktx7VoAlKb_kxAH9QfAPJn6apglJ3W3OAr0XqncFZdyfMnci9Mpdbf22UKLssElBzHDogqUYyW/s1476/003SWG-MS20201206092v2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="1476" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjydWJJ5-SaCmW2TkwrKMc9c6egfkrwK0lzVIoJlWTHsydelDhafmBIEOlrJN6gQ4xYOrBEd9ZrngshUTLsL8kbwvefbVJNw198plMx81zV-_st33ktx7VoAlKb_kxAH9QfAPJn6apglJ3W3OAr0XqncFZdyfMnci9Mpdbf22UKLssElBzHDogqUYyW/w640-h426/003SWG-MS20201206092v2.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 3. <span style="text-align: start;">Detail met ocelli.</span></span><span style="text-align: start;"></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Verschijning<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In Vervoort & Faasse (2009) wordt de volgende beschrijving gegeven van de meduse: "Meduse klokvormig, tot 3 mm hoog en iets smaller. Met 8-10 vertakte tentakels; onderste vertakkingen kort en met hechtschijfje, bovenste langer met bolvormige netelconcentraties. Tentakels aan basis verdikt en met bruine ocel (redactie: oog, lichtgevoelige cellen; fig. 3). Scherm aan buitenzijde met verspreide netelcellen. Manubrium (redactie: het orgaan dat de maagholte bevat en eindigt in een mond; fig. 4) sigaarvormig, mondopening omgeven door 5-7 lobachtige tentakels. Gonaden (redactie: voortplantingsorganen) langs bovenste tweederde van het manubrium." Ik heb overigens geen enkel exemplaar gezien met een sigaarvormig manubrium. Het doet me eerder aan een knotsvorm denken. Het dier kan het orgaan sterk samentrekken en heen en weer bewegen (fig. 5).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></o:p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhneWOyi1TePh2d9-ju1TgwrfiQXT-EQHkcY-IxF7rVBbgqk0ZrPkbdSW_LoRzM-dMCsRL0Su6LZF19-k6d835vnUD39YkP8SHCLBX743IxJCBmxZ6ROFzstJk0AVv7ytxM_ybA7bixcs5Nyfjnx10YNVmRqCcm0lHRw8y5lRSty_e93ekyTsRh5Eaz/s1476/004SWG-MS20201124026v2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1476" data-original-width="1476" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhneWOyi1TePh2d9-ju1TgwrfiQXT-EQHkcY-IxF7rVBbgqk0ZrPkbdSW_LoRzM-dMCsRL0Su6LZF19-k6d835vnUD39YkP8SHCLBX743IxJCBmxZ6ROFzstJk0AVv7ytxM_ybA7bixcs5Nyfjnx10YNVmRqCcm0lHRw8y5lRSty_e93ekyTsRh5Eaz/w640-h640/004SWG-MS20201124026v2.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">fig. 4. <span style="text-align: start;">Detail met manubrium.</span></span><span style="text-align: start;"></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ben je het Engels machtig, dan vind je in Bouillon et al. (2004) een determinatiesleutel en daarnaast veel informatie over Hydrozoa in het algemeen (zeer lezenswaardig!). In Schuchert (2006) vind je de meest uitgebreide beschrijving van deze soort. Overigens zijn alle drie genoemde publicaties als PDF op te halen (zie Literatuur). <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Poliep en meduse<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Veel hydropoliepen zoals <i>Cladonema radiatum</i> kennen zowel een vastzittend poliepstadium als een vrijzwemmend medusestadium. Die dieren lijken in die verschillende stadia helemaal niet op elkaar en werden in het verleden vaak als aparte soorten beschreven. De naam hydropoliep (ook wel hydroïdpoliep) is verwarrend, omdat je dan eigenlijk alleen de poliep benoemd, niet de meduse. En dat terwijl die meduse soms juist zo opvallend is. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Die verwarring zie je ook terug in de (soms verouderde) Nederlandse naamgeving van diverse soorten Hydrozoa, zoals bijvoorbeeld <i>Clytia hemisphaerica</i>. Dat dier heet als poliep Getand zeemos en als meduse Kleine of Getande klokpoliep! Voorzover ik weet, is het ook de enige klasse van zeedieren waarbij die duidelijk verschillende ontwikkelingsstadia een aparte Nederlandse soortnaam hebben gekregen. Bij een aantal soorten hydropoliepen is het medusestadium leidend in de naamgeving (zij het vreemd genoeg niet met het woord meduse): Lampenkapje, Parasolletje, Japanse kruiskwal, Klepelklokje en zo meer. Kijkend naar die soorten lijkt de opvallende vorm en de grootte van die meduses en de frequentie waarin het dier in dat stadium wordt aangetroffen, bepalend geweest voor de naamkeuze. Dat lijkt mij ook voor de Nederlandse naamgeving van <i>Cladonema radiatum</i> van toepassing.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnlALdsyq8cDcNb-NIuL6ZHE9rnkN7NY1MoWj3eG-n2oOneTHC5h2lNu9h0zeNx3cqXY9xwTpFxUEvxAj322DsMqJqjRA9f0mx6akVkWywNmEJpDxRnDr53KKdjdpunr_CPQmq8tDhXcZEiHFWCFFUeYbEaCANcpve-Lf2mD5FFCqevVlYC7savEDD/s1476/005SWG-MS20201206034v2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1301" data-original-width="1476" height="564" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnlALdsyq8cDcNb-NIuL6ZHE9rnkN7NY1MoWj3eG-n2oOneTHC5h2lNu9h0zeNx3cqXY9xwTpFxUEvxAj322DsMqJqjRA9f0mx6akVkWywNmEJpDxRnDr53KKdjdpunr_CPQmq8tDhXcZEiHFWCFFUeYbEaCANcpve-Lf2mD5FFCqevVlYC7savEDD/w640-h564/005SWG-MS20201206034v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 5. <span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: start;">Detail met samengetrokken manubrium. <br />Aan de onderzijde is het velum met daarin een opening zichtbaar.</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Nederlandse naam<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Omdat veel mensen een Nederlandse naam beter onthouden, ben ik meteen op zoek gegaan naar (mogelijke) Engelse namen als referentie. Op internet kwam ik de volgende namen tegen: ‘root-arm medusa’, ‘aquarium medusa’ en ‘rocket jelly’. Het zijn allemaal toepasselijke namen. Root-arm medusa (Fenwick, website Aphotomarine), vrij vertaald wortelstelsel meduse, slaat duidelijk terug op de vorm van de gespreide tentakels, zoals je die ziet op fig. 1 en 2. Aquarium medusa (Bay-Nouailhat, 2006; Cole, 2017) zegt iets over de zeer frequente aquariumwaarnemingen van <i>Cladonema</i> en dat is natuurlijk wel een heel bijzondere ‘eigenschap’. De vraag is of dat specifiek genoeg is: google eens op het woord aquarium medusa en je ziet allerlei kwallen in aquaria voorbijkomen, niet <i>Cladonema</i>. Rocket jelly kom ik één keer tegen (Buttivant, 2020). Die naam vertaald als Raketmeduse spreekt mij het meest aan. Het dier valt namelijk vooral op door de snelle, schokkerige sprongetjes die het maakt; het oogt en beweegt als een raketje. Zie bijgaand filmpje. Gaan we ooit ook het poliepstadium vinden, dan kunnen we daar Raketpoliep van maken. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='230' height='191' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyKXssNIgYPy-2FwU-9G_Wj3SDBn_f7Fe5Wwidb84Y_J19NdMG1OA8-fwaqiWoHenv8YOSziMIaPct8zQ24ig' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Formaat</span></b></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Waar Vervoort & Faasse (2009) schrijven "tot 3 mm hoog en iets smaller", noemt Bay-Nouailhat (2006) een diameter van maar liefst 6 mm. Dat is dus fors groter. Die van mij waren zoals al aangegeven 0,5 tot 2,5 mm hoog. Voor alle duidelijkheid: het gaat om de hoogte of diameter van het klokje, dus zonder de tentakels. Bedenk daarbij dat het dier (meer dan 95% water!) zich makkelijk groter en kleiner en anders van vorm kan maken (fig. 6) door water in en uit zijn lijf te pompen.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsTpfX4QRI9kprqut9_bbPaZ4wnYL5u4QbKCpEAbMgV8oh228bJlx4QT4Z9SZtlHBS7gvImCB4EM3s6CyklVlXMlyb9uue0RGV9hFySezMRcf1feg4_tFmGNbrj0P9SFoT9iudPmCepYW9DKNMr8Se3WRGdbihasichlUYpswVVqqat-hUXceCoj5k/s1476/6%20Cladonema%20radiatum%20-%20Root-arm%20medusa%20-%20Raketmeduse%20SWG-MS20201206037v2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="1476" data-original-width="1476" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsTpfX4QRI9kprqut9_bbPaZ4wnYL5u4QbKCpEAbMgV8oh228bJlx4QT4Z9SZtlHBS7gvImCB4EM3s6CyklVlXMlyb9uue0RGV9hFySezMRcf1feg4_tFmGNbrj0P9SFoT9iudPmCepYW9DKNMr8Se3WRGdbihasichlUYpswVVqqat-hUXceCoj5k/w640-h640/6%20Cladonema%20radiatum%20-%20Root-arm%20medusa%20-%20Raketmeduse%20SWG-MS20201206037v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><div style="text-align: center;">fig. 6 De Raketmeduse in een andere vorm.</div></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kleur</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Schuchtert (2006): "De kleur van het manubrium en de tentakels is rood, helderrood of bruin; ocelli zwart of diep karmozijn". Niet vermeld is: de rest van het dier is doorzichtig en kleurloos. Ik zie vooral oranje als kleur, maar het valt mij - niet voor het eerst - op dat de zwarte of witte achtergrond waarop ik dieren vaak fotografeer en de (grote) hoeveelheid licht die ik op of door het dier laat vallen, voor een andere kleurweergave zorgen. Alleen het exemplaar tegen de lichte achtergrond (fig. 7) en op de zeeanemoon (fig. 8) zijn duidelijk rood. Hoewel het in de foto’s deels om verschillende exemplaren ging, oogden zij op het oog met hetzelfde licht identiek van kleur. De ‘kleurervaring’ die je zult hebben met dieren in een natuurlijke omgeving zal dus door een andere achtergrond (zeegras, bruinwieren, vrijzwemmend in het water) en verschillend licht (zonlicht, duiklamp) ook sterk verschillen. Je kunt overigens meer kleuren ontdekken (fig. 1, 3 en 9); die worden veroorzaakt door een andere invalshoek van het licht.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7pSiGsJUhJ3B3RXAWA2Z8dB4TkZBzwSp72jpPa_qicRZfwN_loqm9HR38tpOLFUz3vTSPauJlwJN-bIhYyWuq7n-sC2qXYZRjTyK3MA-f-FW3SJuD_-_tf_gF3nReu3-sPSb43eJ8DpIFKqHm-91a8MuSwMCLOovhmRQFUcVc4uGLz0w1xjpJXx8t/s1476/007SWG-MS20201213084v2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1107" data-original-width="1476" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7pSiGsJUhJ3B3RXAWA2Z8dB4TkZBzwSp72jpPa_qicRZfwN_loqm9HR38tpOLFUz3vTSPauJlwJN-bIhYyWuq7n-sC2qXYZRjTyK3MA-f-FW3SJuD_-_tf_gF3nReu3-sPSb43eJ8DpIFKqHm-91a8MuSwMCLOovhmRQFUcVc4uGLz0w1xjpJXx8t/w640-h480/007SWG-MS20201213084v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 7. <span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: start;">Meduse gefotografeerd voor een lichte achtergrond.</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Voortbeweging </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Zoals al gezegd beweegt de meduse zich voort met snelle, schokkerige sprongetjes. Heel anders dan de gracieuze, rustig golvende bewegingen van kwallen of bijvoorbeeld van het meer verwante Lampenkapje. Door het hard samentrekken van het klokje (fig. 6) en verkleining van de opening van het velum (een membraan dat het klokje afsluit, fig. 5), wordt door die opening met grote kracht water geperst, zoals bij een straalmotor, waardoor het dier wegschiet. Dan hangt het even vrij in het water, schiet weer verder weg of zakt langzaam naar de bodem. Landt hij op zijn zijkant op de bodem, dan blijft hij vaak even liggen om zich vervolgens op te richten met zijn tentakels vastgehecht aan de ondergrond. Grote afstanden legt het dier niet af; in stromend water is hij niet in staat tegen de stroming in te zwemmen. Hoewel Bouillon et al. (2004) schrijven dat hij door middel van zijn tentakels over de bodem kan lopen, zegt o.a. Schuchert (2006) juist dat hij dat niet kan en dat de tentakels alleen gebruikt worden om zich aan de bodem vast te zetten. Ik kan mij ook niet herinneren dat ik ze ermee heb zien lopen. Zoals op de foto’s goed is te zien, kan de Raketmeduse zijn tentakels ver uitstrekken en intrekken; ver uitgestrekt op de bodem is het dier stevig verankerd. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Voedsel<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Bouillon et al. (2004) noemen schaaldieren, vislarven en andere planktonische en epibentische organismen als voedsel van Hydrozoa. Sommige soorten kunnen zich voeden met bacteriën, protozoën, fytoplankton en zelfs opgelost organisch materiaal; andere soorten herbergen symbiotische intracellulaire algen waaruit ze bepaalde voedingsstoffen kunnen fixeren. Hij en andere auteurs noemen geen specifiek voedsel voor de Raketmeduse. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Voortplanting<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Zoals al gezegd heeft <i>Cladonema radiatum</i> zowel een vrijzwemmend medusestadium als een vastzittend poliepstadium. Hoewel er in het meduse-aquarium een draderige structuur op het glas van het aquarium ontwikkelde, waaruit zich een aantal poliepen vormden, bleek dat niet van deze soort te zijn. Ik heb ze dus nog niet gezien en verwacht ze ook na twee jaar niet meer. Voor verdere informatie over de voortplanting verwijs ik graag naar het artikel met prachtige foto’s van Robert Brons in Het Zeepaard (82-3). Op het houden in een aquarium kom ik nog terug. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Verspreiding<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>Cladonema radiatum</i> is een cosmopoliet, maar komt oorspronkelijk uit Europa. Op de website van het Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (klik <a href="https://nemesis.nisbase.org/nemesis/species_summary/-157" target="_blank">hier</a>) is een kaart opgenomen waar het dier voorkomt. Dat het dier zich steeds verder verspreid - al of niet via de zeedierenhandel - blijkt bijvoorbeeld uit een recente publicatie van de waarneming in Pakistan (Ghory, 2020). Aangetroffen in een aquarium gevuld met zeewater uit het getijdengebied daar. Of daar geen sprake is van onbedoelde introductie met buitenlands materiaal, kan ik niet beoordelen. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Habitat<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Het dier vestigt zich gewoonlijk op zeewieren en zeegrassen (zoals Neptunusgras, <i>Posidonia oceanica </i>of Groot zeegras, <i>Zostera marina)</i>, maar ook op hard substraat. De soort wordt – althans in Europa – gevonden van juni tot oktober. Hij kan tijdens warme periodes zeer algemeen zijn. Ook wordt genoemd dat het dier tintelingen kan veroorzaken bij zwemmers. Als het om dezelfde dieren gaat die mij en mijn vrouw belaagden in de zee bij Biarritz in 1989, dan is tintelingen eufemistisch uitgedrukt: na een minuut of vijf in zee hadden we genoeg van de tamelijk pijnlijke steken (gevoel vergelijkbaar met de steek van een daas) van een onzichtbaar dier. Ze zijn mogelijk ook 'netelig' genoeg om niet door een veel grotere zeeanemoon te worden verzwolgen. Ik zag in mijn aquarium een Raketmeduse in aanvaring komen met <i>Telmatactis forskalii</i> (fig. 8). De zeeanemoon bracht de meduse met twee tentakels naar zijn mond, maar duwde hem een paar seconden later weg, waarna de meduse nog 18 minuten bleef plakken. De meduse had bij de aanraking direct zijn tentakels samengetrokken onder de klok. Uiteindelijk sloot de zeeanemoon zich en bleef de meduse nog lange tijd aan de buitenkant hangen. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5L7MTlt0ae5nk4rYaHV-0MsmWBh_DIrN4QrNzshPCKz3Suuu1aOm94XmnAsgzLNoQwGoCCsNX8IQYE734IXsOtIb2Pf_UX-wJMCLA1uiQAmlDcLXp5FqTgPcK124oUMb69gOvokYdPEdl7JdUQhWuQzpV1uqVPpp_iiOSZDueZV6-_RGz4SWOWTQI/s1476/008SWG-MS20210109069v2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1476" data-original-width="1476" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5L7MTlt0ae5nk4rYaHV-0MsmWBh_DIrN4QrNzshPCKz3Suuu1aOm94XmnAsgzLNoQwGoCCsNX8IQYE734IXsOtIb2Pf_UX-wJMCLA1uiQAmlDcLXp5FqTgPcK124oUMb69gOvokYdPEdl7JdUQhWuQzpV1uqVPpp_iiOSZDueZV6-_RGz4SWOWTQI/w640-h640/008SWG-MS20210109069v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 8. <span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: start;">Meduse in de tentakels van </span><i style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Telmatactis forskalii.</span></i></span></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Aquarium<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>Cladonema radiatum</i> blijkt het in warmwater aquaria zo goed te doen, dat hij veel gebruikt wordt als laboratoriumdier voor ontwikkelings- en moleculaire studies. In veel privé aquaria wordt het dier als een pest gezien. In Schuchert (2006) is vermeld dat een kolonie van dit dier meer dan 30 jaar leefde in een aquarium in Berlijn. Bouillon et al. (2004) schrijven dat de levensduur van hydromeduses ligt tussen een paar uur en een maand. Ik heb van de oorspronkelijke pakweg tien meduses één individu twee en één bijna drie maanden in leven gehouden (beide exemplaren heb ik apart gehouden in een plastic emmertje). Dat is dus beduidend langer dan de maand van Bouillon et al. (2004). Thom liet weten dat hij de meduses ongeveer tot oktober is blijven zien, maar dat hoeven niet steeds dezelfde exemplaren te zijn geweest.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ik voerde ze met Coralific Delite, kleine korreltjes aquariumvoer voor koralen en zeeanemonen die je in water doet en met een pipet geeft. Bij de meduses kon ik het roodgekleurde voer in de maag zien zitten. Na twee maanden ben ik ze dagelijks <i>Artemia</i> larfjes gaan geven. Zowel het aquarium als het emmertje werden belucht; het emmertje heel licht om de kwetsbare dieren niet te beschadigen. Het aquarium werd sterker belucht, omdat daar ook wat andere dieren in zaten. Vaak zag ik ze bovenin het aquarium aan het glas ‘geplakt’ zitten. Ze konden zich zonodig tegen de stroming beschermen door zich te nestelen tussen het <i>Caulerpa racemosa</i>. Zette ik de luchtpomp uit om ze wat te voeren, dan zag ik ze vaak tussen het groenwier vandaan komen. Eens per twee dagen verving ik een kwart van het water in het emmertje. In het aquarium verving ik pakweg 1 liter per 2 weken.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Op zoek langs de Nederlandse kust<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Zie je de meduse in een aquarium al makkelijk over het hoofd, in natura wordt dat nog wat lastiger. Toch hoop ik dat je, met de foto’s van het dier in het achterhoofd en je bedenkend dat het klokje niet veel hoger is dan 3 mm, eens dit prachtige en interessante dier al stenen kerend of duikend tegen zult komen. Dat dat mogelijk is blijkt uit een leuke reportage op Cornish Rock Pools (Buttivant, 2021, klik <a href="https://cornishrockpools.com/tag/medusa/" target="_blank">hier</a>). Zoals Robert Brons schreef: "dan pas ben ik echt overtuigd dat het om een Nederlands exemplaar gaat!"<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><o:p><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Dank</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ik dank Thom van Riet voor het delen van zijn bijzondere vondst. Marco Faasse dank ik voor de bevestiging van de soort, aanvullende informatie en het nalezen van dit blogbericht/artikel. Robert Brons bedank ik voor het nalezen, het voorkomen van de conclusie dat de soort in Nederlandse wateren is gevonden en vooral omdat zijn magnifieke fotografie - die hij al in een ver verleden presenteerde bij een lezing voor de Strandwerkgemeenschap - een belangrijke inspiratiebron is geworden voor mijn ‘in vitro fotografie’.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Alle foto's (in vitro): Mick Otten.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT3qixlJgKsUkX0t-l_ofy43f8qjzn58U8aC-MQistuFt_fFy84roLBYjb3-58CrsSnqDQBmzh9XL5Qx78xyj-2HoZxCvKKUtRmD7w4OXkBZW0MzbI93GcDDS91nubJI7glr9bKkr2h8KyEjxoqfuZ_mmi9L8quGSgWqFwWT-AWvWmB9P3YUd7xFP-/s1476/9%20Cladonema%20radiatum%20-%20Root-arm%20medusa%20-%20Raketmeduse%20SWG-MS20201206062v2v2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="822" data-original-width="1476" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT3qixlJgKsUkX0t-l_ofy43f8qjzn58U8aC-MQistuFt_fFy84roLBYjb3-58CrsSnqDQBmzh9XL5Qx78xyj-2HoZxCvKKUtRmD7w4OXkBZW0MzbI93GcDDS91nubJI7glr9bKkr2h8KyEjxoqfuZ_mmi9L8quGSgWqFwWT-AWvWmB9P3YUd7xFP-/w640-h358/9%20Cladonema%20radiatum%20-%20Root-arm%20medusa%20-%20Raketmeduse%20SWG-MS20201206062v2v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 9. Een andere invalshoek van het licht veroorzaakt andere kleuren.</span></div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b style="font-family: inherit;">Literatuur</b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Bouillon, J., M.D. Medel, F. Pagès, J.M. Gili, F. Boero & C. Gravili, 2004. Fauna of the Mediterranean Hydrozoa. Scientia Marina 68: 5-438. Klik <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236222220_Bouillon_J_Medel_MD_Pages_F_Gili_JM_Boero_F_Gravili_C_-_2004_Fauna_of_the_Mediterranean_Hydrozoa_Scientia_Marina_Barcelona_vol_68_Suppl-_2_438_pp" target="_blank">hier</a> voor PDF.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Cole, T.C.H., 2017. Wörterbuch der Wirbellosen / Dictionary of Invertebrates. Latein-Deutsch-English. Springer Spektrum, Berlin. </span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ghory, F.S., Q.M. Ali & Q. Ahmed, 2020. First record of Cladonema radiatum Dujardin, 1843 (Hydrozoa: Cladonematidae) from northern Arabian Sea, Pakistan. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research 5(3): 14-16. Klik <a href="http://www.fishjournals.com/archives/2020/vol5/issue3/5-2-13" target="_blank">hier</a> voor PDF.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Schuchert, P., 2006. The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa: Cnidaria): Capitata Part 1. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 113(2): 325-410. Klik <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229439246_The_European_athecate_hydroids_and_their_medusae_Hydrozoa_Cnidaria_Capitata_Part_1" target="_blank">hier</a> voor PDF.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Vervoort, W. & M.A. Faasse, 2009. Overzicht van de Nederlandse Leptolida (= Hydroida) (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen 32: 1-207. Klik <a href="https://natuurtijdschriften.nl/pub/1002050" target="_blank">hier</a> voor PDF. </span></li></ul><p></p><div><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Websites</span></b></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Bay-Nouailhat, W., 2006. Description of Cladonema radiatum: <a href="http://www.european-marine-life.org/05/cladonema-radiatum.php" target="_blank">http://www.european-marine-life.org/05/cladonema-radiatum.php</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Buttivant, H., 2020. Cornish Rockpools: <a href="https://cornishrockpools.com/tag/medusa/" target="_blank">https://cornishrockpools.com/tag/medusa/</a></span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Fenwick, D. Aphotomarine: <a href="https://www.aphotomarine.com/hydrozoa_cladonema_radiatum_root_arm_medusa.html" target="_blank">https://www.aphotomarine.com/hydrozoa_cladonema_radiatum_root_arm_medusa.html</a></span></li><li>Smithsonian Environmental Research Center: <a href="https://nemesis.nisbase.org/nemesis/species_summary/-157 " target="_blank">https://nemesis.nisbase.org/nemesis/species_summary/-157 </a> </li></ul><p></p>Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-53140902236007952342020-02-20T08:00:00.001+01:002022-08-15T21:55:43.488+02:00Siamese zeeanemonen, ongeslachtelijke voortplanting en ouwe koek<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPUYFYDi3dyWbV0zGp15PUmnAveaTnFmI9EroF7sqnSoXnLms8nnPEE2q9n56Rt-LYMOtNQTkyx6cJnUspO5x5ZFGYDqsQN0VhXbKMmyEqEh1QUemPHf04xv3_vWsA3I7JJY5qecl_tkU/s1600/1+Sagartia+elegans+var+nivea+-+Siamese+twin+ZL20191005061v2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPUYFYDi3dyWbV0zGp15PUmnAveaTnFmI9EroF7sqnSoXnLms8nnPEE2q9n56Rt-LYMOtNQTkyx6cJnUspO5x5ZFGYDqsQN0VhXbKMmyEqEh1QUemPHf04xv3_vWsA3I7JJY5qecl_tkU/s640/1+Sagartia+elegans+var+nivea+-+Siamese+twin+ZL20191005061v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 1 Siamese tweeling van de Sierlijke slibanemoon, <i>Sagartia elegans</i> var. <i>nivea</i>*. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Zeelandbrug, Oosterschelde, 19-9-2019 (in vitro 5-10-2019).</span></div>
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Het begint een beetje als een sprookje. Lang geleden - februari 1978 - werd er in mijn aquarium een Zeeanjelier, <i>Metridium dianthus</i>, geboren met een opvallende vorm: binnen een gedeelde voet zag je twee individuele zuilen met daarop de van zeeanemonen bekende tentakelkrans. Het ‘ouderdier’ - afkomstig van de pontons van de haven van Burghsluis - had zich voortgeplant door zich te verplaatsen en daarbij stukjes van zijn voet, het orgaan waarmee het dier zich vasthecht aan de ondergrond, achter te laten. De standaardmethode van voortplanting bij Zeeanjelieren. Uit zo’n afgebroken stukje voet ontwikkelt het dier een zuil, mond, tentakels en alles waaruit een anemoon verder bestaat. Maar hier was dus iets minder standaard verlopen. Twee individuen deelden dezelfde voet: een Siamese tweeling.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzt2euoqT3RmK8JiME5BZOCM7OKkvxAcddfOkGIVOIY0Lls2-w4JtMqpIN4eTSJJfx-mrGV7WqJB30WlOQlsVNuvcYSlqw7ZdbQO6Q625n8HnCbkFNhFI6fzpkiIvDquUdIfCiRKk3l8A/s1600/2+Metridium+dianthus+-+Plumose+anemone+-+Zeeanjelier+ZL180221126v2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzt2euoqT3RmK8JiME5BZOCM7OKkvxAcddfOkGIVOIY0Lls2-w4JtMqpIN4eTSJJfx-mrGV7WqJB30WlOQlsVNuvcYSlqw7ZdbQO6Q625n8HnCbkFNhFI6fzpkiIvDquUdIfCiRKk3l8A/s640/2+Metridium+dianthus+-+Plumose+anemone+-+Zeeanjelier+ZL180221126v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 2 Siamese tweeling Zeeanjelier, <i>Metridium dianthus</i>. Zeelandbrug, Oosterschelde, 21-2-2018.</span></div>
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Op 21 februari 2018 zag ik duikend bij de Zeelandbrug zo’n zelfde Siamese Zeeanjelier (fig. 2) staan. De foto die ik daarvan maakte, deelde ik op de <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/StAnemoonMOO/permalink/1825802240828624/" target="_blank">Facebookpagina van Stichting ANEMOON</a>. Stefan Verheyen plaatste op 20 augustus 2019 bij mijn bericht een foto van een Siamese Sierlijke slibanemoon, <i>Sagartia elegans</i> (fig. 3). Die soort had ik nog nooit als tweeling gezien. Vervolgens ontstond er op Facebook discussie of het ging om een Siamese tweeling of dat de in het bericht getoonde zeeanemonen zich gingen delen. Ik was er van overtuigd dat het daadwerkelijk om Siamese tweelingen zou gaan en dat de anemonen zich niet (alsnog) zouden delen.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYRJ01obu_wTm6RUFrx_siP61hxavB-TmVZZBo58JxUCFCoDvioYdnwj662IKCNzN727GI6g8X1HoErjolX5PLvRry7XEd8FUot11OYo939Xx47kNoUCw6PKRcXA4V_1qUFuotpEMCC2E/s1600/3+Sagartia+elegans+var+miniata+Stefan+Verheyen+siamese+Sagartia+elegans.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="737" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYRJ01obu_wTm6RUFrx_siP61hxavB-TmVZZBo58JxUCFCoDvioYdnwj662IKCNzN727GI6g8X1HoErjolX5PLvRry7XEd8FUot11OYo939Xx47kNoUCw6PKRcXA4V_1qUFuotpEMCC2E/s640/3+Sagartia+elegans+var+miniata+Stefan+Verheyen+siamese+Sagartia+elegans.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 3 Siamese tweeling Sierlijke slibanemoon, <i>Sagartia elegans</i> var. <i>miniata</i>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Putti’s Place, Oosterschelde, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">20-8-2019. © Stefan Verheyen.</span></div>
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<b>Voortplanting</b><br />
Om de discussie te begrijpen eerst wat over de voortplanting van zeeanemonen. Zeeanemonen kunnen zich geslachtelijk en ongeslachtelijk voortplanten. Geslachtelijke voortplanting vindt plaats via ei- en zaadcellen waaruit zich een larve ontwikkelt. Die zet zich vast op de ondergrond en groeit uit tot een volwassen zeeanemoon. Bij zeeanemonen kan dat ook levendbarend, dus via inwendige ontwikkeling. Als nagenoeg complete anemoontjes verlaten ze via de mondopening het ouderdier. Een voorbeeld van een anemoon die zich levendbarend voortplant is de Edelsteenanemoon, <i>Aulactinia verrucosa</i> (fig. 4 & 5), een soort die in Nederland alleen bekend is van aanspoelsel (Den Hartog, 1962).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ_hQBFlwlqMj4b9mNJY7EOlZ9nhwzUumwJOg30TPUNbRJ_5i-5CFSxtgbtjuwRmgiZM1D9Lym0ytzBhgMTVlYV2YdTj47WLnS949eA5ptRo7qTZjoRcTNVOcTps5yB2PwkTzL6SclqEU/s1600/4+Aulactinia+verrucosa+-+Gem+anemone+-+Edelsteenanemoon+MS171119495v2b.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="657" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZ_hQBFlwlqMj4b9mNJY7EOlZ9nhwzUumwJOg30TPUNbRJ_5i-5CFSxtgbtjuwRmgiZM1D9Lym0ytzBhgMTVlYV2YdTj47WLnS949eA5ptRo7qTZjoRcTNVOcTps5yB2PwkTzL6SclqEU/s640/4+Aulactinia+verrucosa+-+Gem+anemone+-+Edelsteenanemoon+MS171119495v2b.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 4 Edelsteenanemoon, <i>Aulactinia verrucosa</i>, met middenboven een levendgebaard exemplaar. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Trebeurden, Frankrijk (oorsprong ouderdier), 24-8-1990 (in vitro 19-11-2017).</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6cbKYsvpZ7tMqie-hjYxksdkCVI5eSsKIZAnVCsqJZVrwpXdAoFYSNv-G9QEmrW4XQA_3Pq-2qeHpnAvchg5oTdQsfF3ZlolRJsg8DzXOjhz5Pe6Cie_3L_5aBSLXPTKd2gHVfDiqNIM/s1600/5+Aulactinia+verrucosa+-+Gem+anemone+-+Edelsteenanemoon+SWG171116029v2v2-2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6cbKYsvpZ7tMqie-hjYxksdkCVI5eSsKIZAnVCsqJZVrwpXdAoFYSNv-G9QEmrW4XQA_3Pq-2qeHpnAvchg5oTdQsfF3ZlolRJsg8DzXOjhz5Pe6Cie_3L_5aBSLXPTKd2gHVfDiqNIM/s640/5+Aulactinia+verrucosa+-+Gem+anemone+-+Edelsteenanemoon+SWG171116029v2v2-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 5 Juveniele Edelsteenanemonen, <i>Aulactinia verrucosa</i> met een nog beperkt aantal tentakels. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Trebeurden, Frankrijk (oorsprong ouderdier), 24-8-1990 (in vitro 16-11-2017).</span></div>
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De ongeslachtelijke voortplanting is eigenlijk veel interessanter bij zeeanemonen. Afhankelijk van de soort (‘spoiler alert’: ik neem even een voorschot op de conclusie van de discussie) gebeurt dat door deling <i>of</i> door het afscheuren van een stukje van de voet.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigVZaPZLt_SMtqOlfg7b4QBvm38tnROPmI4ZXfVSczZR1AkPY-qzVuyAVki93FQBEXnK9nCymxYYuby1MuuZIIxnhnpernbmmmpDlY9qFJMmZ9We2pySB85O_bNfkkoxHVwjjMnL4gYmY/s1600/6+Sagartia+elegans+var+miniata+ZL20190914010.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigVZaPZLt_SMtqOlfg7b4QBvm38tnROPmI4ZXfVSczZR1AkPY-qzVuyAVki93FQBEXnK9nCymxYYuby1MuuZIIxnhnpernbmmmpDlY9qFJMmZ9We2pySB85O_bNfkkoxHVwjjMnL4gYmY/s640/6+Sagartia+elegans+var+miniata+ZL20190914010.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 6 Sierlijke slibanemoon, <i>Sagartia elegans</i> laat zijn voet weglopen. Burghsluis, Oosterschelde, 14-9-2019.</span></div>
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<b>Afscheuren van de voet</b><br />
Het afscheuren van de voet beschreef ik al bij de Zeeanjelier. Die schuift dus een stukje van zijn plaats, laat vervolgens een aantal kleine stukjes weefsel achter en die ontwikkelen zich tot volledige zeeanemonen. Afgezien van de Zeeanjelier bedienen in Nederland ook de Sierlijke slibanemoon (fig. 6) en de Golfbrekeranemoon, <i>Diadumene cincta</i> zich van deze methode. De Sierlijke slibanemoon doet het wel in een andere vorm: de anemoon laat een deel van zijn voet weglopen. Die uitstulping rekt zo ver op dat er stukjes afscheuren, waaruit jonge anemoontjes ontstaan.<br />
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<b>Overlangse deling</b><br />
Overlangse deling is een spektakel: het dier trekt zich letterlijk in tweeën. Het laat het linker- en rechterdeel van zijn lichaam van elkaar wegschuiven en scheurt uiteindelijk finaal door midden (fig. 7). Het hoeft niet altijd precies door midden te zijn, maar beide helften nemen in ieder geval een stuk voet, zuil, mondopening en een aantal tentakels mee. Het is een kwestie van klonen; er is feitelijk ook geen juveniel exemplaar, want ze zijn beide het ouderdier.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV4FnVuL6Lvsf5kAzzjjfvxtlVrSbV7BAiSGd7xfHYIZVxcrwwtKvi2I5OT5IxcJaHn5mKqQGvbJ5XYY0Yaybbul-Njo1s6npXZCPwjB-kFnA6X2Gedwls1EVwKYjHRGYM-B3T44NijdM/s1600/7+Anemonia+viridis+-+Snakelocks+anemone+-+Wasroos+MS150222006v2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV4FnVuL6Lvsf5kAzzjjfvxtlVrSbV7BAiSGd7xfHYIZVxcrwwtKvi2I5OT5IxcJaHn5mKqQGvbJ5XYY0Yaybbul-Njo1s6npXZCPwjB-kFnA6X2Gedwls1EVwKYjHRGYM-B3T44NijdM/s640/7+Anemonia+viridis+-+Snakelocks+anemone+-+Wasroos+MS150222006v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 7 Wasroos, <i>Anemonia viridis</i> van onderen gezien, die zich aan het delen is. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Yerseke, Oosterschelde, 25-11-2014 (in vitro 22-2-2015).</span></div>
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Er zijn in Nederland drie soorten die zich zo voortplanten: de Groene golfbrekeranemoon, <i>Diadumene luciae</i> (fig. 8 & 12), het Margrietje, <i>Actinothoe sphyrodeta</i> en de Wasroos, <i>Anemonia viridis</i> (fig. 7). De eerste is redelijk algemeen (plaatselijk zeer algemeen); de andere twee zijn erg zeldzaam.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwxf6cHhF_EZNqSl9sKwSkInxDY9t-sKHuKDrVqiVLVIIt9Gd_AbMEHWFm6tov3SDth-1SNGFNYUp63pw9EUjX_6b5sXv5Exr5oPX67aNtWTlKopay_Uv9xVFOpysCbN9jSE2bh0NNDk0/s1600/8+Diadumene+luciae+-+Green+anemone+-+Groene+golfbrekeranemoon+ZL110817074v2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwxf6cHhF_EZNqSl9sKwSkInxDY9t-sKHuKDrVqiVLVIIt9Gd_AbMEHWFm6tov3SDth-1SNGFNYUp63pw9EUjX_6b5sXv5Exr5oPX67aNtWTlKopay_Uv9xVFOpysCbN9jSE2bh0NNDk0/s640/8+Diadumene+luciae+-+Green+anemone+-+Groene+golfbrekeranemoon+ZL110817074v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 8 Groene golfbrekeranemonen, <i>Diadumene luciae</i>. Links een exemplaar met een paar v-vormige 'dubbel'-tentakels, </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">waarschijnlijk als gevolg van een 'fout' bij de deling. Strijenham, Oosterschelde, 17-8-2011.</span></div>
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Door de deling ontstaat een extreem grote wond die de dieren moeten helen. De zeeanemonen die zich zo voortplanten, hebben een verbluffend regeneratievermogen. Een voorbeeld. In mijn aquarium heb ik anemoontjes uit Nieuw-Zeeland: de Witgestreepte anemoon, <i>Anthothoe albocincta</i> (verwant aan 'onze' Margrietjes). Die delen zich zeer frequent in mijn aquarium. Van één zo’n anemoontje heb ik in mijn aantekeningen genoteerd dat die zich ’s ochtends om 8:00 uur ging splitsen en dat ik de twee dieren als experiment om 20:00 uur een klein stukje mossel gaf, dat ze al naar binnen konden werken als voedsel. Dat is ronduit ongelooflijk met zo’n extreme verwonding! Op fig. 9 zie je zo'n Witgestreept anemoontje dat zich aan het delen is en op fig. 10, nog geen dag later, twee keurig geheelde anemoontjes. Zeesterren worden vaak aangehaald als het voorbeeld van regeneratievermogen, maar dat zijn eigenlijk maar amateurs: zeeanemonen zijn de echte top.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPubWl2mLXmA2OmjBvx-1aptRnPHPF0pEDEcImn_c-Om_vC_gxlo4gl-RCbBJUuLT2BrXjynuwc4xmUTq-6_Fr9Rckhsd1Wy6TrYxBDZ2nGc3bMoQBHZxHhXxs2uWVaLzuF1elgYM8-uo/s1600/9+Anthothoe+albocincta+-+White+striped+anemone+-+Witgestreepte+anemoon+AQUA8962v2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPubWl2mLXmA2OmjBvx-1aptRnPHPF0pEDEcImn_c-Om_vC_gxlo4gl-RCbBJUuLT2BrXjynuwc4xmUTq-6_Fr9Rckhsd1Wy6TrYxBDZ2nGc3bMoQBHZxHhXxs2uWVaLzuF1elgYM8-uo/s640/9+Anthothoe+albocincta+-+White+striped+anemone+-+Witgestreepte+anemoon+AQUA8962v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 9 Witgestreepte anemoon, <i>Anthothoe albocincta</i> tijdens deling. Nugget Point, Nieuw-Zeeland, 7-2-2005 (in vitro).</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSRlEP8vWpYIDtxL9qwjrkkpdWqkAgiOloUnmqOrbpAR9IzoUhhneTOuUl3X-NnfIovuur3rCjH3X1cRaWAsqQJHzkwxglY_DSEO5Zmz9ecpDHcM1B6pUpLGWOGQMJ1Kr6wfa3FpLZPBo/s1600/10+Anthothoe+albocincta+-+White+striped+anemone+-+Witgestreepte+anemoon+AQUA8966v2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSRlEP8vWpYIDtxL9qwjrkkpdWqkAgiOloUnmqOrbpAR9IzoUhhneTOuUl3X-NnfIovuur3rCjH3X1cRaWAsqQJHzkwxglY_DSEO5Zmz9ecpDHcM1B6pUpLGWOGQMJ1Kr6wfa3FpLZPBo/s640/10+Anthothoe+albocincta+-+White+striped+anemone+-+Witgestreepte+anemoon+AQUA8966v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 10 Witgestreepte anemoon, <i>Anthothoe albocincta</i> na deling. Nugget Point, Nieuw-Zeeland, 7-2-2005 (in vitro).</span></div>
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Is het je overigens ooit opgevallen dat Zeeanjelieren, Sierlijke slibanemonen (fig. 11), Golfbrekeranemonen en Groene golfbrekeranemonen (fig. 12) vaak in dichte groepen te vinden zijn? De verklaring ligt voor de hand: veel dieren zijn gedeeld of afgescheurd en respectievelijk niet ver weg van elkaar of van het ouderdier gewandeld.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh90QAVrKtuDTNILgh7svA9AHtC_-W3amHUF8oO0csma8IIGH6fFMYPiTc1rtaPssCqaRnQmzFx0VDvkh6jKel6ewNv6FTkjPOvW-oVOHuJzJTQQxBGbMLmPH2El12euZ48RkJSum5E6KE/s1600/11+Sagartia+elegans+var+miniata+ZL20190914005v2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh90QAVrKtuDTNILgh7svA9AHtC_-W3amHUF8oO0csma8IIGH6fFMYPiTc1rtaPssCqaRnQmzFx0VDvkh6jKel6ewNv6FTkjPOvW-oVOHuJzJTQQxBGbMLmPH2El12euZ48RkJSum5E6KE/s640/11+Sagartia+elegans+var+miniata+ZL20190914005v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 11 Groep Sierlijke slibanemoon, <i>Sagartia elegans</i> var. <i>miniata</i>. De juveniele dieren zijn vrijwel zeker afkomstig </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">van één of meer van de omringende volwassen exemplaren. Burghsluis, Oosterschelde, 14-9-2019.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb2VTHa0i0j8VMpZsW_mdVEkbwJqndIjdQ950Cf-rGFO7aFqfIivR9OrVjiggLDIjw5zwvYX8etOWO-9lIfna8HoREPgJ8zWoWT-ETlImonG7gTuUcgEbnvQZeYsy6N43EFooB_2S5J7E/s1600/12+Diadumene+luciae+-+Green+anemone+-+Groene+golfbrekeranemoon+ZL160719037v2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb2VTHa0i0j8VMpZsW_mdVEkbwJqndIjdQ950Cf-rGFO7aFqfIivR9OrVjiggLDIjw5zwvYX8etOWO-9lIfna8HoREPgJ8zWoWT-ETlImonG7gTuUcgEbnvQZeYsy6N43EFooB_2S5J7E/s640/12+Diadumene+luciae+-+Green+anemone+-+Groene+golfbrekeranemoon+ZL160719037v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 12 Groene golfbrekeranemonen, <i>Diadumene luciae</i> zijn door hun kleine formaat makkelijk over het hoofd te zien, maar </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">vallen toch op omdat ze vaak in groepen bij elkaar staan. Zoetersbout, Oosterschelde, 19-7-2016.</span></div>
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<b>Siamees of niet</b><br />
Los van de discussie vond ik het een intrigerend en visueel mooi fenomeen. Komt het vaak voor? Is er in de literatuur iets over te vinden? Hoe zit het precies met de voortplanting waardoor deze afwijkingen kunnen ontstaan?<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhffaeBo3ltAUsEJLBctNE6Jap37bE8XL9GcZrlNIGzzY_RWq5mgH6-cTrLDcrn3S-7-nZn-gnohn0GnLj4gsMRxsmUACFzKcvHhXMXuoAmmKcJLepje6ZNzyu68oEDtQ0uyJGIPxUmSKM/s1600/13+Sagartia+elegans+var+nivea+ZL20190919077v2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhffaeBo3ltAUsEJLBctNE6Jap37bE8XL9GcZrlNIGzzY_RWq5mgH6-cTrLDcrn3S-7-nZn-gnohn0GnLj4gsMRxsmUACFzKcvHhXMXuoAmmKcJLepje6ZNzyu68oEDtQ0uyJGIPxUmSKM/s640/13+Sagartia+elegans+var+nivea+ZL20190919077v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 13 Siamese Sierlijke slibanemoon, <i>Sagartia elegans</i> var. <i>nivea</i>*. Zeelandbrug, Oosterschelde, 19-9-2019.</span></div>
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En toen vond ik op 19-9-2019 - hoe toevallig kan het zijn - een prachtige Siamese Sierlijke slibanemoon bij een duik op de tweede pijler van de Zeelandbrug. Waar Stefan Verheyen de bruine variëteit <i>miniata</i> had gefotografeerd, vond ik de witte variëteit <i>nivea</i>. Die heb ik gefotografeerd, zowel uitstaand (fig. 13) als met ingetrokken tentakels (fig. 14) en daarna meegenomen** en thuis gefotografeerd (fig. 1, 15, 19, 20-24). Het werd tijd voor onderzoek en het schrijven van een artikel!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsANEa61DTFYb3CIPv0UvC05ZK7-HTS0N6hq6M_dT-Z_gb3l6bFJkpbCLo87m_K5Yn88Vdgovpf_KgdgjYpaqTaVd7RHqPmEdEyqi5Tu-EJ9K4Iz3pa6LVugzEhF6R0wK7I5leW6jCF-8/s1600/14+Sagartia+elegans+var+nivea+ZL20190919079v2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsANEa61DTFYb3CIPv0UvC05ZK7-HTS0N6hq6M_dT-Z_gb3l6bFJkpbCLo87m_K5Yn88Vdgovpf_KgdgjYpaqTaVd7RHqPmEdEyqi5Tu-EJ9K4Iz3pa6LVugzEhF6R0wK7I5leW6jCF-8/s640/14+Sagartia+elegans+var+nivea+ZL20190919079v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 14 Siamese Sierlijke slibanemoon, <i>Sagartia elegans</i> var. <i>nivea</i>* met ingetrokken tentakels. Zeelandbrug, Oosterschelde, 19-9-2019.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP6JalJbjthWqnFNPuLaZtt5u8E3hLpS-OQMccUxcJglSloMqWQpy9s6pEVwm2rRgy_Kcpf9R2Y4vpH-g_rz1rkQ0eFkvTez9T6-eGntR3Qk5jziaCsG4EIg_ROMx0mWYiHkcBX10sB0M/s1600/15+Sagartia+elegans+var+nivea+ZL20191005019v2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP6JalJbjthWqnFNPuLaZtt5u8E3hLpS-OQMccUxcJglSloMqWQpy9s6pEVwm2rRgy_Kcpf9R2Y4vpH-g_rz1rkQ0eFkvTez9T6-eGntR3Qk5jziaCsG4EIg_ROMx0mWYiHkcBX10sB0M/s640/15+Sagartia+elegans+var+nivea+ZL20191005019v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 15 Siamese Sierlijke slibanemoon, <i>Sagartia elegans</i> var. <i>nivea</i>* met ingetrokken tentakels. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Zeelandbrug, Oosterschelde, 19-9-2019 (in vitro 5-10-2019).</span></div>
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<b>Op zoek naar antwoorden </b><br />
In de literatuur die ik voor handen had, kon ik over Siamezen amper iets vinden. In Wood (2005, p19) vond ik een foto van een Siamese Diepwaterdahlia, <i>Urticina eques</i> met de tekst “Dahlia anemone in the process of longitudinal fission” (= Dahlia die zich overlangs gaat delen). Ik geloofde daar niets van. Die Diepwaterdahlia ging niet splitsen, want gebaseerd op jarenlange veld- en aquariumwaarnemingen wist ik - nog voor ik literatuur had geraadpleegd - dat Urticina’s zich niet voortplanten op die manier.<br />
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Verder zoeken dus. Op internet kwam ik bij <a href="https://duikeninbeeld.tv/duikreporter-tweelingen/" target="_blank">Duikeninbeeld</a> twee foto’s tegen van Zeedahlia’s, <i>Urticina felina</i> die Ad Aleman had gefotografeerd bij de Blokkendam (fig. 16 en 17), samen met zijn vraag of zoiets als een Siamese tweeling bestaat bij deze soort. Bestaan doet het zeker gezien de foto in het al aangehaalde boekwerk van Wood. Maar bij Ad’s foto’s is er twijfel, want zeeanemonen zijn nogal vormvariabel en deze Zeedahlia’s kunnen zich ook sterk hebben ingesnoerd, zoals Ad zelf ook al stelt. Helaas heeft hij geen foto’s kunnen maken waarop het mondveld goed zichtbaar is. Dat had zeker uitsluitsel kunnen geven, want dan zouden er twee mondopeningen zichtbaar moeten zijn. Later kreeg ik van hem nog zo'n intrigerende foto van een mogelijke Siamese Gewone slibanemoon, <i>Sagartia troglodytes</i> (fig. 18). Ook daarvan is het jammer genoeg niet met zekerheid vast te stellen of het om een Siamese tweeling gaat. Overigens doet ook de Gewone slibanemoon niet aan ongeslachtelijke voortplanting.<br />
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Het kwam er eigenlijk op neer dat ik antwoord moest vinden op de vraag of een bepaalde soort zich op verschillende manieren ongeslachtelijk kan voortplanten. Want uit die informatie zou moeten blijken of het wel of niet Siamese tweelingen zijn. Ik werd er nog niet veel wijzer van.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh19AQh-D7Ul1IFcxMNWP2K6w1yhIkOjLBmF4L39qM7dzgndB_03zJzWzry1gdIHtAts63Sj_B27r8JgwYOtOk0j-PLscgXii5SWSZcJXhwlVbm27lR58P3q6UF5WV_uMQOBtidu7-nqlA/s1600/16+Urticina+felina+Ad+Aleman+%25C2%25A9+Siamese+zeeanemonen-3.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh19AQh-D7Ul1IFcxMNWP2K6w1yhIkOjLBmF4L39qM7dzgndB_03zJzWzry1gdIHtAts63Sj_B27r8JgwYOtOk0j-PLscgXii5SWSZcJXhwlVbm27lR58P3q6UF5WV_uMQOBtidu7-nqlA/s640/16+Urticina+felina+Ad+Aleman+%25C2%25A9+Siamese+zeeanemonen-3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 16 Siamese tweeling of sterk ingesnoerd? Zeedahlia, <i>Urticina felina</i>. Blokkendam, Noordzee, 15-9-2018 © Ad Aleman. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCGZbkhyphenhyphenzfwHZMr5kVfBrfEq3LxK80MbeDdOOc8LZyTDmifjIBEi3bY-3Dy6vaFSe4ojzcsOmDqyTfUogTKtxckFAv4RXNxCsVBbvzNmEw1nI0Ac8AieEToqgipSnZtF2H3PZsr7SW8CM/s1600/17+Urticina+felina+Ad+Aleman+%25C2%25A9+Siamese+zeeanemonen-2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCGZbkhyphenhyphenzfwHZMr5kVfBrfEq3LxK80MbeDdOOc8LZyTDmifjIBEi3bY-3Dy6vaFSe4ojzcsOmDqyTfUogTKtxckFAv4RXNxCsVBbvzNmEw1nI0Ac8AieEToqgipSnZtF2H3PZsr7SW8CM/s640/17+Urticina+felina+Ad+Aleman+%25C2%25A9+Siamese+zeeanemonen-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 17 Siamese tweeling of sterk ingesnoerd? Zeedahlia, <i>Urticina felina</i>. Blokkendam, Noordzee, 29-9-2018 © Ad Aleman.</span></div>
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<b>Ouwe koek</b><br />
Tijd voor het raadplegen van de vraagbaak op het terrein van zeeanemonen: Ron Ates. Ron liet er geen misverstand over bestaan. Hij deelde mijn mening over de Siamese tweelingen en noemde het 'ouwe koek'. Want zoals hij liet weten, was dit onderwerp 90 jaar geleden al afdoende beschreven door T.A. Stephenson, toen en in zekere zin nog steeds een autoriteit op het gebied van zeeanemonen. Ook verstrekte hij mij een aantal artikelen uit onder meer De Kor. Toen ik de jaartallen van die publicaties zag, bleek het ook ouwe koek: 1959 en 1961. Maar ouwe koek is nog altijd eetbaar en figuurlijk de moeite waard om - passend archaïsch uitgedrukt - het weer eens aan de vergetelheid te ontrukken.<br />
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Stephenson (1929) beschrijft uitgebreid de verschillende soorten voortplanting van zeeanemonen en experimenten daarmee door ene W.E. Evans, samen met zijn eigen observaties. Zijn conclusie: afgezien van geslachtelijke voortplanting kent een soort doorgaans maar één type ongeslachtelijke voortplanting. Dus waar bijvoorbeeld de Sierlijke slibanemoon stukjes voet loslaat, waaruit zich jonge anemoontjes ontwikkelen, zal deze soort zich niet overlangs delen zoals het Margrietje. Met andere woorden: Zeeanjelieren en Sierlijke slibanemonen delen zich niet overlangs en Siamezen blijven dus Siamezen.<br />
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Verder schrijft hij over Siamese tweelingen, die hij 'double specimens' en 'double-monsters' noemt (p162): “Double specimens are normally permanently double and the halves do not separate.” (lees: Tweedelige dieren zijn gewoonlijk permanent dubbel en de helften scheiden niet.) Ook haalt hij het volgende aan over dat onderwerp (p161): “Carlgren and others have shown that permanent double-monsters can originate from arrested and incomplete fission; but that many of them are double from an early embryonic stage, or arise from some other reason, and their condition has nothing to do with ordinary asexual reproduction.” (lees: Carlgren en anderen hebben aangetoond dat permanente dubbele 'monsters' afkomstig kunnen zijn van onvoltooide en onvolledige splitsing, maar dat veel dubbele exemplaren in een vroeg embryonaal stadium als zodanig - of om een andere reden - zijn ontstaan, en hun vorm heeft niets te maken met gewone ongeslachtelijke voortplanting.).<br />
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Overigens wordt in het artikel van Stephenson bij de Zeedahlia alleen gerept van geslachtelijke voortplanting. Dat bevestigt mijn stelling dat het Siamese exemplaar van Wood (zie eerder) helemaal niet gaat splitsen.<br />
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In de tijd dat ik op onderzoek was, kwam ik op 23-10-2019 bij een duik bij de Zeelandbrug een Siamees Zeeanjeliertje tegen. Ook die heb ik verzameld; Ik ben benieuwd of daar qua gedrag nog iets nieuws van te leren valt.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC6OUH60TsUX-WQzFwiL3UW5CmZ7-IqSQqgKSe7kL30mUrMEaM1XMMtYH-0Ajt0FG8lQMjcd0IflJU6hJZczC7UKxeGHj46O1eDzJ4WQToHoDqHDWUjEJS1JtlnoNz8GZUwSFcHx5dbo4/s1600/18+Sagartia+troglodytes+Ad+Aleman+%25C2%25A9+Siamese+zeeanemonen.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC6OUH60TsUX-WQzFwiL3UW5CmZ7-IqSQqgKSe7kL30mUrMEaM1XMMtYH-0Ajt0FG8lQMjcd0IflJU6hJZczC7UKxeGHj46O1eDzJ4WQToHoDqHDWUjEJS1JtlnoNz8GZUwSFcHx5dbo4/s640/18+Sagartia+troglodytes+Ad+Aleman+%25C2%25A9+Siamese+zeeanemonen.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 18 Mogelijke Siamese tweeling Gewone slibanemoon, <i>Sagartia troglodytes</i>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Den Osse - Nieuwe Kerkweg, 22-7-2017 © Ad Aleman.</span></div>
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<b>Nog meer interessante ouwe koek</b><br />
Wat ik voor het gemak steeds een Siamese tweeling noem, wordt ook door Van Soldt & Tak (1959) beschreven in De Kor in een lezenswaardig artikel met als titel 'Knopvorming en dubbelmondigheid bij zee-anemonen'. Zij halen de publicatie van Stephenson van 1929 en zijn conclusies al aan. Zij beschrijven onder meer dubbelmondige exemplaren van de Edelsteenanemoon, <i>Aulactinia verrucosa</i> (fig. 4 & 5) en van de Paardenanemoon, <i>Actinia equina</i>. Van de Edelsteenanemoon blijk ik in mijn aquarium ooit een Siamese tweeling te hebben gehad, maar afgezien van de datum van de notitie (22-6-1999) kan ik daarover helaas niets meer terugvinden. Van de Paardenaemoon heb ik nog nooit een Siamese tweeling gevonden.<br />
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Zij beschrijven ook een paar aquarium-waarnemingen, die ik hier graag overneem en waaraan ik mijn commentaar toevoeg:<br />
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“De twee monden of koppen van de anemoon groeien vrijwel even hard.” Dat is ook mijn ervaring met de Siamese Zeeanjelier van 1978 en de recente Sierlijke slibanemoon. Ik gaf en geef ze overigens ook een vergelijkbare hoeveelheid voedsel, dus dat is op zich niet vreemd. De twee dieren die de Siamese Zeeanjelier vormen die ik in oktober verzamelde, zijn wel duidelijk verschillend van grootte. Ik ben benieuwd of dat in de loop van de tijd veranderd.<br />
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“Onafhankelijk kan de ene mond voedsel opnemen zonder dat dit de andere mond beroerde.” Ook die ervaring deel ik (fig. 19). Op zich vind ik dat niet vreemd, omdat het - voorzover ik dat kan zien - bij mijn witte Sierlijke slibanemoon, twee onafhankelijke dieren zijn, die alleen de voet delen en met de zuilen deels aan elkaar vast zitten. De lichaamsholte (ook coelenteron of gastrale holte genoemd) wordt dus niet gedeeld. In mijn aquarium aantekeningen van de Siamese Zeeanjelier uit 1978 lees ik “hebben beide eigen tentakelkrans die afzonderlijk voedsel tot zich kunnen nemen”. Bij het voeren van de Siamese Zeeanjelier van oktober 2019 is wel te zien dat bij een sterke, gelijktijdige samentrekking van de tentakels, het mondveld en de zuil van het ene exemplaar, de ander zich ook samentrekt. Ik denk dat het andere exemplaar dan een tik krijgt, waardoor die uit irritatie samentrekt.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTVByte6KRNDMsYSHnP4RMD2nlBEDDP06ppLfdEpto_LxnVO9asXnmj_zcZ6boLVDht79kAVRQrGTqTRlUHxa33liFxe3ikKrcH7PlutTOLXZkwOEmCgqLlV5sbaJqWtQKlQ6mhksaoxo/s1600/19+Sagartia+elegans+var+nivea+ZL20191005101v2.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTVByte6KRNDMsYSHnP4RMD2nlBEDDP06ppLfdEpto_LxnVO9asXnmj_zcZ6boLVDht79kAVRQrGTqTRlUHxa33liFxe3ikKrcH7PlutTOLXZkwOEmCgqLlV5sbaJqWtQKlQ6mhksaoxo/s640/19+Sagartia+elegans+var+nivea+ZL20191005101v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 19 Het rechter exemplaar heeft net voedsel gevangen en trekt zijn tentakels in, het linker exemplaar staat nog volledig uit. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Sierlijke slibanemoon, <i>Sagartia elegans</i> var. <i>nivea</i>*. Zeelandbrug, Oosterschelde, 19-9-2019 (in vitro 5-10-2019).</span></div>
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“De twee monden staan altijd samen open of zijn beide gesloten.” Dat was ook bij de Siamese Zeeanjelier van 1978 het geval, lees ik in mijn aantekeningen van 27-7-1987, en bij de Siamese Sierlijke slibanemoon. De recente Siamese Zeeanjelier is in dat geval uitzonderlijk, want ik zie het grootste exemplaar soms wel wat uitstaan (niet volledig), waarbij het andere exemplaar nog ingetrokken zit.<br />
Of het samen open of gesloten zijn bijzonder of logisch is, kan ik niet goed beoordelen. Ik kan er zelfs met tientallen jaren aquariumervaring nog steeds geen hoogte van krijgen waarom een zeeanemoon dicht zit of uit staat.<br />
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“Nog nimmer heeft een van mijn twee-mondigen zich ook maar een cm verplaatst.” Mijn twee nieuwe Siamezen verplaatsten zich veel, maar zijn na een paar weken wat - maar niet helemaal - tot rust gekomen. Het kan betekenen dat de dieren het niet zo naar hun zin hadden (stroming? voedselaanbod?). Van de Siamese Zeeanjelier van 1978 kan ik mij dat niet herinneren en er staat niets over in mijn aantekeningen.<br />
Meteen komt bij mij de vraag op hoe ze gezamenlijk aan de wandel gaan? Is het een gecoördineerde actie of gaat één van de twee zich verplaatsen en gaat de ander dan mee? Het laatste lijkt mij, want hoe wisselen ze signalen uit? Maar wie weet wat er gecommuniceerd wordt.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7EztDkjmq6SJJOFFpRvr70-5XAuYtuyIDIZ7Y9SbOwLbdXnopcSiNScFuW3uBh1ZwDcnfG-iaMzoAjjYhtfB1MB8Wq_dpJxPL256EtfFdSkhkb_52Co2jaM8GwvNY1lIb-t3RnasvRGo/s1600/20+Sagartia+elegans+var+nivea+-+Siamees+ZL20191022012.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="733" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7EztDkjmq6SJJOFFpRvr70-5XAuYtuyIDIZ7Y9SbOwLbdXnopcSiNScFuW3uBh1ZwDcnfG-iaMzoAjjYhtfB1MB8Wq_dpJxPL256EtfFdSkhkb_52Co2jaM8GwvNY1lIb-t3RnasvRGo/s640/20+Sagartia+elegans+var+nivea+-+Siamees+ZL20191022012.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 20 De Siamese Sierlijke slibanemoon, <i>Sagartia elegans</i> var. <i>nivea</i>* laat zijn voet weglopen. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Zeelandbrug, Oosterschelde, 19-9-2019 (in vitro 22-10-2019, 11:52).</span></div>
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Nog het vermelden waard is dat de Siamese Zeeanjelier van 1978 het meer dan tien jaar heeft uitgehouden: “1-12-1988: Tweeling <i>Metridium</i> dood. Was samen met <i>Sagartia elegans </i>van de Flaauwers oudste dier van aqua (beiden uit '78). <i>Metridium</i> werd steeds kleiner en moeilijker te voeren (uiteindelijk 5 mm).”<br />
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In aansluiting en reactie op het artikel van Van Soldt & Tak (1959) schrijft Hajo Compaan in De Kor in 1961 zelfs een artikel over hoe we zulke monstruositeiten moeten benoemen. Hij stelt voor voortaan van veel-koppigheid te spreken als het meerdere tentakelkransen betreft (de Siamese tweelingen waar het in mijn verhaal over gaat) en van veel-mondigheid als het om meer dan één mond binnen één tentakelkrans gaat (bijvoorbeeld de Zeedahlia in het boek van Wood). Op zich een uitstekend voorstel; ik heb het voor nu maar even gelaten bij Siamese tweeling.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbPlJO-nMNrMofJXcg2MR30kbiBI85YFX_p7FeJ7SDIllby4Bb6ZzsEeJsPCjJCO0PznSWr47-pD2k8YwTMBPbsdEWjdr10CgTRJMiMlrpettkdUXX5ddTQ-ID3IogFoEtsnnDHEyx6DI/s1600/21+Sagartia+elegans+var+nivea+-+Siamees+ZL20191022013.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="733" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbPlJO-nMNrMofJXcg2MR30kbiBI85YFX_p7FeJ7SDIllby4Bb6ZzsEeJsPCjJCO0PznSWr47-pD2k8YwTMBPbsdEWjdr10CgTRJMiMlrpettkdUXX5ddTQ-ID3IogFoEtsnnDHEyx6DI/s640/21+Sagartia+elegans+var+nivea+-+Siamees+ZL20191022013.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 21 De weglopende voet van de Siamese Sierlijke slibanemoon, <i>Sagartia elegans</i> var. <i>nivea</i>* begint in te scheuren. Vanwege de hevige</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">irritatie worden acontiën (draden die netelkapsels bevatten) uitgestoten. Zeelandbrug, Oosterschelde (in vitro 22-10-2019, 19:25).</span></div>
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Koos den Hartog schrijft in een artikel over de Paardenanemoon, <i>Actinia equina</i>, in De Levende Natuur (1961) dat dubbelmondigheid veel voorkomt bij deze soort. Hij haalt Pax (1937) aan, die een viertal theorieën beschrijft over het ontstaan van deze monstruositeiten. Zeer interessant, maar het voert te ver die hier nu te noemen. Wel wil ik Den Hartog’s conclusie delen, namelijk dat naar zijn mening geen van die theorieën juist is: “Persoonlijk ben ik van mening dat verreweg het grootste aantal der dubbelvormen Siamese tweelingen zijn, dat het ontstaan ervan dus een embryologisch proces is.” In de literatuurverwijzing vind je een link naar het artikel als PDF, zodat je het verder kunt lezen.<br />
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<b>Nog meer bewijs</b><br />
Inmiddels heb ik nog een prachtig empirisch bewijs dat mijn dubbele Sierlijke slibanemoon ook daadwerkelijk een Siamese tweeling is. Het exemplaar dat ik meenam van de Zeelandbrug ging zich namelijk op 22-10-2019 voortplanten (fig. 20 t/m 23). Op de foto’s kun je zien hoe de voet wegloopt en afscheurt en er kleine stukjes voet achterblijven. De ouder anemoon is nog steeds (en blijft dus) een Siamese tweeling. Overigens loopt de voet weg bij één individu; niet in het midden tussen de twee Siamezen.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimzCrq9solqynWXYj8DKGeJFrIoA127_X1-wOkOW2pmQ-u3Dw-uQ0inRFw0o_5Bb-YIpxs4r3xdo439KuuLcdHBAqtCfqr1O8gIGIfKHc6SnDmVL0P0sgLVm_wIcNHAd_iyyOTSRz1nTE/s1600/22+Sagartia+elegans+var+nivea+-+Siamees+ZL20191022074.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="738" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimzCrq9solqynWXYj8DKGeJFrIoA127_X1-wOkOW2pmQ-u3Dw-uQ0inRFw0o_5Bb-YIpxs4r3xdo439KuuLcdHBAqtCfqr1O8gIGIfKHc6SnDmVL0P0sgLVm_wIcNHAd_iyyOTSRz1nTE/s640/22+Sagartia+elegans+var+nivea+-+Siamees+ZL20191022074.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 22 Detail van de weglopende voet van de Siamese Sierlijke slibanemoon, <i>Sagartia elegans</i> var. <i>nivea</i>* die begint in te scheuren. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Zeelandbrug, Oosterschelde, 19-9-2019 (in vitro 22-10-2019, 22:09).</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNGHAMQOwj41rffhoWGgWTeGPmqeY5_5wuKtLiyDE13rJQYjNFVv7I9pyH21H9SxBH2oEyTuMee19yEopELk8PhTYoOBrEv9kpwqYkkVCYxswAzVyCWXra5iVbpQkHokM4ExSOyX10InM/s1600/23+Sagartia+elegans+var+nivea+-+Siamees+ZL20191023099.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="738" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNGHAMQOwj41rffhoWGgWTeGPmqeY5_5wuKtLiyDE13rJQYjNFVv7I9pyH21H9SxBH2oEyTuMee19yEopELk8PhTYoOBrEv9kpwqYkkVCYxswAzVyCWXra5iVbpQkHokM4ExSOyX10InM/s640/23+Sagartia+elegans+var+nivea+-+Siamees+ZL20191023099.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 23 De voet van de Siamese Sierlijke slibanemoon, <i>Sagartia elegans</i> var. <i>nivea</i>* is grotendeels teruggetrokken. Uit de afgebroken </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">stukjes voet ontwikkelen zich nieuwe anemoontjes. Zeelandbrug, Oosterschelde, 19-9-2019 (in vitro 23-10-2019, 5:58).</span></div>
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<b>Conclusie</b><br />
Mijns inziens is afdoende beschreven en bewezen dat veelkoppige Zeeanjelieren en Sierlijke slibanemonen zich niet splitsen en het dus in feite Siamese tweelingen zijn.<br />
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Ik breek meteen een lans voor het napluizen, lezen en publiceren uit ‘oude’ bronnen, zoals ik hier met hulp van Ron Ates (waarvoor mijn dank) heb gedaan. Ik vond het bijzonder dat er al zoveel beschreven en te vinden was in bijvoorbeeld een periodiek als het niet meer bestaande De Kor.<br />
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Commentaar op dit artikel en meldingen met foto’s van vondsten heet ik van harte welkom!<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">* Dit zijn foto's van steeds hetzelfde dier. Met name bij fig. 1, 19 en 24 zou je niet denken dat dit de nivea (witte) variëteit is van de Sierlijke slibanemoon. Door de fotografie van het dier op een donkere ondergrond (in een zwart plastic bakje) met veel flitslicht wordt de aanwezige oranje kleur (zie in mindere mate bij fig. 20 & 21) versterkt. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">** Ik heb een ontheffing van de provincie om als duiker te mogen verzamelen.</span><br />
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<b>Literatuur & websites/links:<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></b><br />
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<ul>
<li>Ates, R., 1997. Bloemdieren, de zeeanemonen en hun verwanten van de Nederlandse kust. ISBN 9080359513.</li>
<li>Compaan, H., 1961. Enkele zee-anemoonproblemen en iets over monstruositeiten. De Kor, jrg 11, no 1, maandorgaan van Biologia Maritima, Nederlandse Vereniging van Zeeaquariumliefhebbers. Klik <a href="http://www.strandvondsten.nl/bibliotheek/de_kor/KOR1101.pdf" target="_blank">HIER</a> voor een PDF van het artikel. </li>
<li>Hartog, J.C. den, 1961. Enige aantekeningen over <i>Actinia equina</i> (L.), de Gewone zeeanemoon. De Levende Natuur 64 (12): 280-285. Klik <a href="http://natuurtijdschriften.nl/download?type=document&docid=493453" target="_blank">HIER</a> voor een PDF van het artikel. </li>
<li>Hartog, J.C. den, 1962. Op Himanthalia elongata aangevoerde zeeanemonen te Den Helder in 1960 en enige aanvullende aantekeningen over <i>Corynactis viridis</i>, Het Zeepaard 1962-1. </li>
<li>Otten. M.J., 2018. Facebookbericht m.b.t. Siamese tweeling-anemonen. 2018-02-22. Klik <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/StAnemoonMOO/permalink/1825802240828624/" target="_blank">HIER</a> om die pagina te openen. </li>
<li>Soldt, O. van & H. Tak, 1959. Knopvorming en dubbelmondigheid bij zee-anemonen. De Kor, jrg 9, no 9, 175-180. Klik <a href="http://www.strandvondsten.nl/bibliotheek/de_kor/Kor0909.PDF" target="_blank">HIER</a> voor een PDF van het artikel: </li>
<li>Stephenson, T.A., 1929. On methods of reproduction as specific characters. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK, 16, 131-72 (als PDF bij mij op te vragen).</li>
<li>Wood, C., 2005. Guide to Sea Anemones ans Corals of Britain and Ireland. ISBN 948150416.</li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha4Nmg5MBzP1Ydp9v6d8Jr94fnhprr2ea1XVoZoGhdXLLNKH7c_Rpah67CM1u7Qj169lK92yUPDKHtX4dozOk3lSHdJNkRAdlNqqqtlVm1__WWnSi3FlDlG-lgAU08yACgI6Z0NZ7DIBY/s1600/24+Sagartia+elegans+var+nivea+ZL20191005075.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha4Nmg5MBzP1Ydp9v6d8Jr94fnhprr2ea1XVoZoGhdXLLNKH7c_Rpah67CM1u7Qj169lK92yUPDKHtX4dozOk3lSHdJNkRAdlNqqqtlVm1__WWnSi3FlDlG-lgAU08yACgI6Z0NZ7DIBY/s640/24+Sagartia+elegans+var+nivea+ZL20191005075.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 24 Sierlijke slibanemoon, <i>Sagartia elegans</i> var. <i>nivea</i>*: 'bloemen'pracht in tweevoud. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Zeelandbrug, Oosterschelde, 19-9-2019 (in vitro 5-10-2019).</span></div>
Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-49108143304704915562019-12-27T16:04:00.000+01:002020-01-08T14:47:38.117+01:00Grijze zeevinger - Alcyonidium condylocinereum - inheems gevonden in de Oosterschelde<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBvQ-tkEzAPZ5EpRdp-rcoru1U3a2uytsQLkUDbAKGsvyBm20m68y6xmEOdV63M_-YxKvhUxYpmbBeg4eH5hy_l28f0-Y3BkImoDF5t2buxbhkNrc04ogX_JC3YIiJSw5573EO7e7l4Xg/s1600/1+Alcyonidium+condylocinereum+-+Grijze+zeevinger+ZL20191212021v2.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBvQ-tkEzAPZ5EpRdp-rcoru1U3a2uytsQLkUDbAKGsvyBm20m68y6xmEOdV63M_-YxKvhUxYpmbBeg4eH5hy_l28f0-Y3BkImoDF5t2buxbhkNrc04ogX_JC3YIiJSw5573EO7e7l4Xg/s640/1+Alcyonidium+condylocinereum+-+Grijze+zeevinger+ZL20191212021v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"> fig. 1 Grijze zeevinger, <i>Alcyonidium condylocinereum</i>. Groep 1. Anna Jacobapolder, Oosterschelde, 12-12-2019.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">An English version of this post is under construction</span></div>
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Begin dit jaar fotografeerde mijn duikbuddy Ruud Versijde bij Anna Jacobapolder een organisme dat onderwater op een spons leek, maar bij nadere beschouwing een soort Zeevinger, een mosdiertje, moest zijn (fig. 2). Er kwamen twee soorten Zeevinger in aanmerking, dus ben ik het dier nog een paar keer onderwater gaan bekijken en fotograferen. Na determinatie door expert Hans De Blauwe, blijkt het om de Grijze zeevinger, <i>Alcyonidium condylocinereum</i> te gaan.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-tadGjWHEaXLbrDKwthF1dRPE7rnr1q5w6RimtfpEMBjdKzJO0SbM4Jto3WURmWitjxdUjSdKMaQ4Ez6ZkDZW-fDhbDXesnVHLZ4YVoPPzbSxBFqiGnk2T4j8YHPcw97A5RUTLbjVM6A/s1600/Alcyonidium+condylocinereum+-+Grijze+zeevinger++_NJO3259.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-tadGjWHEaXLbrDKwthF1dRPE7rnr1q5w6RimtfpEMBjdKzJO0SbM4Jto3WURmWitjxdUjSdKMaQ4Ez6ZkDZW-fDhbDXesnVHLZ4YVoPPzbSxBFqiGnk2T4j8YHPcw97A5RUTLbjVM6A/s640/Alcyonidium+condylocinereum+-+Grijze+zeevinger++_NJO3259.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 2 Grijze zeevinger, <i>Alcyonidium condylocinereum</i>. Groep 1. Anna Jacobapolder, Oosterschelde, 28-2-2019. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Foto: Ruud Versijde.</span></div>
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<b>Mosdiertje?</b><br />
Als het woord mosdiertje valt, wordt al snel gevraagd waar die dieren thuis horen en waar ze op lijken. Ze horen nergens bij, maar vormen een aparte stam binnen het dierenrijk: de Bryozoa. De vorm van deze kolonievormende dieren is nogal variabel. Van een één laag dunne korst, struikjes, bladvorm tot de gelobde of vingervormige takken van Grijze zeevinger. Verwarring met sponzen, kolonievormende zakpijpen en bijvoorbeeld Dodemansduim, <i>Alcyonium digitatum</i>, is niet vreemd. Maar met het blote oog en zeker met een loep kun je bij mosdiertjes een onderscheidende honingraatachtige structuur zien, opgebouwd uit de randen van de individuele diertjes, de zoïden (fig. 3 & 9). <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB3giFIGiCtPBCPi89GIyul2JeIaR98Fp0sjLw5oNgAeEo__lLDQ77No4f-SfFCl9ftFxJRwxwiAj_db-V5DyhR3jxDHsIMsQEw2BsTMRO9epsVKJGLOrHa8j39qXggBz0AzKGQEAq6Ms/s1600/Alcyonidium+condylocinereum+-+Grijze+zeevinger+ZL20190802209v2.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB3giFIGiCtPBCPi89GIyul2JeIaR98Fp0sjLw5oNgAeEo__lLDQ77No4f-SfFCl9ftFxJRwxwiAj_db-V5DyhR3jxDHsIMsQEw2BsTMRO9epsVKJGLOrHa8j39qXggBz0AzKGQEAq6Ms/s640/Alcyonidium+condylocinereum+-+Grijze+zeevinger+ZL20190802209v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"> fig. 3 De i</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">ndividuele diertjes, de zoïden van de Grijze zeevinger, </span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Alcyonidium condylocinereum</span> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">zijn</span><i> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">goed te zien; </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">ze </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">vormen een honingraatachtige structuur. Anna Jacobapolder, Oosterschelde, 24-7-2019 (in vitro 25-7-2019).</span><br />
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Veel mosdiersoorten zijn klein en onopvallend en tussen sponzen, zakpijpen en zeewieren makkelijk over het hoofd te zien. Dat is bij deze soort en zeker bij de gevonden exemplaren niet het geval. Het gaat om twee aparte groepen met kleine en grote kolonies (fig. 1 & 4). Beide groepen strekken zich uit over een strook van circa 40 cm en de grootste exemplaren zijn zo’n 20 cm lang.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 4 Grijze zeevinger, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Alcyonidium condylocinereum</i>. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Groep 2. Anna Jacobapolder, Oosterschelde, 12-12-2019.</span></div>
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<b>Grijze of Bruine zeevinger?</b><br />
Met het prachtige determinatieboek 'Mosdiertjes van de zuidelijke bocht van de Noordzee' kun je deze dieren op naam brengen. In veel gevallen heb je een microscoop en enige kennis of anders veel geduld nodig om je er in te verdiepen. Voor determinatie werd Hans De Blauwe, auteur van het genoemde boek, geraadpleegd en bleek het Grijze zeevinger te zijn.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdJMRd82Z_X6_yOa9fhmY7OCiVIPlSYMXx_7Ztewccvm6UT58zult82sxrZqnbPvF8Vuscjq3txf-f44uShMyqPRY4ih_Ze-SeSnwqxxdYe36ghDkP9ZINegDycSlIjbkfPyoNQSZypSA/s1600/4+Alcyonidium+condylocinereum+-+Grijze+zeevinger+ZL20190724011v2.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="984" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdJMRd82Z_X6_yOa9fhmY7OCiVIPlSYMXx_7Ztewccvm6UT58zult82sxrZqnbPvF8Vuscjq3txf-f44uShMyqPRY4ih_Ze-SeSnwqxxdYe36ghDkP9ZINegDycSlIjbkfPyoNQSZypSA/s640/4+Alcyonidium+condylocinereum+-+Grijze+zeevinger+ZL20190724011v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"> fig. 5 De uitgestrekte 'polypiden' van de Grijze zeevinger, <i>Alcyonidium condylocinereum</i> veroorzaken de honingkleur. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Anna Jacobapolder, Oosterschelde, 24-7-2019.</span></div>
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Hoewel er meer soorten Zeevinger van onze kust bekend zijn, zijn er zo op het oog twee soorten die voor de gevonden mosdiertjes in aanmerking komen en die redelijk op elkaar lijken: Grijze zeevinger, <i>Alcyonidium condylocinereum</i> en Bruine zeevinger, <i>Alcyonidium diaphanum</i> (fig. 6 & 7).<br />
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Kenmerkend voor Grijze zeevinger is dat er eerst een uitgebreide korst gevormd wordt die - kenmerkend - gemakkelijk van het substraat afpelt. Daarna worden opgerichte cilindrisch geknobbelde koloniedelen gevormd. De Bruine zeevinger daarentegen heeft een kleine korst als aanhechting en de lange opgerichte koloniedelen zijn onderaan ingesnoerd (De Blauwe, 2009).<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 6 Bruine zeevinger, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Alcyonidium diaphanum</i>. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Porthkerris, United Kingdom, 29-5-2018.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5ZmJF6rsawFFsAbej6b6dngAg3KCoaN4ScJGmHNLHc_883Jmaeu8Z0T4CbhZiUEojnVUbaHCJFQgG5VDTK6SmXZKoTI-NVKVFA9l1BuFhYidAvUywSdzBUZjDGpv4kI12w7zmIAjdTyg/s1600/Alcyonidium+diaphanum+-+Sea+chervil+-+Bruine+zeevinger+GB180529030v2v2.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="984" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5ZmJF6rsawFFsAbej6b6dngAg3KCoaN4ScJGmHNLHc_883Jmaeu8Z0T4CbhZiUEojnVUbaHCJFQgG5VDTK6SmXZKoTI-NVKVFA9l1BuFhYidAvUywSdzBUZjDGpv4kI12w7zmIAjdTyg/s640/Alcyonidium+diaphanum+-+Sea+chervil+-+Bruine+zeevinger+GB180529030v2v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 7 Bruine zeevinger, <i>Alcyonidium diaphanum</i> met uitgestrekte 'polypiden'. Porthkerris, United Kingdom, 29-5-2018.</span></div>
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In de zoïden (dus de individuele diertjes waaruit de kolonie is opgebouwd)(fig. 3 & 9) zit een zogenaamde polypide (fig. 8), bestaande uit o.a. de tentakelkrans, spijsverteringskanaal en spieren. De polypide van de Grijze zeevinger heeft <i>minimaal</i> 16 tentakels en die van de Bruine zeevinger <i>maximaal</i> 16 (De Blauwe, 2009). Met enige moeite kon ik op een foto 17 tentakels tellen (fig. 8). Een verdere beschrijving van Grijze en Bruine zeevinger kun je vinden in het al genoemde boek (De Blauwe, 2009).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf9-SPL1nE51H8IOb-BrCEUCaq4y2NPFj7FbdK8y0QWd9NFPnIjuax3BemcmXCfmgvlQhcsfCRCb5EZCnsB1yqqKgyIXHBExCDKLdH7Io5tcoP_wfVhLbKD8CrqWkhqUlEXDPC7T6lSfY/s1600/5+Alcyonidium+condylocinereum+-+Grijze+zeevinger+ZL20190725078.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf9-SPL1nE51H8IOb-BrCEUCaq4y2NPFj7FbdK8y0QWd9NFPnIjuax3BemcmXCfmgvlQhcsfCRCb5EZCnsB1yqqKgyIXHBExCDKLdH7Io5tcoP_wfVhLbKD8CrqWkhqUlEXDPC7T6lSfY/s640/5+Alcyonidium+condylocinereum+-+Grijze+zeevinger+ZL20190725078.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"> fig. 8 Met enige moeite zijn 17 tentakels te tellen van één enkel diertje van de Grijze zeevinger, <i>Alcyonidium condylocinereum</i>. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Anna Jacobapolder, Oosterschelde, 24-7-2019 (in vitro 25-7-2019).</span></div>
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<b>Kleur</b><br />
De gevonden Grijze zeevingers zien er op afstand deels beige, deels grijs uit, maar blijken van dichtbij vooral beigegrijs en honingkleurig. De honingkleur wordt veroorzaakt door de inwendige organen onder de tentakelkrans, die zichtbaar zijn buiten het kolonie-oppervlak bij uitgestulpte tentakelkransen (fig. 8). Het oppervlak van de zoïden zelf is grijs (fig. 3 & 9).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq9q51ooyunwYgpwzcNXW5EL6hXCglx4ElZC8Q16LBf-KdQBndbWwXdi9RtReUzw7bQIC8Dz5aeNj-A-qC8H96ZcVFUhZddQEs6jNApkcWY6SWWqDeDuvMBSeel9JCdjt6qNjHD4YfJnk/s1600/Alcyonidium+condylocinereum+-+Grijze+zeevinger+ZL20190802240v2v2.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" data-original-height="746" data-original-width="984" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq9q51ooyunwYgpwzcNXW5EL6hXCglx4ElZC8Q16LBf-KdQBndbWwXdi9RtReUzw7bQIC8Dz5aeNj-A-qC8H96ZcVFUhZddQEs6jNApkcWY6SWWqDeDuvMBSeel9JCdjt6qNjHD4YfJnk/s640/Alcyonidium+condylocinereum+-+Grijze+zeevinger+ZL20190802240v2v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 9 De polypide </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(pijl)</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">zit opgesloten in de zoïde. Grijze zeevinger, </span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Alcyonidium condylocinereum. </span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Anna Jacobapolder, Oosterschelde, 24-7-2019 (in vitro 25-7-2019).</span><br />
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<b>Ontwikkeling</b><br />
Als je meerdere keren naar hetzelfde dier gaat duiken en het fotografeert, kun je meteen de ontwikkeling van het dier zien. Zoals bij groep 1: op fig. 1 is goed te zien dat een paar kolonies duidelijk veel langer zijn geworden in vergelijking met fig. 2. Groep 2 (fig. 4) zag ik pas onlangs en ik heb daarvan dus geen andere stadia kunnen fotograferen. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW9I4alWYs6hu2ObRZ1RYCqbEU5xeSEarLQU95SvnK08SV4LzJOPrHnvQhXGQz0JV_hb_1iX-ZlEwvQ2pNlvh3uE2bqF6MELfoVZppqC-kb4UaJmMcpJdOF6wOit_OQKJnTfOvntmCir0/s1600/3+Alcyonidium+condylocinereum+-+Grijze+zeevinger+ZL20190724008v2.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW9I4alWYs6hu2ObRZ1RYCqbEU5xeSEarLQU95SvnK08SV4LzJOPrHnvQhXGQz0JV_hb_1iX-ZlEwvQ2pNlvh3uE2bqF6MELfoVZppqC-kb4UaJmMcpJdOF6wOit_OQKJnTfOvntmCir0/s640/3+Alcyonidium+condylocinereum+-+Grijze+zeevinger+ZL20190724008v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 10 Grijze zeevinger, <i>Alcyonidium condylocinereum</i>. Anna Jacobapolder, Oosterschelde, 24-7-2019.</span><br />
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<b>Voorkomen</b><br />
In de Noordzee en het Kanaal moet het dier vrij algemeen zijn, want Grijze zeevinger wordt regelmatig als aanspoelsel gemeld van de Nederlandse en Belgische kust bij de <a href="http://www.strandwerkgemeenschap.nl/centraal_systeem/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Strandwerkgemeenschap</span></a>, <a href="https://www.anemoon.org/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">ANEMOON</span></a>, <a href="https://waarneming.nl/species/84236/observations/?after_date=2000-05-30&before_date=2019-06-29&province=&search=&user=&location=&sex=&life_stage=&activity=&method=" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Waarneming.nl</span></a> en <a href="https://www.blogger.com/Observations.be%20https://observations.be/species/84236/observations/?after_date=2000-11-02&before_date=2019-12-02&page=4" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Observations.be</span></a>.<br />
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Toen ik dit bericht schreef voor <a href="https://www.naturetoday.com/nl/nl/nature-reports/message/?msg=25758" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">NatureToday</span></a>, verkeerde ik in de veronderstelling dat het dier in Nederland niet eerder inheems was gevonden, althans dat dat niet met zekerheid kon worden vastgesteld. Dat blijkt niet juist! Zie de rectificatie onder de volgende alinea (de tekst van de volgende alinea is de originele tekst).<br />
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Bij Westkapelle zijn door Marco Faasse vóór 2002 twee kleine kolonies gevonden (klik <a href="http://home.kpn.nl/faassema/Alcyonidiumcondylocinereum.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">hier</span></a>), die sterk leken op Grijze zeevinger. Daarnaast zijn door duikers bij ANEMOON meldingen gedaan van de Doorschijnende zeevinger, <i>Alcyonidium gelatinosum</i> op een paar plaatsen in de Oosterschelde (<span style="color: orange;"><b>*</b></span>) en de Noordzee (<b><span style="color: blue;">*</span></b>)(fig. 11). Ook dat zouden exemplaren van de Grijze zeevinger kunnen zijn; de Grijze zeevinger is namelijk pas in 2004 als soort beschreven door Porter. In <a href="https://www.academia.edu/17712648/Faunistisch_overzicht_van_de_mariene_mosdiertjes_van_Nederland_Bryozoa_Stenolaemata_Gymnolaemata_" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Faasse & De Blauwe (2004)</span></a> vind je op pagina 20 en 23 een uitgebreide toelichting over Nederlandse naamgeving en vondsten. In ieder geval is de soort nu met zekerheid als inheems te bestempelen en te bewonderen!<br />
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<i>Rectificatie d.d 8-1-2020:</i> Rob Dekker blijkt de Grijze zeevinger al eerder - in ieder geval vanaf 2013 - regelmatig in de Waddenzee te hebben gevonden. Aanvullende informatie moet ik daarover nog krijgen en wordt nog in fig. 11 opgenomen.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigghEPX64TCm8p361DxAqGAZNkRVxkwMBx68AJQVsqALonlKTmQl-VtDLFmNlktAYJZgr_xYC_7dwPWbl_1APUVFSEXy_zbspc65eUdm7ya0I9hD53U7g3_9urNX5OkQ81pLvCcKfgjHI/s1600/Alyonidium+gelatinosum+ANEMOONv3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="345" data-original-width="1600" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigghEPX64TCm8p361DxAqGAZNkRVxkwMBx68AJQVsqALonlKTmQl-VtDLFmNlktAYJZgr_xYC_7dwPWbl_1APUVFSEXy_zbspc65eUdm7ya0I9hD53U7g3_9urNX5OkQ81pLvCcKfgjHI/s640/Alyonidium+gelatinosum+ANEMOONv3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 11 <span style="text-align: center;">Bij ANEMOON gemelde vondsten van </span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;">Doorschijnende zeevinger, </span><i style="text-align: start;">Alcyonidium gelatinosum.</i></span></span><br />
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De Grijze zeevinger is in België als inheemse soort bekend van het getijdengebied van Koksijde en Nieuwpoort. Zie een bericht daarover op NatureToday (klik <a href="https://www.naturetoday.com/nl/nl/nature-reports/message/?msg=18543" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">hier</span></a>).<br />
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In het <a href="https://www.nederlandsesoorten.nl/linnaeus_ng/app/views/species/nsr_taxon.php?id=140697&cat=CTAB_NAMES" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Nederlands Soortenregister</span></a> wordt Grijze zeevinger als exoot bestempeld (in de zin als ‘door de mens geïntroduceerd’). Waar dat op is gebaseerd, is niet duidelijk. Het gedocumenteerde verspreidingsgebied zoals in <a href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=153730#distributions" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">WoRMS</span></a> is weergegeven, ligt met name rond Ierland. Natuurlijke verspreiding lijkt dan net zo voor de hand te liggen.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 12 <span style="text-align: start;">Bleke plooislak, </span><i style="text-align: start;">Goniodoris nodosa, </i><span style="text-align: start;">één van de predatoren van Grijze zeevinger</span><i>. </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Anna Friso, Oosterschelde, 4-2-2017 (in vitro 6-2-2017).</span><br />
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<b>Predatie</b><br />
Van twee soorten zeenaaktslakken is bekend dat die Grijze zeevinger op het menu hebben staan: de Bleke plooislak, <i>Goniodoris nodosa</i> (fig. 12) en de Egelslak, <i>Acanthodoris pilosa</i> (klik <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.com/2018/07/thorny-doris-acanthodoris-pilosa-and.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">hier</span></a> voor foto's en informatie over de Egelslak). De Blauwe (2004) meldt daarover dat hij bij Koksijde op deze soort minstens tien Egelslakken vond! Ik heb nog geen prooidieren op de Grijze zeevingers gevonden.<br />
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<b>Dank</b><br />
Met dank aan Ruud Versijde voor het delen van zijn vondst, Hans De Blauwe voor de determinatie en Hans en Marco Faasse voor het verstrekken van informatie en voor het nalezen van de tekst van het NatureToday bericht dat samen met dit blogbericht werd gepubliceerd. Tevens wil ik Adriaan Gmelig Meyling, Stichting ANEMOON en Rien de Ruijter, Strandwerkgemeenschap, bedanken voor hun naspeuringen naar vondsten van een aantal soorten Zeevinger.<br />
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<b>Literatuur & websites/weblinks</b><br />
<ul>
<li>Blauwe, H. De, 2004. De zeevingers Alcyonidium condylocinereum Porter, 2004 en Alcyonidium diaphanum (Hudson, 1778) (Bryozoa: Ctenostomatida) aan de Belgische kust. De Strandvlo 24(2): 74-77. </li>
<li>Blauwe, H. De, 2009. Mosdiertjes van de Zuidelijke Bocht van de Noordzee: Determinatiewerk voor België en Nederland. Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee, Oostende. ISBN 9789081290036.</li>
<li>Blauwe, H. De, 2013. Historisch laag tij legt bijzondere beesten bloot. NatureToday. Klik <a href="https://www.naturetoday.com/nl/nl/nature-reports/message/?msg=18543" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">hier</span></a>. </li>
<li>Bryozoa of the British Isles: http://britishbryozoans.myspecies.info/content/alcyonidium-condylocinereum-0</li>
<li>Faasse, M.A. & H. De Blauwe, 2004. Faunistisch overzicht van de mariene mosdiertjes van Nederland (Bryozoa: Stenolaemata, Gymnolaemata). Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen 21: 17-54. Klik <a href="https://www.academia.edu/17712648/Faunistisch_overzicht_van_de_mariene_mosdiertjes_van_Nederland_Bryozoa_Stenolaemata_Gymnolaemata_" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">hier</span></a> voor een PDF. </li>
<li>Nederlands soortenregister. Klik <a href="https://www.nederlandsesoorten.nl/linnaeus_ng/app/views/species/nsr_taxon.php?id=140697&cat=CTAB_NAMES" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">hier</span></a>. </li>
<li>Otten, M.J., 2018. Thorny doris - Acanthodoris pilosa - and the advantages of a waterproof compact camera. Micks Marine Biology. Klik <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.com/2018/07/thorny-doris-acanthodoris-pilosa-and.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">hier</span></a>.</li>
<li>Porter, J.S., 2004. Morphological and genetic characteristics of erect subtidal species of Alcyonidium (Ctenostomata: Bryozoa). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK. 84(1): 243-252. Klik <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025315404009117h" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">hier</span></a> voor een PDF.</li>
<li>WoRMS. Klik <a href="https://www.blogger.com/World%20Register%20of%20Marine%20Species:%20http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=153730" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">hier</span></a>.</li>
</ul>
Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-37700470253961123292019-06-25T11:37:00.001+02:002019-08-05T08:39:03.141+02:00Een Geep - Belone belone - in het getijdengebied<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDrinM_6wkHsPq8BdyXXP47OrumceYzh1ZSNeFlpvnTrsAUpgvj85RtsXujA55DNjUO6XTmcT_mi4B25u8Wg2K-_jgObOpquXQyDI6CrKFA1shw42wiK48alzHRjouTLd-RVq4XgmHunU/s1600/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604353v2-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDrinM_6wkHsPq8BdyXXP47OrumceYzh1ZSNeFlpvnTrsAUpgvj85RtsXujA55DNjUO6XTmcT_mi4B25u8Wg2K-_jgObOpquXQyDI6CrKFA1shw42wiK48alzHRjouTLd-RVq4XgmHunU/s640/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604353v2-3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig.1. Geep, <i>Belone belone belone</i>. Neeltje Jans, Noordzee, 4-6-2019.</span> </div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">Click <a href="https://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.com/2019/06/a-garfish-belone-belone-in-tidal-zone.html" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: red;">here</span></b></a> for an English version </span></div>
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Hoe vaak maak je zoiets mee? Eén keer in je leven? Een grote Geep, <i>Belone belone</i>, die in een ondiep stroomgebied 'omhoog', richting land, zwemt. Ik maakte het mee bij Neeltje Jans op 4 juni 2019.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6NcEvB_Q5tktSv1Qbub5MLBwPz_v2_sfxVs_hvvjdw4kJMacCobRhSm7L8nhxgr-Ykc1ohWBB68RTYqOiTi_AatYMlymtvDmzaNxMA0D-I90gpQ84Dn8GFYcYO6lhhvgsCMbKJElv7D4/s1600/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604472v2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6NcEvB_Q5tktSv1Qbub5MLBwPz_v2_sfxVs_hvvjdw4kJMacCobRhSm7L8nhxgr-Ykc1ohWBB68RTYqOiTi_AatYMlymtvDmzaNxMA0D-I90gpQ84Dn8GFYcYO6lhhvgsCMbKJElv7D4/s640/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604472v2.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 2. Detail met kop van de Geep, <i>Belone belone belone </i>en parasiet <i>Caligus</i> species (zie verderop) op de kieuwplaat.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Neeltje Jans, Noordzee, 4-6-2019.</span> </div>
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Ik was al een paar uur stenen aan het keren in het stroomgebied bij de getijdenpoel bij het Topshuis (fig. 3; klik <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.com/2016/08/search-for-first-rate-sites-for-turning.html" target="_blank">hier</a> voor een uitgebreide beschrijving van het gebied). Het was lekker weer en heerlijk stil en ik vermaakte mij prima met het fotograferen van de dieren die ik vond onder de rijk aan de onderzijde begroeide stenen. Anders dan ik gewoon ben, was ik pas rond de laagwater kentering bij het stroomgebied; doorgaans ben ik twee uur vóór de kentering ter plaatse. Die late start bleek nog minder een probleem dan ik dacht. Voordat het middelste deel van het stroomgebied weer vol begon te lopen vanuit zee (vanuit de getijdenpoel - aan de landzijde - blijft het continu lopen, vandaar 'stroom'gebied), waren vandaag drie uren verstreken. Alle tijd en rust dus om te zoeken en te fotograferen.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOZ-Wa36VA6bcOOWOcyNXsy0b0xNDdwkq0CmHPMuER8qbVnWubJJEgYCSMkyvfThKceUzrPIiaKH_YwGDpOXrmYMJVzx5PkNlEmx1h_h6LpV_757Yy2vUq3Kk06ngG7vLRpTyHAxkeBh4/s1600/Neeltje+Jans+ZL160527025.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOZ-Wa36VA6bcOOWOcyNXsy0b0xNDdwkq0CmHPMuER8qbVnWubJJEgYCSMkyvfThKceUzrPIiaKH_YwGDpOXrmYMJVzx5PkNlEmx1h_h6LpV_757Yy2vUq3Kk06ngG7vLRpTyHAxkeBh4/s640/Neeltje+Jans+ZL160527025.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 3. Stroomgebied van Neeltje Jans, 27-5-2016.</span></div>
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Echt iets bijzonders had ik nog niet gevonden, totdat ik op een paar meter afstand allerlei gespetter hoorde. Ik dacht nog even dat het kwam door het stromende water, maar het klonk toch anders. Toen ik ging staan, zag ik veel beweging in het water en tot mijn verbazing zwom er een Geep rond (fig. 1 e.a.)!<br />
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Gepen komen naar de kust om daar te paaien en eieren af te zetten. Dit exemplaar was dan wel erg enthousiast en het leek mij niet zonder risico. Daarbij was het - zeker voor dit ondiepe en steenrijke gebied - een fors exemplaar (47 cm). Het dier had zijn lange bek zo te zien ook al een paar keer gestoten tegen de stenen, want die was een beetje beschadigd. Uiteraard wilde ik er graag foto's van maken en bij voorkeur ook onderwater.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0zWaCHR0yMWPk8kdDqI5tGNxJbGh7qOvLteToHGCwploVhMFq1XdHKi-qeutwuBeOif-OZAY0IZtfgN8Gu3xrzLbgXtimsFZHzr9iILj7clvEzbYQlyc7AezmNIpwOI9tZ_otKmu0xHM/s1600/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604265.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0zWaCHR0yMWPk8kdDqI5tGNxJbGh7qOvLteToHGCwploVhMFq1XdHKi-qeutwuBeOif-OZAY0IZtfgN8Gu3xrzLbgXtimsFZHzr9iILj7clvEzbYQlyc7AezmNIpwOI9tZ_otKmu0xHM/s640/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604265.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 4. Geep, <i>Belone belone belone </i>in de poel waar ik het dier fotografeerde. Neeltje Jans, Noordzee, 4-6-2019.</span> </div>
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<b>Wat er kwam kijken bij de fotografie </b><br />
Ik was al aan het fotograferen met mijn Olympus TG-5, een erg handige camera voor bij het stenen keren (klik <a href="https://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.com/2018/07/thorny-doris-acanthodoris-pilosa-and.html" target="_blank">hier</a> voor een bericht over de TG-5). Gelukkig had ik ook een WeeFine groothoeklens (tot 150º) meegenomen en het daarvoor benodigde onderwaterhuis. Misschien zou ik de Geep dan ook in zijn geheel onderwater kunnen fotograferen.<br />
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Het dier zo in het stroomgebied fotograferen was onmogelijk. Overdag zijn ze schuw en erg snel en zou ik hem nooit goed in beeld krijgen. Daarbij was de kans groot dat hij meteen rechtsomkeer zou maken. Ik zag een poeltje aan de rand van het stroomgebied, waar hij niet uit zou kunnen zwemmen, dat groot genoeg was en waar continu water doorheen stroomde (fig. 4). Dat laatste was belangrijk, omdat daardoor zwevende vuildeeltjes zouden worden afgevoerd. Ook waren de stenen aan de randen goed begroeid met zeewieren, zodat hij zijn snavel niet zou beschadigen. Mijn eerste poging hem te pakken mislukte. Gelukkig zwom hij een doodlopend deel van het stroomgebied in en kon ik hem alsnog in het poeltje zetten.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl1U16Qn8ipNfPubUkegMXGDDuFaqmXCYEdrV7CFd9pxvodBYzjFI8R5ZTCAyntcrzRWf0xr9j35ls-iLPmLaBpDLTwILt1oyYB0aa6lJl89sXeruSHnWDQ8KGHGAywW5mZ8yuiDcXx9g/s1600/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604350v2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl1U16Qn8ipNfPubUkegMXGDDuFaqmXCYEdrV7CFd9pxvodBYzjFI8R5ZTCAyntcrzRWf0xr9j35ls-iLPmLaBpDLTwILt1oyYB0aa6lJl89sXeruSHnWDQ8KGHGAywW5mZ8yuiDcXx9g/s640/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604350v2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 5. Geep, <i>Belone belone belone</i>. Neeltje Jans, Noordzee, 4-6-2019.</span> </div>
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Het werkte fantastisch. Hij zwom wel wat, maar hij had niet zoveel ruimte; hij kon zich nog net keren in de poel (fig. 4 & 5). Hij leek ook niet vreselijk bang. Anders was er het risico dat hij uit de poel zou springen en zich zou beschadigen. Het fotograferen was bepaald niet makkelijk, want het moest - net als vroeger met snorkelen - op gevoel en ervaring. Ik kon namelijk niet op het scherm kijken. Ik heb een hoekzoeker voor het onderwaterhuis, maar die had ik dus net niet bij mij.<br />
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Lastig is ook dat er water moet zitten tussen het onderwaterhuis en de groothoeklens. Door de ondiepte van de poel ging dat niet makkelijk, liep het water er uit en besloeg de tussenruimte tussen huis en lens meerdere malen. Al met al ben ik gezien de beperkingen erg tevreden met het resultaat!<br />
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Net toen ik klaar was met mijn fotowerk, stroomde het water vanuit zee de poel in en meteen draaide de Geep zich om richting zee, vond nu wel een uitgang en zwom weg.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhPxdPlj61JOfD3RmJ7VMFlRlLYAiBvHFfvul_JHaNQxJgI_EMRdsvayzEZXxQsuxpZIq6jIswgCV8JFT-eEEkesvgRWQ9eyaTvwhji1GK4sqSY2JJ_Wza9VIPrv8rBsHStEvWtb89L5g/s1600/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604416v2v2-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhPxdPlj61JOfD3RmJ7VMFlRlLYAiBvHFfvul_JHaNQxJgI_EMRdsvayzEZXxQsuxpZIq6jIswgCV8JFT-eEEkesvgRWQ9eyaTvwhji1GK4sqSY2JJ_Wza9VIPrv8rBsHStEvWtb89L5g/s640/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604416v2v2-2.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 6. Geep, <i>Belone belone belone</i>. Neeltje Jans, Noordzee, 4-6-2019.</span><br />
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<b>Lengte</b><br />
De Geep is, zoals je kunt zien, een bijzondere verschijning met die lange snavelvormige bek. De vis wordt maximaal 104 cm (Dulcic & Soldo, 2006) en gemiddeld 45 cm lang. Een exemplaar van 95 cm weegt rond de 1,3 kg. In het eerste jaar bereiken ze een lengte van maximaal 25 cm. In het tweede jaar worden ze geslachtsrijp en zijn dan zo'n 45 cm. Overigens, hoe hoger de temperatuur van het zeewater, hoe sneller de ontwikkeling en groei. Het exemplaar dat ik vond was dus minimaal twee jaar oud. Ze kunnen tot 18 jaar oud worden.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGzp_9KhKVbWZzSirAmvvCQ7VQlT3zDFgO9Ayw-6t8vmexNO-VqCSVuqNPK44JpO0w5ls3Q7sN0WIQEV9aF_nNt815TGPBEB9RtlYXkYTR9Mag55sOFs0VLIMWg4WVn0hLMSRwhiw5B30/s1600/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604363.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGzp_9KhKVbWZzSirAmvvCQ7VQlT3zDFgO9Ayw-6t8vmexNO-VqCSVuqNPK44JpO0w5ls3Q7sN0WIQEV9aF_nNt815TGPBEB9RtlYXkYTR9Mag55sOFs0VLIMWg4WVn0hLMSRwhiw5B30/s640/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604363.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 7. Opeens was de Geep uit beeld. Pas later zag ik dat een Strandkrab, <i>Carcinus maenas</i> er met de buit vandoor wilde gaan. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Neeltje Jans, Noordzee, 4-6-2019.</span> </div>
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<b><br /></b><b>Jager en prooi</b><br />
Gepen zijn zichtjagers en snelle zwemmers, die jagen op kleine(re) vissen, inktvissen en kreeftachtigen. Van de vissen waarop Gepen jagen, worden specifiek genoemd: Koornaarvis (<i>Atherina</i> species), Haring, Sprot, Ansjovis, Zandspiering, Stekelbaars en kabeljauwachtigen (Gadidae). Ze zoeken hun prooi voornamelijk overdag. Jager (2015): 'De bijzonder gespecialiseerde ogen zijn aangepast aan het jagen bij de hoge lichtintensiteit die heerst aan het wateroppervlak. Door de hoge dichtheid aan kegeltjes in het oog is het zicht zeer scherp. In het netvlies zijn twee afzonderlijke gedeelten, het ene aangepast aan de hoge lichtintensiteit in de zone boven de vis ('Snell's window'), en het andere aangepast aan de lage lichtintensiteit buiten dit venster. Het oog is bovendien erg lichtgevoelig, zodat zelfs ’s nachts door Gepen op zicht gejaagd kan worden.'<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxoewWiJQYgDqFQYUVaD2d0wdUUzXIxcCSBF1f8ZHApA89LgD-xOmsYr3-VOYvRZT8qY5G6Dghsvxugi_FuJvuFhiqEbAa8wnE9DIv2sQAmHUXn501jPV7epoqQK2zgQdp-HG69_wvID8/s1600/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604342v2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxoewWiJQYgDqFQYUVaD2d0wdUUzXIxcCSBF1f8ZHApA89LgD-xOmsYr3-VOYvRZT8qY5G6Dghsvxugi_FuJvuFhiqEbAa8wnE9DIv2sQAmHUXn501jPV7epoqQK2zgQdp-HG69_wvID8/s640/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604342v2.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 8. Geep, <i>Belone belone belone</i>. Neeltje Jans, Noordzee, 4-6-2019.</span><br />
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<b>Voorkomen</b><br />
Het is een pelagisch levende vis. Ze leven 's winters in scholen in open water, ten westen van Groot-Brittannië en trekken in maart-april - als de zee warmer wordt - de Noordzee in waar ze in ondiep water paaien. De hoofdpaaitijd is mei-juni, maar het kan doorlopen tot september. De meeste bronnen beschrijven Gepen als levend vlak onder het wateroppervlak. Louysi (2015) noteert tussen de 0 en 1 meter en maximaal 5 meter diep. Heessen et al., (2015) geven aan dat ze bij vangsten tot 600 m diep werden aangetroffen! Wel met een kanttekening: omdat het visnet meteen bij het wateroppervlak open wordt gezet en zo ook weer wordt opgehaald, kan het zijn dat de dieren op een geringere diepte in het net verzeild zijn geraakt. Die keren dat ik als duiker Gepen zag (daarover verderop meer), was dat ook nog geen halve meter diep.<br />
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Het schijnt een algemene soort te zijn. Ik sprak vorig jaar hengelaars die vertelden dat ze op de pier van Hoek van Holland regelmatig Gepen vangen. Ze zouden vrij talrijk zijn in de Oosterschelde. Nijssen (1987): 'In 1983 werd in de Zeeuwse wateren 1570 kg Geep gevangen.' In Jager (2015) kun je meer lezen over de visserij.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbIy_iA8ZBYrnDbcNsMGBET0zAUD75OU9JJFgNLHlUvjABXjWhocRh3-a6bm2jQvxkD6lUWZNi0aD380s7QZXL_GaFuYqi0dS2zrfClSrDXjngYt_1oijyOg3znaPt87ZWXtRoPDWV4ig/s1600/001Belone+belone+-+garfish+-+geep.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbIy_iA8ZBYrnDbcNsMGBET0zAUD75OU9JJFgNLHlUvjABXjWhocRh3-a6bm2jQvxkD6lUWZNi0aD380s7QZXL_GaFuYqi0dS2zrfClSrDXjngYt_1oijyOg3znaPt87ZWXtRoPDWV4ig/s640/001Belone+belone+-+garfish+-+geep.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 9. Gepen, <i>Belone belone gracilis </i>en hun weerspiegeling in het wateroppervlak<i>.</i> Playa Chica, Puerto del Carmen, Lanzarote, 3-3-2016.</span></div>
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<b>Duikwaarnemingen</b><br />
Door duikers worden ze in Nederland weinig gezien. Dat heeft mogelijk te maken met het feit dat ze direct onder het wateroppervlak leven; de meeste duikers gaan vrijwel meteen naar dieper water. Daarbij zijn het schuwe vissen, die moeilijk te benaderen zijn. Dan zijn het ook nog eens snelle zwemmers en is het Nederlandse duikwater doorgaans niet geweldig helder.<br />
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Wat betreft schuw en moeilijk te benaderen: dat mag overdag het geval zijn, 's avonds is dat - zoals ik twee keer heb ervaren - helemaal niet het geval. In maart 2016 maakte ik op Lanzarote, één van de Canarische Eilanden, een avondduik. Aan het einde van die duik - ik was nog net niet door mijn lucht heen en de accu's van mijn flitsers raakten duidelijk leeg - kwam ik een schooltje van zo'n 15 Gepen tegen. Die kwamen zelfs heel dichtbij tot op een tiental centimeters en lieten zich goed fotograferen! Zie figuren 9, 10 en 12.<br />
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In september datzelfde jaar kwam ik bij een avondduik in de Adriatische Zee bij Triëst een grote, dikke Geep tegen. Die zwom duidelijk op mijn navigatielicht af en ik moest hem wegduwen, omdat hij anders zijn bek en misschien mijn apparatuur zou beschadigen. Ook dat was aan het einde van mijn duik; ik kon er geen foto van maken omdat de accu's van mijn flitsers volledig leeg waren. Dus in het donker zijn ze goed te benaderen en komen ze zelfs op licht af. Dat laatste wordt bevestigd in Heessen et al. (2015). Zoals al gezegd zaten de Gepen beide keren nog geen halve meter onder het wateroppervlak.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgOvaBVxyjEd9Sv9Ow1XcfVWr0ha2ATbzQ_dns3n3dAZimX7msz9W393PpwQypVYHldDSAfhPjSaxqk19me_312ioQi-mph_FpGtGw7YwrR0K1OyyECA-Ck4jJjCj6wNzgJq67N_92n2w/s1600/002Belone+belone+-+garfish+-+geep.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgOvaBVxyjEd9Sv9Ow1XcfVWr0ha2ATbzQ_dns3n3dAZimX7msz9W393PpwQypVYHldDSAfhPjSaxqk19me_312ioQi-mph_FpGtGw7YwrR0K1OyyECA-Ck4jJjCj6wNzgJq67N_92n2w/s640/002Belone+belone+-+garfish+-+geep.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 10. Gepen, <i>Belone belone gracilis.</i> Playa Chica, Puerto del Carmen, Lanzarote, 3-3-2016.</span></div>
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Overigens wordt een drietal ondersoorten onderscheiden (Collette & Parrin, 1986). Het exemplaar dat ik bij Neeltje Jans heb gefotografeerd, is <i>Belone belone belone</i>. Die van Lanzarote behoren tot <i>Belone belone gracilis</i>.<br />
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1iQlJff3qKuQ3ktUaXvXNrtzTei1vvq5T8sTgkeqgFKERHfnb4rPbRQHKaNLuZjQaDi26H7we6irCAOY7XQlzk_51amiA3DNCNfHlbhE5jMYP5rxz3koSKm8zBjg2RXxGJ5FG4nkfO_Q/s1600/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604462v2-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1iQlJff3qKuQ3ktUaXvXNrtzTei1vvq5T8sTgkeqgFKERHfnb4rPbRQHKaNLuZjQaDi26H7we6irCAOY7XQlzk_51amiA3DNCNfHlbhE5jMYP5rxz3koSKm8zBjg2RXxGJ5FG4nkfO_Q/s640/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604462v2-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 11. Visnijntje, <i>Caligus </i>species op de kieuwplaat van de Geep. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Helaas geen betere foto; beeld is sterk uitgesneden. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Neeltje Jans, Noordzee, 4-6-2019. </span></div>
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<b>Visnijntje</b><br />
Bij het bekijken van de foto's, zag ik parasitaire copepodes zitten, één op de kieuwplaat (fig. 11), twee op de borstvin en één op de anaalvin. Het gaat om een <i>Caligus</i> soort, een soort 'Visnijntje' (voorstel voor een Nederlandse naam van dit genus). Op de foto's zijn niet voldoende details te zien om de soort verder op naam te brengen en op Gepen kunnen meerdere soorten <i>Caligus</i> gevonden worden, onder andere <i>Caligus belone. </i>Je snapt meteen waarvan de soortnaam is afgeleid!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBu-9J4PGZ5D5jm_teCt7RVYzTTyrjkDJHwvaK0zGJSekpYyVVV2Bp3HlGM5NWaqt2f1hj1AzToNe5PM4ymexBs5kHdZmrZrygUA-LUKkBCeQc5Odw0vT9js0C0_rZcB4vbGArrqKd8_s/s1600/003Belone+belone+-+garfish+-+geep.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="984" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBu-9J4PGZ5D5jm_teCt7RVYzTTyrjkDJHwvaK0zGJSekpYyVVV2Bp3HlGM5NWaqt2f1hj1AzToNe5PM4ymexBs5kHdZmrZrygUA-LUKkBCeQc5Odw0vT9js0C0_rZcB4vbGArrqKd8_s/s640/003Belone+belone+-+garfish+-+geep.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 12. <a href="https://nieuwewendingproducties.blogspot.com/2018/03/in-vitro-in-natura.html" target="_blank">In Natura 10</a>: kunstwerk gebaseerd op de gefotografeerde Gepen op Lanzarote.</span></div>
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<b>Literatuur & weblinks</b><br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.anemoon.org/flora-en-fauna/soorteninformatie/soorten/articletype/articleview/articleid/314" target="_blank">ANEMOON</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Belone-belone" target="_blank">Fishbase</a></li>
<li>Collette, B.B. & N.V. Parrin, 1986. Belonidae. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Volume II. p 60-609.</li>
<li>Dulcic, J. & A. Soldo, 2002. A new maximum length for the garpike, <i>Belone belone</i> (Belonidae). Cymbium, 30, p 382.</li>
<li>Heessen, H.J.L., N. Daan & J.R. Ellis, 2015. Fish atlas of the Celtic Sea, North Sea and Baltic Sea, p 252-254. ISBN 97889086862665.</li>
<li>Jager, Z., 2015. Factsheet Vissoorten - Geep Geïntegreerde Visserij. Klik <a href="https://www.geintegreerdevisserij.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Factsheet-Geep.pdf" target="_blank">hier</a> voor de PDF.</li>
<li>Louisy, P., 2015. Europe and Mediterranean Marine Fish identification guide. ISBN 139782841388110.</li>
<li>Nijssen, H. & S.J. de Groot, 1987. De vissen van Nederland. ISBN 9050110061.</li>
</ul>
Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-55753437475719291112019-06-25T11:37:00.000+02:002019-06-25T11:42:33.724+02:00A garfish - Belone belone - in the tidal zone<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCMWGd7AZJ_cy0kxmIape5lucGvRYCXpg2gBVT9PRVCFeLcs8kpHOCv-T6xGr4o6uvMLEVd0qmX2VHyAQwsLbzFM5jAIrwrRoLT0DeuAhl0RT_75xUftAkjVkslUoY7ex17l7-8KJmhE8/s1600/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604353v2-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCMWGd7AZJ_cy0kxmIape5lucGvRYCXpg2gBVT9PRVCFeLcs8kpHOCv-T6xGr4o6uvMLEVd0qmX2VHyAQwsLbzFM5jAIrwrRoLT0DeuAhl0RT_75xUftAkjVkslUoY7ex17l7-8KJmhE8/s640/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604353v2-3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">fig. 1. Garfish, <i>Belone belone belone</i>. Neeltje Jans, the Netherlands (North Sea), 4-6-2019.</span><span style="text-align: center;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: x-small;">Klik <b><a href="https://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.com/2019/06/een-geep-belone-belone-in-het.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">hier</span></a></b> voor een Nederlandstalige versie </span></div>
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How often do you experience something like that? Once in your life? A big garfish, <i>Belone belone</i>, swimming upstream in a quite shallow 'rockstream'! I did at Neeltje Jans, the Netherlands (North Sea) on 4 June 2019.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6aUUrBrXhd5yaAfOGBCqOGcEQ462UWjNHjdojyR-rB9nk_YrILFZyDaIi_je950dpFK0dXAbLy0ukDB3iKP7hBD6DB7tNDIddHMrVXDlSfmGLUSXy8ObNxf_2NZtxcB4vznyta7J0BIs/s1600/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604472v2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6aUUrBrXhd5yaAfOGBCqOGcEQ462UWjNHjdojyR-rB9nk_YrILFZyDaIi_je950dpFK0dXAbLy0ukDB3iKP7hBD6DB7tNDIddHMrVXDlSfmGLUSXy8ObNxf_2NZtxcB4vznyta7J0BIs/s640/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604472v2.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">fig. 2. Garfish, <i>Belone belone belone</i>. Neeltje Jans, the Netherlands (North Sea), 4-6-2019.</span><span style="text-align: center;"> </span></div>
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I was turning stones at ebb tide for a few hours, the weather was fine and I enjoyed the silence. I was taking pictures of animals I found on the rich undergrowth of the stones. Usually I start my field trips at ebb tide two hours before slack water. That gives me time to explore the rocks and rockpools just above the sublittoral zone, where you will find the more rare species. But Neeltje Jans is different: the most interesting part of the rockstream - a zone with interconnected rockpools - (fig. 3) is not situated at the lowest point. It took three hours before the tide came in, so I had all the time to explore and take photo's.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6e7BlM4VzJIFY0u2OWi3usDq2sXxVoXb0S3_ukbJuPHoqSWE-VVxBOq28v6jbJgytJ1gVzrTWn3pJSZIoF30CeuXPa44AZydm4UutMjymNMewuX80Zmeth1IPX950UUFIt5eDgihIRWM/s1600/Neeltje+Jans+ZL160527025.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6e7BlM4VzJIFY0u2OWi3usDq2sXxVoXb0S3_ukbJuPHoqSWE-VVxBOq28v6jbJgytJ1gVzrTWn3pJSZIoF30CeuXPa44AZydm4UutMjymNMewuX80Zmeth1IPX950UUFIt5eDgihIRWM/s640/Neeltje+Jans+ZL160527025.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 3. 'Rockstream' at Neeltje Jans, the Netherlands (North Sea), 27-5-2016.</span><br />
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I had not discovered something special, till I heard something splashing a few meters from where I was standing. At first I thought it was just the flowing water, but the sound was different. Then I saw a lot of movement in the water and to my surprise I saw a garfish swimming upstream (fig. 1 and others)!<br />
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Garfish migrate inshore in spring to spawn in shallow water during early summer. This one seemed over enthusiastic, because it was not without risk. It was a large specimen of 47 cm and the rockstream was quite shallow and rocky. It had already bumped its mouth; there was some damage at the front. Of course I would love to take photo's and preferably underwater.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH0p05GcpOev_HL-GzJnmOKqH61bvlj5t8LqBsxc6dP4ooRUzlWOb0BuAET9DrGiA5djZC5Dw4FtpQ5o5d2f0jcdm3EMPJ93HhWsPLRcymySM-Gb8Z3I5io-jUbY8s3DUZ_YvpoEsikaM/s1600/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604265.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH0p05GcpOev_HL-GzJnmOKqH61bvlj5t8LqBsxc6dP4ooRUzlWOb0BuAET9DrGiA5djZC5Dw4FtpQ5o5d2f0jcdm3EMPJ93HhWsPLRcymySM-Gb8Z3I5io-jUbY8s3DUZ_YvpoEsikaM/s640/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604265.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">fig. 4. Garfish, <i>Belone belone belone </i>in the pool where I took the photo's. Neeltje Jans, the Netherlands (North Sea), 4-6-2019.</span><span style="text-align: center;"> </span></div>
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<b>What was involved in photography</b><br />
I was already taking photo's with my Olympus TG-5, a very handy underwater compact camera (click <a href="https://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.com/2018/07/thorny-doris-acanthodoris-pilosa-and.html" target="_blank">here</a> for an article about the TG-5). Fortunately I brought a WeeFine wide angle lens (to 150º) along and the underwater housing for the camera and lens. Maybe I could take photo's of the entire animal underwater!<br />
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Just taking photo's at the very spot was impossible. In daylight they are shy and fast, so getting a good look, making a composition and getting the auto focus at the right spot was not to be. And the chance it would turn around and disappear, was very probable. I saw a pool at the edge of the rockstream that was big enough, where it could not escape and with running water (fig. 4). Running water was desirable. Otherwise I would get a picture of a lot of debris instead of the garfish. Another advantage of the pool: the rocks were overgrown with seaweeds that would function as a buffer edge. I failed at my first attempt, but the garfish swam into a dead corner and I was able to put it in the pool.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ-cqBIFF_rdFMDvow_CrDDfqC0D6kUoPOwdCzKb9U20wGV-WgPZ79Vimh9O7iAwCwCdCA660mtXPnzIiYlgcBoQL5cf2mhkV8AVKCJsuzDAtiYg5EgbXyhrkPIu81HYCMbiWwkgUISbM/s1600/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604350v2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ-cqBIFF_rdFMDvow_CrDDfqC0D6kUoPOwdCzKb9U20wGV-WgPZ79Vimh9O7iAwCwCdCA660mtXPnzIiYlgcBoQL5cf2mhkV8AVKCJsuzDAtiYg5EgbXyhrkPIu81HYCMbiWwkgUISbM/s640/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604350v2.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">fig. 5. Garfish, <i>Belone belone belone</i>. Neeltje Jans, the Netherlands (North Sea), 4-6-2019.</span><span style="text-align: center;"> </span><br />
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<span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></div>
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It worked out perfectly. The fish did swim, but the space was limited; it was just able to turn around in the pool (fig. 4 & 5). It did not seem to be very shy, otherwise there woud have been the risk of it jumping out of the pool and hurting itself. Taking photo's was not easy, because I could not see anything on the display (I have a kind of angle finder but I forgot to take it with me). So I had to take photo's in the blind and rely on my experience, just as I used to do in the past when snorkeling. The fact there has to be water between the wide angle lens and the underwater housing did not make it any easier. The pool was quite shallow, water got out and several times the space between lens and underwater housing fogged up.<br />
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All in all I am very satisfied with the results! Just as I had finished taking pictures, the pool flooded. The garfish turned around immediately, found the exit and swam away to deeper water.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW_qICJmoeoiqz5LEYmY_t4Z1X8qWdBxiY3fMa6FlXk1DP5zxBEGQmKXIlEiTSMkna1Bj6RBbawt1rhHO3a07z38Fi4GqA93fJEg5O1bDvPbmJMj_lGxUQFF1vaRhm9RUaKd3KnGoyKTQ/s1600/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604416v2v2-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW_qICJmoeoiqz5LEYmY_t4Z1X8qWdBxiY3fMa6FlXk1DP5zxBEGQmKXIlEiTSMkna1Bj6RBbawt1rhHO3a07z38Fi4GqA93fJEg5O1bDvPbmJMj_lGxUQFF1vaRhm9RUaKd3KnGoyKTQ/s640/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604416v2v2-2.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">fig. 6. Garfish, <i>Belone belone belone</i>. Neeltje Jans, the Netherlands (North Sea), 4-6-2019.</span><span style="text-align: center;"> </span><br />
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<span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></div>
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<b>Length</b><br />
Garfish are easily recognised by their long thin bodies and their long, needle like mouth. They can grow to a length of 104 cm (Dulcic & Soldo, 2006). Their average size is 45 cm. A garfish of 95 cm weighs about 1.3 kg. In their first year they become about 25 cm long. In their second year, when they become mature, they grow to a length of 45 cm. So the one I discovered was at least two years old. But it is not exact science: the higher the temperature of the seawater, the quicker they develop and grow. Garfish can live up to 18 years.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCXUaCv9tkREWI1ZDmuihM1Y4PF7uoHygbNmqYWDW_h-WI2IpBegeoNiITueM6noRB8NuR5fOQN_uGWkwCpQGeDswP8USOsaooMA8S7iRXQ_IP-lIF9qa8Ee9KWketPFRC3ct83mZsCKw/s1600/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604363.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCXUaCv9tkREWI1ZDmuihM1Y4PF7uoHygbNmqYWDW_h-WI2IpBegeoNiITueM6noRB8NuR5fOQN_uGWkwCpQGeDswP8USOsaooMA8S7iRXQ_IP-lIF9qa8Ee9KWketPFRC3ct83mZsCKw/s640/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604363.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 7. Suddenly the garfish moved out of sight. When I saw the photo's I realised that a Green crab, <i>Carcinus maenas</i> wanted the garfish for prey. </span><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">Neeltje Jans, the Netherlands (North Sea), 4-6-2019.</span><span style="text-align: center;"> </span></div>
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<b>Hunters and prey</b><br />
Garfish are sight hunters and fast swimmers. They hunt for prey like small(er) fish, cephalopods and arthropods. Of the fish the following are specifically mentioned: sand smelt <i>(Atherina</i><i>)</i>, herring <i>(Clupea)</i>, sprat <i>(Sprattus)</i>, sand eels <i>(Ammodytes)</i>, stickleback <i>(Gasterosteus)</i>, cod species and the like <i>(Gadidae)</i>.<br />
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They mainly seek their prey during the day. Jager (2015): 'The highly specialized eyes are adapted to hunting at the high light intensity that prevails on the water surface. Due to the high density of cones in the eye, visibility is very sharp. In the retina, two separate sections, one adapted to the high light intensity in the area above the fish ('Snell's window'), and the other adapted to the low light intensity outside this window. Moreover, the eye is very light-sensitive, so that even at night, garfish can hunt for sight.'<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf0iXvk2BSEPE4UbckXOwG0Gl07uwobCos0HxpzaFlQkYJodJbbUCgkgN4euGVrbgA6B0W7sgQYQJBkpi582u9oFszmniSWkS_gqFnAlWTPZ1CfaPB18whB9rIY9cFDWBdmGEcBIohsFg/s1600/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604342v2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf0iXvk2BSEPE4UbckXOwG0Gl07uwobCos0HxpzaFlQkYJodJbbUCgkgN4euGVrbgA6B0W7sgQYQJBkpi582u9oFszmniSWkS_gqFnAlWTPZ1CfaPB18whB9rIY9cFDWBdmGEcBIohsFg/s640/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604342v2.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="margin: 0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 8. Geep, <i>Belone belone belone</i>. Neeltje Jans, Noordzee, 4-6-2019.</span></div>
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<b>Habitat</b><br />
It is a pelagic fish. They live in open water shoals west of Great Britain in the winter and in March-April - when the sea gets warmer - head into the North Sea where they spawn in shallow water. The main spawning time is May-June, but it can continue until September. Most sources describe garfish as living just below the water surface. Louysi (2015) notes between 0 and 1 meter and a maximum of 5 meters deep. Heessen et al., (2015) indicate that they were found with catches up to 600 m deep! However, with a side note: because the fishing net is immediately opened at the surface of the water and thus brought again, it is possible that the animals have ended up in the net at a lesser depth. The times that I saw garfish as a diver (more on that later), it was not even half a meter deep.<br />
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It seems to be a general species. Last year I spoke to anglers who told me that they regularly catch garfish on the pier of Hoek van Holland. They are supposed to be quite numerous in the Oosterschelde. Nijssen (1987): 'In 1983, 1570 kg of garfish was caught in the Zeeland waters'. In Jager (2015) you can read more about the fishing on garfish.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxKzanD6DitC3mlBv1nQjvltj-2ZpGe2P2OaL_-GGZnT-8ZYxsjPJyDQXJzw9p6Ron7uanHnaf8t0MHEeyyXoe0pm2ksjmpqvBpCoEkA1CWT4A__GNppQxWEHDdrVcE1Bt1VprEnVGSU0/s1600/001Belone+belone+-+garfish+-+geep.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxKzanD6DitC3mlBv1nQjvltj-2ZpGe2P2OaL_-GGZnT-8ZYxsjPJyDQXJzw9p6Ron7uanHnaf8t0MHEeyyXoe0pm2ksjmpqvBpCoEkA1CWT4A__GNppQxWEHDdrVcE1Bt1VprEnVGSU0/s640/001Belone+belone+-+garfish+-+geep.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 9. Garfish, <i>Belone belone gracilis</i> and their reflection in the surface of the water<i>.</i> Playa Chica, Puerto del Carmen, Lanzarote, 3-3-2016.</span></div>
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<b>Dive observations</b><br />
They are rarely seen by divers. Possibly because they spend most of their time just beneath the surface; most divers descend straight away to deeper waters. Furthermore: they are quite shy at daylight, rapid swimmers and the Dutch diving waters are usually far form clear.<br />
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As regards to being shy: that may be the case during daylight, at dark they are - as I have discovered twice - easy to approach. In March 2016 I made a dive at dark at Lanzarote, one of the Canary Islands. At the end of my dive - I ran almost out of air and the power of my flash units was almost drained - I ran into a shoal of about 15 garfish. They came to me as close as ten centimeter and it was quite easy to take photo's. See figures 9, 10 and 12.<br />
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In September the same year I ran - also after dark - into a big, fat garfish at Trieste (Italy) at the Adriatic Sea. That one swam directly to my navigating light and I had to push it away or it could have damaged its mouth or my gear. That was also at the end of my dive; no more power in my flash units, hence no photo. Heessen et al. (2015) confirm my observation that they are are attracted by lights. As said, both encounters were not deeper than half a meter beneath the surface.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9TMdz0En4CBFKOkDltms97gmF7DpgbwwKpShwf6tFnJkAV7-prYBe7hy0sS6lUTH8-nBuxXfbdZ5H4Sdk61FPQ9v8Dl3n3CSWBeHIG98rorqp8zZjdDc4nziruFxrgir7lnFlNPOXWcQ/s1600/002Belone+belone+-+garfish+-+geep.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9TMdz0En4CBFKOkDltms97gmF7DpgbwwKpShwf6tFnJkAV7-prYBe7hy0sS6lUTH8-nBuxXfbdZ5H4Sdk61FPQ9v8Dl3n3CSWBeHIG98rorqp8zZjdDc4nziruFxrgir7lnFlNPOXWcQ/s640/002Belone+belone+-+garfish+-+geep.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 10. Garfish, <i>Belone belone gracilis.</i> Playa Chica, Puerto del Carmen, Lanzarote, 3-3-2016.</span><br />
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By the way: a triple of subspecies are distinguished (Collette & Parrin, 1986). The one I saw at Neeltje Jans is <i>Belone belone belone</i>. The garfish of Lanzarote (fig. 9, 10 & 12) and Trieste belong to <i>Belone belone gracilis</i>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqyEJaT-cMRGxaZVtWGYC5-sQ7WsYtArafx0jgSHqCr53xrnZvNZTd0OSSzUcUbl6gZ3_hTYJSilj4QLWkN9TjgXtHrytnqTBOdW2PifEUvuOm86oj8jm5h0kwZ7xTELPIHzhZxCi6J1Q/s1600/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604462v2-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqyEJaT-cMRGxaZVtWGYC5-sQ7WsYtArafx0jgSHqCr53xrnZvNZTd0OSSzUcUbl6gZ3_hTYJSilj4QLWkN9TjgXtHrytnqTBOdW2PifEUvuOm86oj8jm5h0kwZ7xTELPIHzhZxCi6J1Q/s640/Belone+belone+-+Garfish+-+Geep+ZL20190604462v2-2.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 11. A parasitic copepod, <i>Caligus </i>species on the gill cover of the garfish. T</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">his - largely cropped - photo is the best I got. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Neeltje Jans, Noordzee, 4-6-2019. </span><br />
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<b>Parasites</b><br />
When I was looking at the photos, I saw a few parasitic copepodes, one at the gill cover, two at the pectoral fin and one on the anal fin. It is a <i>Caligus</i> species (fig. 11). The photo's are not detailed enough to find out what species. Garfish can be infected by several <i>Caligus</i> species, one with the scientific name <i>Caligus belone; </i>it is not hard to imagine where the name of this species derives from!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_jLk1j9qvxhYk-9Sr2uY6uyjiscm5FBTRZSJGRFfGuE9dep1YC8JfwEguut0yMipURwsJdfEeWdWN6HkHm6VM8HOUAxKQsRTwiHBo3USnqJ1eVwTwyRVcWSffY7cge-oTBwbnF6AYme4/s1600/003Belone+belone+-+garfish+-+geep.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="984" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_jLk1j9qvxhYk-9Sr2uY6uyjiscm5FBTRZSJGRFfGuE9dep1YC8JfwEguut0yMipURwsJdfEeWdWN6HkHm6VM8HOUAxKQsRTwiHBo3USnqJ1eVwTwyRVcWSffY7cge-oTBwbnF6AYme4/s640/003Belone+belone+-+garfish+-+geep.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 12. <a href="https://nieuwewendingproducties.blogspot.com/2018/03/in-vitro-in-natura.html" target="_blank">In Natura 10</a>: artwork based on the garfish photographed at Lanzarote.</span><br />
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<b>Literature & weblinks</b><br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.anemoon.org/flora-en-fauna/soorteninformatie/soorten/articletype/articleview/articleid/314" target="_blank">ANEMOON</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Belone-belone" target="_blank">Fishbase</a></li>
<li>Collette, B.B. & N.V. Parrin, 1986. Belonidae. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Volume II. p 60-609.</li>
<li>Dulcic, J. & A. Soldo, 2002. A new maximum length for the garpike, <i>Belone belone</i> (Belonidae). Cymbium, 30, p 382.</li>
<li>Heessen, H.J.L., N. Daan & J.R. Ellis, 2015. Fish atlas of the Celtic Sea, North Sea and Baltic Sea, p 252-254. ISBN 97889086862665.</li>
<li>Jager, Z., 2015. Factsheet Vissoorten - Geep Geïntegreerde Visserij. Click <a href="https://www.geintegreerdevisserij.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Factsheet-Geep.pdf" target="_blank">here</a> of a PDF (in Dutch).</li>
<li>Louisy, P., 2015. Europe and Mediterranean Marine Fish identification guide. ISBN 139782841388110.</li>
<li>Nijssen, H. & S.J. de Groot, 1987. De vissen van Nederland. ISBN 9050110061.</li>
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Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-47595724648476736842018-08-15T13:57:00.000+02:002018-08-15T15:32:46.216+02:00Alive, tiny and interesting: Brachystomia scalaris, the Mussel pyramid snail<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfHz0sY8TGFqFHeSrhUlWYt97xoB32r6wmcgWKJtz6U1eOrGj5wXrfTqcy8LKFk7Tg46H38Qxy_K5jKl5eUNDo-V2xb8q1nX5_EI06TYNONNuIWn4AF9qWFLcYygONdRSZw4GZT-xcrrU/s1600/Brachystomia+scalaris-1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfHz0sY8TGFqFHeSrhUlWYt97xoB32r6wmcgWKJtz6U1eOrGj5wXrfTqcy8LKFk7Tg46H38Qxy_K5jKl5eUNDo-V2xb8q1nX5_EI06TYNONNuIWn4AF9qWFLcYygONdRSZw4GZT-xcrrU/s640/Brachystomia+scalaris-1.JPG" width="640" /></a>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 1 Two Mussel pyramid snails, <i>Brachystomia scalaris</i> (NL: Mosselslurper) on a Common mussel, <i>Mytilus edulis</i> (NL: Mossel). </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Westkapelle, 14-7-2018 (in vitro).</span></div>
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I googled for pictures of <i>Odostomia scalaris</i>, the former name of a little snail, now <i>Brachystomia scalaris</i>*. And what came up? Dozens of pages with carcasses. The first photo of a living specimen of this snail (at that search 81 pages later) is of the discontinued <a href="http://home.kpn.nl/faassema/Brachystomiascalaris.html" target="_blank">website of Marco Faasse</a>. Why does it take so many webpages before finding one with a picture of a living animal? The answer is not too difficult: because shell collectors and (a lot of) malacologists prefer carcasses; they are collectable. I prefer the living being. Not only for its looks - isn't it a beautiful animal with its yellow-gold speckles? - but also for its behaviour as a parasite preying on Mussels.<br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">fig. 2 Mussel pyramid snail, <i>Brachystomia scalaris</i> (NL: Mosselslurper). </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;">Westkapelle, 14-7-2018 (in vitro).</span></div>
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<i>Brachystomia scalaris</i>, the Mussel pyramid snail, is a tiny snail with a maximum size of about 4.5 mm and 1.8 mm width, but often they remain smaller (fig. 3). In Dutch it is aptly called Mosselslurper, translated Musselslurper. Aptly because it predates mostly on Common mussels, <i>Mytilus edulis</i> (NL: Mossel). More about that later.<br />
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You can find a short description of the snail at <a href="http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=mollusca&id=849&menuentry=soorten" target="_blank">Marine Species Identification Portal</a>. And for my Dutch readers also at the <a href="http://www.anemoon.org/flora-en-fauna/soorteninformatie/soorten/articletype/articleview/articleid/64" target="_blank">website of Stichting ANEMOON</a>. At the website of WoRMS you can find information about its <a href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=491633#distributions" target="_blank">distribution</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuqwKLzNhtER61cEcCMX1JKD5sigdIn8Pock5cs66n6j3VzGGLbf6LKAf89GZHLO9-xEoH6rtmPO8btUwhfTIh58Y4sUFbgXdFPy7ZocsxshWHIRIoKo0G2nxCc15X1tmKMed_fe1STas/s1600/Brachystomia+scalaris-4.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuqwKLzNhtER61cEcCMX1JKD5sigdIn8Pock5cs66n6j3VzGGLbf6LKAf89GZHLO9-xEoH6rtmPO8btUwhfTIh58Y4sUFbgXdFPy7ZocsxshWHIRIoKo0G2nxCc15X1tmKMed_fe1STas/s640/Brachystomia+scalaris-4.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 3 The size of a batch of Mussel pyramid snails, <i>Brachystomia scalaris</i> (NL: Mosselslurper) </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">compared to a pin-head with a diameter of 1.9 mm. Westkapelle, 14-7-2018 (in vitro).</span></div>
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The first time I saw one, was at a field trip with the Strandwerkgroep Waterweg-Noord to Westkapelle, the Netherlands, while turning stones at ebb tide. Marianne Ligthart, one of the participants, has eyes like a hawk and she found a few Mussel pyramid snails. The only thing I saw were some very tiny whitish dots... The next time we were at Westkapelle I tried to find one, but to no avail. She found them several times and another member of our group - also one with excellent eyes - found up to 10 specimens in one trip.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 4 Common mussel, <i>Mytilus edulis</i> (NL: Mossel). <a href="https://www.mosselen.nl/en/mussel-info/about-mussels/" target="_blank">Suspended cultivation</a>, Neeltje Jans, the Netherlands, 22-8-2009.</span></div>
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The first time I found a Mussel pyramid snail was at home in my aquarium. I had collected a lump of Common mussels at Den Osse-Nieuwe Kerkweg, the Netherlands, as food for the animals in my aquarium. When I took the lump out of the water to detach a few individuals, a few tiny shell particles fell off: Mussel pyramid snails! In a tiny lump I found more than 10 specimens of this snail between the byssus threads. Recently I collected a few lumps of Mussels at Westkapelle and again out of a fairly small lump I collected 13 specimens (all figures of the snail, except fig. 16).<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 5 Two Mussel pyramid snails, <i>Brachystomia scalaris</i> (NL: Mosselslurper) on a Mussel </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">beneath its byssus threads. Westkapelle, 14-7-2018 (in vitro).</span></div>
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<i>Brachystomia scalaris</i> belongs to the Pyramidellidae, a family existing of parasites preying on molluscs (snails and bivalves), worms, hydrozoans and echinoderms. It lives between the byssus threads of the Common mussel. </div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 6 Byssus threads of the Common mussel, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Mytilus edulis</i> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(NL: Mossel). </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Den Osse-Nieuwe Kerkweg, the Netherlands, 30-3-2011.</span></div>
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Byssus threads are extremely tough, strong, elastic threads that secure the Mussel to its substrate (fig. 5-8). They allow the Mussel to remain sessile in areas of high flow. Enlarged they look like fiberglass (fig. 6). The threads are deposited by means of a 'tongue' (fig. 8 & 9). This tongue, in bivalve shell terms usually called the foot, has a groove on the ventral surface which is continuous with the byssus pit. In this pit, a viscous secretion is exuded, entering the groove and hardening gradually upon contact with sea water. Maybe you don't realize how extraordinary this is: have you ever tried to glue something together that is wet?!</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6YMD2-neijEAuem4SNa6Ybs3xhqOhkMAQ9L47kzjPZQea36uIj46OexbKAui_lV7clIpy0Ae3h0n9r8FSGCAQ_AgWBsHCv6MhtnWrtqcOkV6Qqlav9_t4WqqHRUGqjZyDByiq1KTtrFc/s1600/Brachystomia+scalaris-14.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6YMD2-neijEAuem4SNa6Ybs3xhqOhkMAQ9L47kzjPZQea36uIj46OexbKAui_lV7clIpy0Ae3h0n9r8FSGCAQ_AgWBsHCv6MhtnWrtqcOkV6Qqlav9_t4WqqHRUGqjZyDByiq1KTtrFc/s640/Brachystomia+scalaris-14.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.800000190734863px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 7 Common mussel, <i>Mytilus edulis</i> (NL: Mossel) with its byssus threads attached to the substrate. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Neeltje Jans, the Netherlands, 21-2-2015.</span><br />
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The byssal threads are also sometimes used by Mussels as a defensive measure, to tether predatory molluscs, such as the Dog whelk, <i><a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.com/2016/08/search-for-first-rate-sites-for-turning.html" target="_blank">Nucella lapillus</a></i> (NL: Purperslak) and the Japanese oyster borer, <i><a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.com/2014/05/a-few-molluscs-of-vancouver-island.html" target="_blank">Ocenebra inornata</a></i> (NL: Japanse stekelhoren), that invade Mussel beds, immobilising them and thus starving them to death. A fate that could also await Mussel pyramid snails!</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnGB3s6-4yQ6Wb4gTtIbzijdChZ5GxFiOtXLStMKLe_poU8Uq9b_0MBWWp40tRvkSxDM-29URKepaAtb243TciwqpOEDDNMPjh-P73LggsUtj8jWFSZkQ_-f11tdkMIXtj2WhtFPHXrOM/s1600/Brachystomia+scalaris-15.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="984" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnGB3s6-4yQ6Wb4gTtIbzijdChZ5GxFiOtXLStMKLe_poU8Uq9b_0MBWWp40tRvkSxDM-29URKepaAtb243TciwqpOEDDNMPjh-P73LggsUtj8jWFSZkQ_-f11tdkMIXtj2WhtFPHXrOM/s640/Brachystomia+scalaris-15.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 8 Byssus threads of the Common mussel, <i>Mytilus edulis</i> (NL: Mossel) attached to the glass of an aquarium. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Top left you can see the cream-brown tongue with which the Mussel attached the byssus threads. Maassluis, 2-1-2018.</span><br />
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The snail feeds by extending its proboscis, a retractable appendage like the trunk of an elephant (fig. 9, 12, 14 & 15) and carefully sticks it between the open valves at the basal (under) side, where it reaches the soft part of the shell. There it sucks blood and tissue of the shell as food. They have no radula (rasping tongue) like most snails. Amazingly the Mussel does not close both valves in order to defend itself! If it did, the snail would loose its proboscis.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_lROUYloZS70ajhLawsHAGtzqKg7l0haRJEJG4C9VOem2-GLFF7c1hoCdpTfj52u4pj-9okMrTQLFkJUKqGJO8b51u0hwYoAQplqMprHQoqptQjau_jHbq8j-Pycjklpx5JHgRLFz5y8/s1600/Brachystomia+scalaris-2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_lROUYloZS70ajhLawsHAGtzqKg7l0haRJEJG4C9VOem2-GLFF7c1hoCdpTfj52u4pj-9okMrTQLFkJUKqGJO8b51u0hwYoAQplqMprHQoqptQjau_jHbq8j-Pycjklpx5JHgRLFz5y8/s640/Brachystomia+scalaris-2.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 9 Mussel pyramid snail, <i>Brachystomia scalaris</i> (NL: Mosselslurper) with its proboscis extended. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Next to the snail you can see the tongue of the Mussel. Westkapelle, 14-7-2018 (in vitro).</span></div>
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I already mentioned Marianne Ligthart; in 2013 she sent me some photo's she took of the Mussel pyramid snail and on one of the photo's the snail extended its proboscis. That is what I wanted to see and to record on photo! It took some time and patience but as you can see at fig. 9, 14 and 15 I succeeded. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFoa2Re0irXXDtpQUzoNF-bGUjv4Ipm2q73IdT4sUJLxymLtp_5ENsHol7_rl5V0oouA8YQPBfGZgO04bW1mKjmUzHwBUI3NKnD_JXG5uMW_9Oksf9RVbW-BbuukmniD6_IYPd6j1pIsM/s1600/Brachystomia+scalaris-6.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="984" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFoa2Re0irXXDtpQUzoNF-bGUjv4Ipm2q73IdT4sUJLxymLtp_5ENsHol7_rl5V0oouA8YQPBfGZgO04bW1mKjmUzHwBUI3NKnD_JXG5uMW_9Oksf9RVbW-BbuukmniD6_IYPd6j1pIsM/s640/Brachystomia+scalaris-6.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 10 Common mussel, <i>Mytilus edulis</i> (NL: Mossel) showing the fringes at the mantle rim. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Den Osse-Nieuwe Kerkweg, the Netherlands, 30-3-2011.</span></div>
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The incurrent siphon (opening) of Mussels is adorned with fringes (fig. 4, 10, 11, 13-15) to keep out alien life forms and any kind of particles, except plankton on which they live. Why are these fringes not ‘active’ when a snail is entering you with a snout and eating you? I wondered if the Mussel pyramid snail is clever enough to use the fringeless and less protected excurrent siphon (fig. 11), but Van Benthem Jutting (1933) after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pelseneer" target="_blank">Pelseneer</a> (1914) describes it as sticking in its proboscis at the basal - incurrent siphon - side. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNdVVhtGbFdztsWIFc2xNM1gIeJ3q-I38t6ueR4F-H5fSD_JYQWNhs-ORCnaGOj_bKhfXbp2KsHPSGEpS66LOFqSkvGY15D2Z9Hc4H8M2nV3ao7PO6JxUf3Kct6vXKD2O_gMIXj98z5Rc/s1600/Brachystomia+scalaris-7.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="984" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNdVVhtGbFdztsWIFc2xNM1gIeJ3q-I38t6ueR4F-H5fSD_JYQWNhs-ORCnaGOj_bKhfXbp2KsHPSGEpS66LOFqSkvGY15D2Z9Hc4H8M2nV3ao7PO6JxUf3Kct6vXKD2O_gMIXj98z5Rc/s640/Brachystomia+scalaris-7.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 11 Common mussel, <i>Mytilus edulis</i> (NL: Mossel) showing its excurrent (left) and incurrent (right) siphon. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Den Osse-Nieuwe Kerkweg, the Netherlands, 30-3-2011.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlc_0HUeaG4p0TvoYkQhylWdgrSEGbyQVs5TdEQZZZ7A61Q1M3pFaxfyxZnDhzjDb3j9LMMXPE0E165GUDGk2Jg45gF_YIHn1tac9HEPiOmsfED1EGOgtnM5SxbZhkCdFdiloCxsxQ6ZE/s1600/Odostomia+-+Pelseneer.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" data-original-height="1107" data-original-width="1324" height="333" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlc_0HUeaG4p0TvoYkQhylWdgrSEGbyQVs5TdEQZZZ7A61Q1M3pFaxfyxZnDhzjDb3j9LMMXPE0E165GUDGk2Jg45gF_YIHn1tac9HEPiOmsfED1EGOgtnM5SxbZhkCdFdiloCxsxQ6ZE/s400/Odostomia+-+Pelseneer.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 12 Illustration from Mollusca from Van Benthem Jutting (1933) after Pelseneer (1914) </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">showing several Mussel pyramid snails feeding alongside each other. </span></div>
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Van Benthem Jutting (1933) shows an illustration of Pelseneer (1914) (fig. 12) of an often recorded behaviour of Mussel pyramid snails feeding alongside each other. Have a look at this funny illustration: snails eating like pigs at a trough.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtW2GY6BL-W8rV_vaVymRaFjqCKnkglLJuUKuy2pfHwJNkYZguZQ0NQbxkHAW4kkrdYAEE2qVj2h-cMSgCKQm3UfVFZfJJLP19Vy7hiRuzl-Bc16sIT_n6bxiXQZ2UgTtCcC1JV3KrFaI/s1600/Brachystomia+scalaris-9.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtW2GY6BL-W8rV_vaVymRaFjqCKnkglLJuUKuy2pfHwJNkYZguZQ0NQbxkHAW4kkrdYAEE2qVj2h-cMSgCKQm3UfVFZfJJLP19Vy7hiRuzl-Bc16sIT_n6bxiXQZ2UgTtCcC1JV3KrFaI/s640/Brachystomia+scalaris-9.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">fig. 13</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzywyykozuy0ZkqUBo674aI-8FLqcJKdOiK2xWx8CaIOeYvJoySPf0VxalNJ6k5Hq4_UJb7zyNUxzIqcsYP04flH-BkSNpyYQ2eE0x5adGKBBS2ET1jbyoI2zVRkXke98Fa1PBWvH7-2c/s1600/Brachystomia+scalaris-10.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzywyykozuy0ZkqUBo674aI-8FLqcJKdOiK2xWx8CaIOeYvJoySPf0VxalNJ6k5Hq4_UJb7zyNUxzIqcsYP04flH-BkSNpyYQ2eE0x5adGKBBS2ET1jbyoI2zVRkXke98Fa1PBWvH7-2c/s640/Brachystomia+scalaris-10.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">fig. 14</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAgQkgKudvBig_kJHzCx9RI1Wi70E-0bSEOtD2QmeWmeuj6K1-vOzX0pwYapIl8mOoOYhmdokx2ILVdTyaarpuqIgHAPLEBi4J_wJEdmXqGk9BozPF5DcWOlabPVGpSW1lCutqvDi26Hg/s1600/Brachystomia+scalaris-11.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAgQkgKudvBig_kJHzCx9RI1Wi70E-0bSEOtD2QmeWmeuj6K1-vOzX0pwYapIl8mOoOYhmdokx2ILVdTyaarpuqIgHAPLEBi4J_wJEdmXqGk9BozPF5DcWOlabPVGpSW1lCutqvDi26Hg/s640/Brachystomia+scalaris-11.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 15 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">On fig. 13 to 15: Mussel pyramid snail, <i>Brachystomia scalaris</i> (NL: Mosselslurper) </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">with its proboscis from withdrawn to extendend. Westkapelle, 14-7-2018 (in vitro).</span></div>
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As already mentioned and can be seen at fig. 13 to 15: the proboscis is an extendable appendage. The snail is probing a Mussel and extending its proboscis. The white 'curtains' are the fringes of the Mussel.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRbpvnPf0c_sJIdsp_dkXrpi_pWjinePxLvirMAszPqwKppBiG-FAVy7V9sGL73Nfll2JmOf9LBshhUDciEUj5QBzs1NjjOLduNnsnBkrxhiQVG42KhBZjEiFC-5avesJHGpy-IiGwmdY/s1600/Brachystomia+scalaris-16.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="656" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRbpvnPf0c_sJIdsp_dkXrpi_pWjinePxLvirMAszPqwKppBiG-FAVy7V9sGL73Nfll2JmOf9LBshhUDciEUj5QBzs1NjjOLduNnsnBkrxhiQVG42KhBZjEiFC-5avesJHGpy-IiGwmdY/s640/Brachystomia+scalaris-16.JPG" width="426" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 16 Mussel pyramid snail, <i>Brachystomia scalaris</i> (NL: Mosselslurper). Westkapelle, 13-2-2016 (in vitro).</span></div>
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I always thought this species to be quite rare in the Netherlands. The first native specimens were recorded in 1951 and since then they were often discovered, albeit more dead than alive. Two records in the <a href="http://www.strandwerkgemeenschap.nl/" target="_blank">Centraal Systeem of the Strandwerkgemeenschap</a> (a databank of amateur and professional marine biologists) attracted my attention. Both are mentioned in articles in <a href="http://www.strandwerkgemeenschap.nl/" target="_blank">Het Zeepaard</a>. The first one is the discovery of 113 specimens in total at Ameland on 21, 22 and 28 December 1976 (Adema, 1978). It is not mentioned but I expect they were empty snail-shells. The second one is a find of about 75 living specimens at De Heerenkeet on 21 October 1982 (Slager, 1984). Not only these records but my chance findings at Den Osse and Westkapelle show that they must be quite common, at least locally. Above all they are easy to overlook…<br />
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Literature & weblinks</div>
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<ul>
<li>Benthem Jutting, T. van, 1933. Mollusca (I). Fauna van Nederland deel VII: 126-127.</li>
<li>Fretter, V. & A. Graham, 1949. The structure and mode of life of the Pyramidellidae, parasitic Opisthobranchs. Journ. Marine Biol. Ass. Un. Kingdom, vol.23: 493-532.</li>
<li>Nordsieck, F., 1972. Die europaischen Meeresschnecken-, 85-133.</li>
<li>Pelseneer, P., 1914. Ethologie de quelques Odostomia et d'un Monstrillide parasite d'un d'eux. Buil. sci. France et Belge, vol. 48: 1-14. </li>
<li>Slager, G. 1984. C.S.-verslag, Het Zeepaard, jrg. 44, nr. 1.</li>
<li>Strack, H., 1976. Over Odostomia rissoides (Hanley). Het Zeepaard, jrg. 36, nr. 5: 76-80. </li>
<li>Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussel" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussel</a></li>
<li>WoRMS: <a href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=491633" target="_blank">http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=491633</a></li>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">*Why did I not google for Brachystomia scalaris? I did. The first searches produced websites with only some kind of snake!</span></div>
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Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-36496069436809947752018-07-13T13:05:00.000+02:002019-12-28T23:39:24.027+01:00Thorny doris - Acanthodoris pilosa - and the advantages of a waterproof compact camera<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4g3SUGtH2rFYe20b3nfI_UKMEDFwkqURAsVEQrGXxuG7_oKpRfKpWH_e15daij0jMr79UK3XQJNNZ-SlIUKN1kL9TRp8hgdtrofqTViM2NNHN-4Rmv4ZWt4LZpCg_7OafOKAsG_k7C4w/s1600/Acanthodoris+pilosa+-+Thorny+doris+-+Egelslak+ZL20180519-125v2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4g3SUGtH2rFYe20b3nfI_UKMEDFwkqURAsVEQrGXxuG7_oKpRfKpWH_e15daij0jMr79UK3XQJNNZ-SlIUKN1kL9TRp8hgdtrofqTViM2NNHN-4Rmv4ZWt4LZpCg_7OafOKAsG_k7C4w/s640/Acanthodoris+pilosa+-+Thorny+doris+-+Egelslak+ZL20180519-125v2.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 1 Two Thorny doris, <i>Acanthodoris pilosa</i> (NL: Egelslak) chasing each other before mating. Neeltje Jans, the Netherlands, 19-5-2018. </span></div>
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What is the connection between a sea slug and a compact camera? In short: because of the compact camera I was able to take photo's of a few Thorny doris and their mating behaviour in extreme shallow water.<br />
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Camera gear</h3>
Let's begin with the compact camera. For diving and snorkeling I use full frame camera’s like a Canon 5DMKII and a 5DSr in Ikelite underwater housings (fig. 2 & 21). See for more information about these camera’s, lenses etc. at the end of this post. I use the same camera’s at home for ‘in vitro’ photography. Both are excellent camera’s, but there are circumstances in which I need a small waterproof camera in stead of a camera in a bulky underwater housing. For example for taking photo’s <i>in</i> my aquarium in order to get as close as possible and to avoid all kind of reflections. And also to take photo’s while <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.com/2016/08/search-for-first-rate-sites-for-turning.html" target="_blank">turning stones</a> and rockpooling at ebb tide.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixZF5JALgliIzf4yrHqa4QWpKDyUtnHpI7RzgPjx6K020X_rCDUWyxbgWduU_hIw87DWdxcrq26NMPzsRNICdrzIWSucBmsiCDEXAwPjjDLq7MpEfvDJGPkrm3RPP_6auitavhWo2c3Vs/s1600/UW+set+up+Ikelite+%2526+TG-5+SWG+MS20180707-17.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixZF5JALgliIzf4yrHqa4QWpKDyUtnHpI7RzgPjx6K020X_rCDUWyxbgWduU_hIw87DWdxcrq26NMPzsRNICdrzIWSucBmsiCDEXAwPjjDLq7MpEfvDJGPkrm3RPP_6auitavhWo2c3Vs/s640/UW+set+up+Ikelite+%2526+TG-5+SWG+MS20180707-17.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 2 Compare the Olympus compact camera TG-5 (width 11,5 cm) with a Sea Dragon light (front) and the full frame Canon in Ikelite housing with Ikelite strobes (weight about 10 kg). </span></div>
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That is why I bought an Olympus TG-5. The TG-5 is a ‘rugged’ waterproof compact camera with an excellent macro range and - a must for underwater photography - you can record in RAW. At fig. 2 you can see how small it is: compare the TG-5 (mounted on a Sealife tray with a Sea Dragon 2300 light) with my usual photo diving gear!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx44uGODv6lkSp6hI5WEDaXI7UySNEeB3Is9iea5BITRoA6kN4nKRH39XmyiOmTvyjjEyV8qW0VTxuV2zWKjDRORri97SFglQPs53Lx53rtiLlGFJwoUgM-Tli_kpPPR4RsC816XinX2o/s1600/Acanthodoris+pilosa+-+Thorny+doris+-+Egelslak+ZL20180519-112v2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx44uGODv6lkSp6hI5WEDaXI7UySNEeB3Is9iea5BITRoA6kN4nKRH39XmyiOmTvyjjEyV8qW0VTxuV2zWKjDRORri97SFglQPs53Lx53rtiLlGFJwoUgM-Tli_kpPPR4RsC816XinX2o/s640/Acanthodoris+pilosa+-+Thorny+doris+-+Egelslak+ZL20180519-112v2.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 3 Four of the initially six Thorny doris, <i>Acanthodoris pilosa</i> (NL: Egelslak) on a turned stone. The dark brown patch in the middle of the photo is its prey: <i>Alcyonidium gelatinosum </i>(NL: Gladde zeevinger). Neeltje Jans, the Netherlands, 19-5-2018. </span><br />
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<h3>
Thorny doris</h3>
And what about the Thorny doris, <i>Acanthodoris pilosa</i> (NL: Egelslak)? On May 19 this year the Strandwerkgroep Waterweg-Noord (see note) had a field trip at Neeltje Jans (North Sea coast, the Netherlands). One of our members discovered six specimens of the Thorny doris on a stone she turned (fig. 3). This nudibranch is not uncommon in the tidal zone, but six under one stone is extraordinary.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5WD-SO69XClZ6m4bYLUixMt6Kpt-2yWKb4rr2taAiRT0qBvyo-DW-CXRQqv2FbM9Y1CJd2cUTwQwFSb1lX8cMCsHRSfKtGJI7k9nNThHnuJPe6-WEAk-22J8eKOEjGJdLAQ_P4QvpFdE/s1600/Excursie+Neeltje+Jans+SWG+WWN+ZL20180519-165.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5WD-SO69XClZ6m4bYLUixMt6Kpt-2yWKb4rr2taAiRT0qBvyo-DW-CXRQqv2FbM9Y1CJd2cUTwQwFSb1lX8cMCsHRSfKtGJI7k9nNThHnuJPe6-WEAk-22J8eKOEjGJdLAQ_P4QvpFdE/s640/Excursie+Neeltje+Jans+SWG+WWN+ZL20180519-165.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 4 Pascal taking photo's with his TG-5 of the Thorny doris on the turned stone. </span></div>
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With the turned stone above water level, the slugs looked like wet wine gums (fig. 3). So I changed the position of the stone in order to put the slugs back into water. This is where the TG-5 reappears in my story: even in just 5 cm of water you can take pictures of slugs and other small stuff with this camera (fig. 4). It has no tilting screen, but with some effort and a lot of photo’s, I made some nice pictures. To avoid misconception: only figures 1, 3, 4-7 are taken with the TG-5!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg77Y6H0Ir-ELpiPPiuWzCGFr-ajgR8olA5CxNFA6d4wElWh5RPoklNZKEnSCmoN8YGrWrycRqRx0ip9bEbkcprTa_b5sNL9SXj0s1-1W4SqGumRXbJ8kWX8QNWBspYxrhOOJshgm8WHFc/s1600/Acanthodoris+pilosa+-+Thorny+doris+-+Egelslak+ZL20180519-167.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="788" data-original-width="984" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg77Y6H0Ir-ELpiPPiuWzCGFr-ajgR8olA5CxNFA6d4wElWh5RPoklNZKEnSCmoN8YGrWrycRqRx0ip9bEbkcprTa_b5sNL9SXj0s1-1W4SqGumRXbJ8kWX8QNWBspYxrhOOJshgm8WHFc/s640/Acanthodoris+pilosa+-+Thorny+doris+-+Egelslak+ZL20180519-167.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 5 Parade of Thorny doris, <i>Acanthodoris pilosa</i> (NL: Egelslak). The dark brown specimen had a size of 40 mm, quite large for Dutch standards. Neeltje Jans, the Netherlands, 19-5-2018. </span><br />
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At that time I saw some half-done egg ribbons (fig. 6 & 7) deposited by the Thorny doris', but only afterwards at home, I saw they were chasing and crashing into one another. Foreplay to mate (fig. 5 & 6)!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3dNzLFHQ4OySFYykGfdOhr9w2uW0WrsEteKvQSTJ4hVx_LpYoQG6xpNFAEp5oaTGhh0iw2rfde8x5pCLwydwpynbdkKR5nrFC5f-8RNmsEAeE3C2frFdRhx8J3u9ACw4wvtuRFHou6UE/s1600/Acanthodoris+pilosa+-+Thorny+doris+-+Egelslak+ZL20180519-186.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3dNzLFHQ4OySFYykGfdOhr9w2uW0WrsEteKvQSTJ4hVx_LpYoQG6xpNFAEp5oaTGhh0iw2rfde8x5pCLwydwpynbdkKR5nrFC5f-8RNmsEAeE3C2frFdRhx8J3u9ACw4wvtuRFHou6UE/s640/Acanthodoris+pilosa+-+Thorny+doris+-+Egelslak+ZL20180519-186.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 6 Foreplay of Thorny doris, <i>Acanthodoris pilosa</i> (NL: Egelslak), crashing into each other: Neeltje Jans, the Netherlands, 19-5-2018. </span></div>
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Eventually the two largest specimens were copulating (fig. 7). As usual with the right side turned to one another, because that is where their reproductive organ is situated. If I had no TG-5 I had not known of the chase and copulating Doris'. And of course no nice photo’s of this sea slug that looks like a fluffy toy.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirXFEoUizIbNPLNfkRtLPhrmKPup0vBdos8dA00NJoQEJ3E6sc46vCAzXcL1r8J9p2Jf9sQWc4tHykkcXHHMxmpO8tSqPn-yjeA_t2sXjiQLGypqWZTVTFNDAW8OCuOf5HR-XAHirjSTE/s1600/Acanthodoris+pilosa+-+Thorny+doris+-+Egelslak+ZL20180519-149.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="984" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirXFEoUizIbNPLNfkRtLPhrmKPup0vBdos8dA00NJoQEJ3E6sc46vCAzXcL1r8J9p2Jf9sQWc4tHykkcXHHMxmpO8tSqPn-yjeA_t2sXjiQLGypqWZTVTFNDAW8OCuOf5HR-XAHirjSTE/s640/Acanthodoris+pilosa+-+Thorny+doris+-+Egelslak+ZL20180519-149.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 7 In the end: copulating Thorny doris, <i>Acanthodoris pilosa</i> (NL: Egelslak). Neeltje Jans, the Netherlands, 19-5-2018. </span></div>
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<h3>
More about the Thorny doris</h3>
There are several websites and books with good descriptions of the Thorny doris. See <i>Literature and websites</i> at the end of the post. The most extensive description is given at the website of <a href="https://opistobranquis.info/en/guia/nudibranchia/doridina/doridoidei/onchidoridoidea/acanthodoris-pilosa/" target="_blank">OPK Opistobranquis (see Pontes et al. 2014)</a>. Another website I like to mention is <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/30778269875/in/photolist-nMMagi-249GvzY-21p4wRT-aGMNev-drqGNi-ri7S7v-nt76M2-43FSc-eC2k35-9Fjue3-HDM8h-bSuKzV-oLV8or-c44ivN-oJLZYr-p1ZJ5e-6z6Pk6-4TfKgF-iXkwSG-8FvSk7-8aU2V9-22B7dAT-9FUnfR-FQyi81-hRXeCA-Ky888Q-ouahqj-4XdMgL-NTLFkr-p2h8UR-52gZjR-e3azg1-22B7e9X-93KpZC-owiKDq-NQxsVm-NHsntC-MVXK65-NQxkbJ-NHskGb-NTLspB-Aes3Cj-vcNRBq-tvpCKo-sBu8j5" target="_blank">Morddyn</a> (at Flickr.com a.k.a. I.F. Smith). First I advise you to have a look at their pages (click on the text in blue). Done? Hereafter follows the text based on their websites, in which I have incorporated some remarks and additions.<br />
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NB. For my Dutch readers: there is also an extensive description in 'Schelpdieren van het Nederlandse Noordzeegebie' (De Bruyne et al., 2013). This excellent book is still for sale, at this moment for a discount price, so be quick to buy one.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidTmLcE8kIs31MR81ujKuCARIPTToqgQRVg7AgDaO9sfg7iG0SU7HRSvfYrtQ9T5YwA3fcGWVHb9RPSsRzEPOHrlLKxFF8URL1obdsKN5mPtKzfmDKvGcYNcfRZ42prMxDktBRtZ5K9js/s1600/Acanthodoris+pilosa+-+Thorny+doris+-+Egelslak+ZL141206174v2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidTmLcE8kIs31MR81ujKuCARIPTToqgQRVg7AgDaO9sfg7iG0SU7HRSvfYrtQ9T5YwA3fcGWVHb9RPSsRzEPOHrlLKxFF8URL1obdsKN5mPtKzfmDKvGcYNcfRZ42prMxDktBRtZ5K9js/s640/Acanthodoris+pilosa+-+Thorny+doris+-+Egelslak+ZL141206174v2.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">fig. 8 Fully stretched Thorny doris, <i>Acanthodoris pilosa</i> (NL: Egelslak), its foot protruding beyond the mantle. Westbout, the Netherlands, 29-11-2014 (in vitro). NB. figures 8, 9, 10 and 12 regard the same specimen (adult of 20 mm).</span><br />
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<b>Description</b><br />
The mantle covers the body, shaped like a dome. The body colour is variable and could be white, pale grey, yellow, orange, brown, purple or black. The light coloured specimens, especially the juveniles, may have darker spots or freckles (fig 8-10, 12; adult specimen) and their internal organs can be seen by transparency. The mantle is heavily spiculated with long, thin, radially arranged <a href="http://www.asnailsodyssey.com/LEARNABOUT/NUDIBRANCH/nudiSpic.php" target="_blank">spicules</a>; these are often visible in the mantle when viewed from below (fig. 9). The spicules do not interlock, so the body is soft and yielding. It is also covered in soft, tall, thin conical tubercles that give it the characteristic fluffy look (several figures). These tubercles could be contracted, making identification more difficult.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEljdgQqdw0nkuuVsXCof9P0pD4BIUpUEcuKmvXWh4ujb7aoXXOJAr6vC_kRvDqEAmL__k2lAlFKHNFgevStmku_l588TcFbmKeriOCyF9QGE8VfV-sKVuSqKYXD_NDQ5tJAaKT_j7kg0/s1600/Acanthodoris+pilosa+-+Thorny+doris+-+Egelslak+ZL141206043v2v2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEljdgQqdw0nkuuVsXCof9P0pD4BIUpUEcuKmvXWh4ujb7aoXXOJAr6vC_kRvDqEAmL__k2lAlFKHNFgevStmku_l588TcFbmKeriOCyF9QGE8VfV-sKVuSqKYXD_NDQ5tJAaKT_j7kg0/s640/Acanthodoris+pilosa+-+Thorny+doris+-+Egelslak+ZL141206043v2v2.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">fig 9 Photographed upside down showing the head, mouth and spicules of the Thorny doris, <i>Acanthodoris pilosa</i> (NL: Egelslak). Westbout, the Netherlands, 29-11-2014 (in vitro).</span></div>
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The foot is translucent white to cream coloured (fig. 10), occasionally with dark spots on the sole; the upper side is freckled as the mantle. The foot is both anteriorly and posteriorly rounded and it protrudes beyond the mantle when the animal moves (fig. 8). Locomotion by monotaxic retrograde waves on sole.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJqbaeIHmLq22wUCFpKkts5JR1E60E6d76uHQpPaWA4PD8E8wrDmLhosv2OuKd72v2CXh7nQz1Re0m8p5-1qvyJoJguO5k-zhNgOOsOCia7EIhHdgdhwyFJ4edu_JJdBQWXKIUK2JrpjY/s1600/Acanthodoris+pilosa+-+Thorny+doris+-+Egelslak+ZL141206129v2v2-2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="984" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJqbaeIHmLq22wUCFpKkts5JR1E60E6d76uHQpPaWA4PD8E8wrDmLhosv2OuKd72v2CXh7nQz1Re0m8p5-1qvyJoJguO5k-zhNgOOsOCia7EIhHdgdhwyFJ4edu_JJdBQWXKIUK2JrpjY/s640/Acanthodoris+pilosa+-+Thorny+doris+-+Egelslak+ZL141206129v2v2-2.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 10 Photographed upside down you can see the foot and mouth, but also a rhinophore and the gills of the Thorny doris, </span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Acanthodoris pilosa</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (NL: Egelslak). Westbout, the Netherlands, 29-11-2014 (in vitro). </span></div>
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The head has a narrow oral veil that forms two broad, flat oral tentacles at the sides (fig. 10). It has long retractable rhinophores, rising from a low sheath with tuberculated rim (fig. 11). The base of the rhinophores is smooth, the upper part with 10-24 lamellae (numbers increase with specimen size) and a nipple on the tip. They share the same colour of the mantle, but the lamellae could be frequently yellowish and occasionally bright orange. The rhinophores usually bent back and outwards.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1-Iljx_dPZlmf7vBiEgrNdq1vElZjquBdAIVP_YSK0Ft4aKO69nbdkCGldwmMYLqVY8hpTTX9ztz5nWvhB2hJBTluqZvk_57WuWKCgMnjjzecyjUjZDt5mrpYKHMn-jg16R6YIHejFI0/s1600/Acanthodoris+pilosa+-+Thorny+doris+-+Egelslak+GB140901381v2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1-Iljx_dPZlmf7vBiEgrNdq1vElZjquBdAIVP_YSK0Ft4aKO69nbdkCGldwmMYLqVY8hpTTX9ztz5nWvhB2hJBTluqZvk_57WuWKCgMnjjzecyjUjZDt5mrpYKHMn-jg16R6YIHejFI0/s640/Acanthodoris+pilosa+-+Thorny+doris+-+Egelslak+GB140901381v2.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 11 The conspicuous large rhinophores and gills of the Thorny doris, <i>Acanthodoris pillosa</i> (NL: Egelslak). Porthkerris, United Kingdom, 1-9-2014.</span></div>
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There are up to nine relatively big tripinnate gills (fig. 11) of the same colour of the mantle - often with white axis and some white on the leaves - that are located around the anus in the back of the dorsum. The gills could be retracted independently under the mantle if the animal is disturbed; they do not retract in unison into a pocket. The body usually measures about 30 mm long, but may reach almost 70 mm. It reaches maturity between 7 and 10 mm long.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig 12 Thorny doris, <i>Acanthodoris pilosa</i> (NL: Egelslak). Westbout, the Netherlands, 29-11-2014 (in vitro).</span></div>
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<b>
Distribution</b><br />
The Thorny doris is recorded on mid- and lower-shore and sublittorally to about 170 m.<br />
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There are reports from the Arctic Ocean (Faeroes and Iceland) down to Morocco, it is common around the British Islands and on both sides of the North Sea (including the Netherlands). It is considered 'dubia' in the Mediterranean. Considered common in Palermo, Italy by Philippi (1836) (as Doris stellata Gmelin in Linnaeus, 1791 fide Thompson and Brown, 1984), in fact this species has only been reported in the Mediterranean by Forbes (1844) for the Aegean Sea (Cattaneo-Vietti & Chemello, 1987). Remark: the species is listed in Trainito & Doneddu, 2014 (Nudibranchi del Mediterraneo), but not as doubtful.<br />
It is present on both Northern American shores, from Greenland to Virginia in the Atlantic and from the Aleutian Islands to Morro Bay, California in the Pacific.<br />
Another addition also with a remark: Australia is mentioned, but ‘needs confirmation’ (Vicente, 2008). It is not mentioned in Burn, 2015 (nudibranchs of Australia).<br />
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<b>
Reproduction</b><br />
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Thorny doris are simultaneous hermaphrodite. Spawning occurs in all months with a maximum in spring, when adults are most common, with a secondary peak in autumn. The spawn is an undulating ribbon of white eggs (fig. 13) of 64-76 microns in diameter, up to about 150.000 eggs, forming a two turns spiral, attached to the substrate by one edge. Often several egg ribbons are laid in close proximity. Planktonic veliger larvae live for about ten days at 10ºC before metamorphosis. <br />
The egg ribbons resemble those of the <span style="text-align: center;">Barnacle-eating onchidoris, <i>Onchidoris bilamellata</i> (NL: Rosse sterslak)(fig. 16), but those of the Thorny doris are smaller and less high.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg6jMuZ5mqldT8V3zjy1dnqIrebioK9gX85ugXPsCtFYhfk8F7eM551KUfvnPLIHXrP662enGOjU-JfdGcdv6Ver06Wj4gnGuBn_9WnpBe3nNLgpy7Dh7ljmm6y0eAUInLum-1j3ihOc4/s1600/Acanthodoris+pilosa+-+Thorny+doris+-+Egelslak+GB140901370v2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="656" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg6jMuZ5mqldT8V3zjy1dnqIrebioK9gX85ugXPsCtFYhfk8F7eM551KUfvnPLIHXrP662enGOjU-JfdGcdv6Ver06Wj4gnGuBn_9WnpBe3nNLgpy7Dh7ljmm6y0eAUInLum-1j3ihOc4/s640/Acanthodoris+pilosa+-+Thorny+doris+-+Egelslak+GB140901370v2.JPG" width="426" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 13 Egg ribbons of Thorny doris, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Acanthodoris pillosa</i> (NL: Egelslak) attached to a </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">broken and weathered stipe of Cuvie, </span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Laminaria hyperborea </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(NL: Groot vingerwier)</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">. Porthkerris, United Kingdom, 1-9-2014.</span><br />
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<b>
Food</b><br />
It usually feeds on encrusting bryozoans like <i>Alcyonidium hirsutum</i> (NL: Ruwe zeevinger), Sea chervil, <i>A. diaphanum</i> (NL: Bruine zeevinger)(fig. 14), <i>A. condylocinereum</i> (NL: Grijze zeevinger), <i>A. gelatinosum</i> (NL: Gladde zeevinger), <i>A. polyoum</i>, <i>Flustrellidra hispida</i> and the encrusting (usual) variety of the Hairy sea-mat, <i>Electra pilosa</i> (NL: Harig kantmosdiertje)(fig. 15).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikiwcJQJv-3QMsu-Otj-YeXX-ufviP8yR_bsg2ZrkU6f831LIouSjefrVYHK-ljj5Lz0X2exYka94jT3QaJxIMIwN_05HQHrGLl1weCxFm5c-we6ZPFHjYY9jfFhZ-7PflTokYiYP6nkg/s1600/Alcyonidium+diaphanum+-+Sea+chervil+-+Doorschijnende+zeevinger+GB180601024.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikiwcJQJv-3QMsu-Otj-YeXX-ufviP8yR_bsg2ZrkU6f831LIouSjefrVYHK-ljj5Lz0X2exYka94jT3QaJxIMIwN_05HQHrGLl1weCxFm5c-we6ZPFHjYY9jfFhZ-7PflTokYiYP6nkg/s640/Alcyonidium+diaphanum+-+Sea+chervil+-+Doorschijnende+zeevinger+GB180601024.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 14 Sea chervil, <i>Alcyonidium diaphanum</i> (NL: Bruine zeevinger). Thorny doris feed on this Bryozoan in the sublittoral. Porthkerris, United Kingdom, 1-6-2018.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMlZyBfA-k2qqsWuXh3YHtXb0hgucr6ZanMcflum3TP6kipZZEjKj9upYQWRPwDUJgUT2RhNq5dTxC9xsUpj5c68vhvseELOBvPwseHfEbQteH3P_PMKlm_bBhFoo27jSwqev36jHk3AI/s1600/Electra+pilosa+-+Hairy+sea-mat+-+Harig+kantmosdiertje.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMlZyBfA-k2qqsWuXh3YHtXb0hgucr6ZanMcflum3TP6kipZZEjKj9upYQWRPwDUJgUT2RhNq5dTxC9xsUpj5c68vhvseELOBvPwseHfEbQteH3P_PMKlm_bBhFoo27jSwqev36jHk3AI/s640/Electra+pilosa+-+Hairy+sea-mat+-+Harig+kantmosdiertje.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 15 Hairy sea-mat, <i>Electra pilosa</i> (NL: Harig kantmosdiertje) on <i>Laminaria</i> species. Isleornsay, United Kingdom, 29-8-2007.</span></div>
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<b>Name(s) </b><br />
I came across the following vernacular (English) names: Thorny doris, White hedgehog sea slug, Hairy spiny doris and in the USA: Papillose horned dorid. I like the name Hedgehog slug (just as - translated - its vernacular name in Dutch), but a land slug has already snatched this name: <i><a href="http://www.slugwatch.co.uk/?portfolio=hedgehog-arion" target="_blank">Arion intermedius</a></i>. And I resent four word-names (Linnaeus is turning in its grave) and ‘white’ in White hedgehog sea slug?<br />
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Its scientific name derives from: <i>genus: </i>Acanthodoris from Greek 'akantha' = thorn, spine and 'Doris', a sea nymph in Greek mythology, wife of Nereus, nymph of the waters and mother of Nereids and <i>species:</i> pilosa: derives from Latin 'pilosus' = hairy, shaggy, covered with hair.<br />
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<b>Similar species (in Dutch waters)</b></div>
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In Dutch waters the Thorny dorid may be confused with three other dorid species, however I think they are obviously different: the Barnacle-eating onchidoris, <i>Onchidoris bilamellata</i> (NL: Rosse sterslak)(fig. 16), the Sea lemon, <i>Doris pseudoargus</i> (NL: Citroenslak)(fig. 17) and the White jorunna, <i>Jorunna tomentosa</i> (NL: Satijnslak)(fig. 18).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis_ABhQZsJ2anm7eEqpnvqpBrril4UcHPs6dRwJfWrnhdWcxQJnfjWFK4wjmDEBiScX5phqqP2bwUEz55PVKZ_NrntYOfb8-KYzNNqQlBuzNa2ndbZYrqLp8wZvMQf7wrkzSKKK_6Z_v0/s1600/Onchidoris+bilamellata+-+Barnacle-eating+onchidoris+-+Rosse+sterslak+ZL150120026-Edit.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis_ABhQZsJ2anm7eEqpnvqpBrril4UcHPs6dRwJfWrnhdWcxQJnfjWFK4wjmDEBiScX5phqqP2bwUEz55PVKZ_NrntYOfb8-KYzNNqQlBuzNa2ndbZYrqLp8wZvMQf7wrkzSKKK_6Z_v0/s640/Onchidoris+bilamellata+-+Barnacle-eating+onchidoris+-+Rosse+sterslak+ZL150120026-Edit.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 16 Barnacle-eating onchidoris, <i>Onchidoris bilamellata </i>(NL: Rosse sterslak). Neeltje Jans, the Netherlands, 10-1-2015 (in vitro).</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM6pSGq5xRKvGv7E5B0c0h9QP7csVjA2ojJqAOxVL0B6fJVLuGIHbrN76XGx6JiJAVMoSo-gYcceG3MfgNxPutzPSEqE7wIfNQPszPmDxD5zJe6m6LLpMZuZoQ4i_w7cqaUj3IN1q3jJQ/s1600/Doris+pseudoargus+-+Sea+lemon+-+Citroenslak+ZL150224014-Edit.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="713" data-original-width="984" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM6pSGq5xRKvGv7E5B0c0h9QP7csVjA2ojJqAOxVL0B6fJVLuGIHbrN76XGx6JiJAVMoSo-gYcceG3MfgNxPutzPSEqE7wIfNQPszPmDxD5zJe6m6LLpMZuZoQ4i_w7cqaUj3IN1q3jJQ/s640/Doris+pseudoargus+-+Sea+lemon+-+Citroenslak+ZL150224014-Edit.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 17 Sea lemon, <i>Doris pdeudoargus</i> (NL: Citroenslak). Westbout, the Netherlands, 7-2-2015 (in vitro).</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6euYsmPvF1OQ7hpmY0mMuqwWDvmdQJUHZ3P0oyw6-PW_PzL6v2SYXF1ctZNjcNHhCllBlk-HqjpiN5Du97p8bZtS5extDEjcDuqsQaJolaV-YT8KIbBTrMkNxyFx49ey6Eg9nZb8tRv8/s1600/Jorunna+tomentosa+-+White+jorunna+-+Satijnslak+ZL160629015-bewerkt.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6euYsmPvF1OQ7hpmY0mMuqwWDvmdQJUHZ3P0oyw6-PW_PzL6v2SYXF1ctZNjcNHhCllBlk-HqjpiN5Du97p8bZtS5extDEjcDuqsQaJolaV-YT8KIbBTrMkNxyFx49ey6Eg9nZb8tRv8/s640/Jorunna+tomentosa+-+White+jorunna+-+Satijnslak+ZL160629015-bewerkt.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 18 Jorunna tomentosa (NL: Satijnslak). Zeelandbrug, the Netherlands, 29-6-2016.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYc0JGILJx5Y1Mauhi7rHhw7E3mt4ea3o4_qTiyYspHU5SeqZKXJ-VNJ1qw1OUPtSvokrY5hGitkosAvD4nIdJ1L03J5jQP3AlWERAuVtCmziIb5HRqIOXVmnfTetp4j2EYAGELXtHuw8/s1600/Acanthodoris+pilosa+-+Thorny+doris+-+Egelslak+ZL130427032v2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYc0JGILJx5Y1Mauhi7rHhw7E3mt4ea3o4_qTiyYspHU5SeqZKXJ-VNJ1qw1OUPtSvokrY5hGitkosAvD4nIdJ1L03J5jQP3AlWERAuVtCmziIb5HRqIOXVmnfTetp4j2EYAGELXtHuw8/s640/Acanthodoris+pilosa+-+Thorny+doris+-+Egelslak+ZL130427032v2.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">fig. 19 For comparison one last photo of the Thorny doris, <i>Acanthodoris pillosa</i> (NL: Egelslak). Heerenkeet-Flaauwers, the Netherlands, 27-4-2013 (in vitro).</span></div>
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<h3>
Some more about the Olympus TG-5</h3>
Is it the best camera you can get <i>for the kind of environment I described</i> (think also about shallow rockpools) in combination with small marine life? I think so. If you think it to be more easy to take good shots with a TG-5 than with my full frame camera’s: it is not. The TG-5 is much lighter, smaller (not always an advantage), has image stabilization and a f2.0 lens. But there is - isn’t there always? - a catch: its small sensor. It is unbelievable how much ‘information’ Olympus captures on such a tiny 12 million pixel sensor in RAW. But when adjusting the photo in Lightroom and/or in Photoshop, you soon realise the limitations of the TG-5 RAW files, especially in comparison with the files of a full frame sensor: noise! The exposure of the photo you take with a TG-5 has to be spot on, because the more you adjust, the more noise kicks in. Furthermore: I tested it at a snorkeling trip a few days ago and I found it hard to handle: there were never so many photo's ready for the dustbin. But maybe with a bit more practice...<br />
<br />
The pro’s:<br />
<ul>
<li>Light sensitive f2.0, 4x zoomlens from 25 mm wide angle to 100 mm tele (both in full frame equivalent)</li>
<li>In Microscope Modes up to 7:1 magnification (my excellent Canon MP-E 65mm f/2.8 Macro stops at 5:1!)(fig. 20)</li>
<li>AF-point adjustable (thanks to Ron Offermans for showing me how!)</li>
<li>Image Stabilisation</li>
<li>RAW Capture</li>
<li>Incredible depth of field because of the small sensor (the smaller the sensor, the larger the depth of field)</li>
<li>Waterproof to 15 m (with a separate underwater housing up to 45 m)</li>
<li>Low-priced for what you get</li>
</ul>
The con’s:<br />
<ul>
<li>Small sensor: the bokeh (the background blur) is not very nice and obviously: sharpening makes it worse</li>
<li>Small sensor: limited in adjusting photo’s because of noise (even at photo's shot in 100 ISO)</li>
<li>Limited manual possibilities (aperture is fake)</li>
<li>No tilting screen </li>
</ul>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0zVHnHOwFmvNOq4p6nB9wD3xrPnliLKPyZfSu_XyXNRFkY6dxbQLCog1NJoUfNaPX5oevZi5bDMQkrjorFKBf1loLRG-oE9B4I1Kj5aEKhCiXy0TlCd2dEcavVwa6k0w7e2zr3-peYh4/s1600/magnification+SWG+MS20180707-7v2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="432" data-original-width="984" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0zVHnHOwFmvNOq4p6nB9wD3xrPnliLKPyZfSu_XyXNRFkY6dxbQLCog1NJoUfNaPX5oevZi5bDMQkrjorFKBf1loLRG-oE9B4I1Kj5aEKhCiXy0TlCd2dEcavVwa6k0w7e2zr3-peYh4/s640/magnification+SWG+MS20180707-7v2.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 20</span></div>
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<h3>
More about camera’s, lenses etc. </h3>
<i>For diving and snorkeling</i> I used a Canon 5DMKII untill september 2016; nowadays I use a Canon 5DSr. Both in Ikelite underwater housings. Most of the times I use a Sigma 50mm f/2.8 EX Macro (1:1), now and then a Canon EF 100mm f/2.8L Macro IS USM and rarely a Canon MP-E 65mm f/2.8 1-5x Macro. All three lenses combined with a flat port. For larger objects or underwater landscapes I use a Sigma AF 24mm f/1.8 EX DG (FX) and Canon’s EF 8-15mm f/4 USM L Fisheye in combination with a 8 inch dome port. For lighting I use two Ikelite strobes: a DS160 and a DS161.<br />
<br />
<i>For in vitro photography</i> I use both forementioned camera’s and Canon’s MP-E 65mm f/2.8 1-5x Macro, sometimes combined with intermediate rings and a 1.4x converter. When an object is larger than 24 x 36 mm I use Canon’s EF 100mm f/2.8L Macro IS USM. For lighting I use a Canon Macro Twin Lite MT-24EX.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr5XbOcHz16Z7KkdbMxcZw6XKPnDnU1chcoqwhyeOINR_etXpreqoYiifyb6fI29Z48aTIWLfhndYJu8s_QV4nzrqqYuLCmSINnL8gCLUDTD88T1X-dZMjND_0BYglEReciVIMFcOtz_o/s1600/Mick+onderwater+-+portret+-+Ruud+Versijde+Blog+NWP+exposities-21.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="659" data-original-width="984" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr5XbOcHz16Z7KkdbMxcZw6XKPnDnU1chcoqwhyeOINR_etXpreqoYiifyb6fI29Z48aTIWLfhndYJu8s_QV4nzrqqYuLCmSINnL8gCLUDTD88T1X-dZMjND_0BYglEReciVIMFcOtz_o/s640/Mick+onderwater+-+portret+-+Ruud+Versijde+Blog+NWP+exposities-21.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 21 The author with his usual camera gear in 2010. Photo: Ruud Versijde.</span></div>
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<h3>
Acknowledgement</h3>
</div>
</div>
I thank all the authors for their shared information and especially the authors of OPK Opistobranquis: M. Pontes, M. Ballesteros & E. Madrenas for their permission to use the text of their website and I.F. Smith (Morddyn).<br />
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<h3>
Note</h3>
The Strandwerkgroep Waterweg-Noord is a group of amateur and professional marine biologists and other enthusiasts. By turning stones, rock pooling, beachcombing, snorkeling and diving we study and record all kind of marine life, especially of the Oosterschelde, Westerschelde and lake Grevelingen in the Netherlands.<br />
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<h3>
Literature and <span style="color: #6fa8dc;">weblinks</span></h3>
<ul>
<li>Behrens, D.W. & A. Hermosillo, 2005. Eastern Pacific Nudibranchs, A Guide to the Opistobranchs from Alaska to Central America. ISBN 0930118367.</li>
<li><a href="http://blauwtipje.nl/" target="_blank">Blauwtipje.nl</a>.</li>
<li>Bruyne, R. de et al., 2013. Schelpdieren van het Nederlandse Noordzeegebied. ISBN 9789052108216.</li>
<li>Burn, R., 2015. Nudibranchs and related molluscs. ISBN 9780980381382.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.conchsoc.net/spAccount/acanthodoris-pilosa" target="_blank">Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, The</a>. </li>
<li><a href="http://www.habitas.org.uk/marinelife/species.asp?item=W13190#" target="_blank">Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland</a> / Habitas.org.uk (Picton, B.E. & C.C. Morrow).</li>
<li>McDonald, G.R. & J.W. Nybakken, 1980. Guide to the Nudibranchs of California. ISBN 0915826089.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/30778269875/in/photolist-nMMagi-249GvzY-21p4wRT-aGMNev-drqGNi-ri7S7v-nt76M2-43FSc-eC2k35-9Fjue3-HDM8h-bSuKzV-oLV8or-c44ivN-oJLZYr-p1ZJ5e-6z6Pk6-4TfKgF-iXkwSG-8FvSk7-8aU2V9-22B7dAT-9FUnfR-FQyi81-hRXeCA-Ky888Q-ouahqj-4XdMgL-NTLFkr-p2h8UR-52gZjR-e3azg1-22B7e9X-93KpZC-owiKDq-NQxsVm-NHsntC-MVXK65-NQxkbJ-NHskGb-NTLspB-Aes3Cj-vcNRBq-tvpCKo-sBu8j5" target="_blank">Morddyn</a> at Flickr.com (I.F. Smith). </li>
<li><a href="https://opistobranquis.info/en/guia/nudibranchia/doridina/doridoidei/onchidoridoidea/acanthodoris-pilosa/" target="_blank">OPK Opistobranquis</a> (Mediterranean and Iberian heterobranch molluscs): see Pontes et al.</li>
<li>Picton, B.E. & C.C. Morrow, 1994. A Field Guide to the Nudibranchs of the British Isles. ISBN 1898162050.</li>
<li>Pontes, M., M. Ballesteros & E. Madrenas (2012-2018) <a href="https://opistobranquis.info/en/guia/nudibranchia/doridina/doridoidei/onchidoridoidea/acanthodoris-pilosa/" target="_blank">"Acanthodoris pilosa" in OPK-Opistobranquis</a>, Published: 19/09/2014, Accessed: 09/07/2018. </li>
<li><a href="http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/acanpilo" target="_blank">Sea Slug Forum</a> Australian Museum. </li>
<li><a href="http://slugsite.us/bow/nudwk518.htm" target="_blank">Slugsite.us </a>(M.D. Miller).</li>
<li><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/30778269875/in/photolist-nMMagi-249GvzY-21p4wRT-aGMNev-drqGNi-ri7S7v-nt76M2-43FSc-eC2k35-9Fjue3-HDM8h-bSuKzV-oLV8or-c44ivN-oJLZYr-p1ZJ5e-6z6Pk6-4TfKgF-iXkwSG-8FvSk7-8aU2V9-22B7dAT-9FUnfR-FQyi81-hRXeCA-Ky888Q-ouahqj-4XdMgL-NTLFkr-p2h8UR-52gZjR-e3azg1-22B7e9X-93KpZC-owiKDq-NQxsVm-NHsntC-MVXK65-NQxkbJ-NHskGb-NTLspB-Aes3Cj-vcNRBq-tvpCKo-sBu8j5" target="_blank">Smith, I.F. - Morddyn</a> at Flickr.com.</li>
<li>Snail's Odyssey, A - Nudibranchs & relatives (Tom Carefoot): <a href="http://www.asnailsodyssey.com/LEARNABOUT/NUDIBRANCH/nudiSpic.php" target="_blank">spicules</a></li>
<li>Swennen, C. & R. Dekker, 1987. De Nederlandse Zeenaaktslakken. Wetenschappelijke Mededelingen KNNV, nr. 183. ISBN 905011010X.</li>
<li>Thompson, T.E. & G.H. Brown, 1976. British Opisthobranch Molluscs. ISBN 0126893500.</li>
<li>Trainito, E. & M. Doneddu, 2014. Nudibranchi del Mediterraneo. ISBN 9788865204801.</li>
<li>Vicente, N., 2008. 100 & une limaces de mer, Guide d'indentifaction des Mollusques Opisthobranches d'atlantique et de Méditerranée. ISBN 9782741703532.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140627" target="_blank">World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS)</a>.</li>
</ul>
Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-47779696924923369512018-05-01T10:00:00.004+02:002023-10-10T18:49:25.211+02:00 Bijzondere vondsten bij donkerduiken op een zandbodem - Extraordinary observations at darkdives on sandy bottom<h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuY8T541-InvBHpa0z-aiFptSKQs20tJhGQ7rBW8jQXHTUrRjeVMZ4xHCUR4GhGXfuFMLbQeboc-RXvFnMmoEpMdmfXUarWu6RB4QJuJgiwxBxETmvd-dueY2coL5W5bBN1XpN1-dxfIE/s1600/montage+donkerduiken.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="798" data-original-width="1194" height="427" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuY8T541-InvBHpa0z-aiFptSKQs20tJhGQ7rBW8jQXHTUrRjeVMZ4xHCUR4GhGXfuFMLbQeboc-RXvFnMmoEpMdmfXUarWu6RB4QJuJgiwxBxETmvd-dueY2coL5W5bBN1XpN1-dxfIE/s640/montage+donkerduiken.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Dit blogbericht is gebaseerd op een artikel in Onderwatersport (mei 2018), het magazine van de Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (NOB). De tekst is aangevuld met o.a. een erratum met uitgebreide informatie over <i>Sepiola</i>. Daarnaast bevat dit bericht bevat meer foto's met een uitgebreide beschrijving.<br />
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<span style="color: #38761d;">Extraordinary observations at darkdives on sandy bottom</span></h3>
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<span style="color: #38761d;">This is a post in Dutch. It is a transcript of an article I wrote for Onderwatersport (2018, no. 2). Onderwatersport is a magazine of the Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (NOB): the Dutch Diving Federation. I describe several peculiar species I found while diving at dark in the Adriatic Sea.</span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">You can have a look at the photo's; I have listed names in English - if available - beneath the photo's as (EN:..). And of course you can use Google translator (do not be surprised by its translation).</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNVUaYqDnTnDWpTH2AGgekObgoy6zCUT80kSc69pe1q4tjJqExs_4CdLDT4jgbBivOI4NhAJCX5synQcxtBOh8Aa5wNUZVwHRkxGwo5mTPgbLoGqMOSMo4Qdo8ra5GZk5oWmxgFXHr-sM/s1600/Maja+squinado+-+Mediterranean+spider+crab+-+Grote+spinkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+02.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNVUaYqDnTnDWpTH2AGgekObgoy6zCUT80kSc69pe1q4tjJqExs_4CdLDT4jgbBivOI4NhAJCX5synQcxtBOh8Aa5wNUZVwHRkxGwo5mTPgbLoGqMOSMo4Qdo8ra5GZk5oWmxgFXHr-sM/s640/Maja+squinado+-+Mediterranean+spider+crab+-+Grote+spinkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+02.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 1a Kleine spinkrab, <i>Maja crispata </i>(EN: <span style="text-align: left;">Small spider crab). </span><span style="text-align: left;">Triëst, Italië, 6-9-2016.</span></span></div>
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Bijzondere vondsten bij donkerduiken op een zandbodem</h3>
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Waar andere duikers per sé een Walvishaai, Zeepaardje en Blauwring-octopus in hun leven gezien willen hebben, ben ik wat bescheidener. Ik snuffel al zo’n 40 jaar in allerlei boeken over zeebiologie en kom zo soorten tegen die ik graag eens duikend tegenkom. Mijn grote liefde gaat daarbij uit naar kleiner spul als zeeanemonen en tienpotigen als krabben en kreeften. Daarvoor hoef je ook niet in de meest betoverende onderwaterlandschappen te duiken. Een zandbodem met verspreid wat hardere ondergrond in de vorm van stenen of oesterbankjes kan al voldoen. Ik hou wel van zulke onderwaterlandschappen: ze zijn lekker overzichtelijk want er is niet zoveel afleiding. En als ik dan toch mag kiezen, dan duik ik er graag in het donker. In duikverslagen valt soms het begrip ‘muck diving’ voor dergelijke plekken. Ik vind dat nogal een negatieve benaming, want muck staat onder meer voor vuil, puin en drab. Het kan juist hele bijzondere vondsten opleveren, zoals ik bij meerdere donkerduiken heb ervaren in Triëst (Italië) aan de Adriatische Zee.<br />
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Mocht je nog nooit in het donker hebben gedoken, dan weet je misschien niet dat veel zeedieren juist dan actief zijn. Met name tienpotigen als krabben, kreeften, garnalen e.d. worden pas actief als het donker wordt. Verder zijn er zeeanemonen die vooral in het donker echt mooi uit gaan staan; sommige soorten laten zich overdag zelfs niet zien. Vissen – een paar uitzonderingen daargelaten – zijn niet actief in het donker en kun je daardoor vaak van dichtbij observeren en fotograferen.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIVuIdgkmzI1YG3MnYGqr643znZ2tw8peqPX_bIRxNfartDnfdbiy5gdJi4t8aBIiIh7XdTjAF8Y2y3cg332CsrcIk_P8-UsWKZe3LirB8mJO8DHjnGoxwyc95O88NjRAwMIRSNUwSrUg/s1600/Maja+squinado+-+Mediterranean+spider+crab+-+Grote+spinkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+03.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIVuIdgkmzI1YG3MnYGqr643znZ2tw8peqPX_bIRxNfartDnfdbiy5gdJi4t8aBIiIh7XdTjAF8Y2y3cg332CsrcIk_P8-UsWKZe3LirB8mJO8DHjnGoxwyc95O88NjRAwMIRSNUwSrUg/s640/Maja+squinado+-+Mediterranean+spider+crab+-+Grote+spinkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+03.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 1b Twee mannetjes Kleine spinkrab, <i>Maja crispata </i>(EN: <span style="text-align: left;">Small spider crab)</span> in gevecht.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, 4-9-2016.</span></div>
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In het donker duiken is op zich al bijzonder: heb je als duiker overdag al tunnelvisie, ’s avonds zie je echt alleen dat waar je met jouw lamp op schijnt. Dat maakt het spannend, want je weet niet wat er opeens op jouw pad komt. Op mijn eerste donkerduik in Triëst komt een Kleine spinkrab, <i>Maja crispata </i>(EN: Small spider crab)(fig. 1a-b)<i> </i>over het zand aangewandeld met in zijn kielzog twee kleine Gewone zeekatten, <i>Sepia officinalis</i> (EN: Common cuttlefish)(fig. 5a-g). Ik ben te laat om ze gezamenlijk te fotograferen, maar de Spinkrab krijg ik mooi in beeld (fig. 1a). Die heeft overigens niet in de gaten dat mijn onderwaterhuis op zijn pad ligt en knalt zo tegen de - gelukkig glazen - poort van het huis aan. Hij heeft er ook geen last van. Ik denk eerst: wat doen die Zeekatjes bij die voor hen veel te grote krab? Tot ik me bedenk dat de krab het nodige bodemleven opwarrelt en dat levert de Zeekatjes waarschijnlijk wat 'instant food' op.<br />
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Even een stap terug: ik ga op zo’n nieuwe plek graag eerst overdag duiken. Om het landschap te verkennen (ook voor de veiligheid) en om een eerste indruk te krijgen van wat er te vinden is. Als ik bij Triëst het water in stap (een bergwand met trappen), bestaat het onderwaterlandschap uit rotsen met deels losliggende stenen. Op, onder en bij die rotsen en losse stenen is al heel veel te zien en te fotograferen, maar dat sla ik in dit verhaal even over. Na 12 meter zwemmen zijn de rotsen verdwenen en bestaat de bodem uit zand met verspreid nog wat stenen.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBKwYzokqTI4R4EGZVtE_nr_S2zAp12A0kuUFPXYWnkoNLK8Ihd1wLfehQBL82WnR80tT7_aa6Kvx2fElp9eD32XPTk9vsSQz5hxuCm2dmbQUtPyE2nF4VaXDNjUYZH38fmBpQD0zrfIE/s1600/Pinna+nobilis+-+Fan+mussel+-+Grote+steekmossel%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+01.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBKwYzokqTI4R4EGZVtE_nr_S2zAp12A0kuUFPXYWnkoNLK8Ihd1wLfehQBL82WnR80tT7_aa6Kvx2fElp9eD32XPTk9vsSQz5hxuCm2dmbQUtPyE2nF4VaXDNjUYZH38fmBpQD0zrfIE/s640/Pinna+nobilis+-+Fan+mussel+-+Grote+steekmossel%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+01.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 2a Veld van Grote steekmossels, <i>Pinna nobilis</i> (EN: Fan mussel). </span><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">Triëst, Italië, 4-9-2017.</span></div>
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Ook is er een veld van Grote steekmossels, <i>Pinna nobilis</i> (EN: Fan mussel)(fig. 2a-f), een tweekleppige schelp die hier los in de zandbodem staat. Vroeger was het een algemene soort, maar tegenwoordig zijn ze zeldzaam en beschermd.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihaY_a1fv9miILDhb2b4EatGa496JpMP2yeioT0j5Xd08orMeUWyqew7ZqQ0wikM4wHMeRFvz3Y4TuY-CwjrxGlJ2cdaHvQluypQ0PSw9RU4Qo2jvT85LrIUaNTL82o72f0gR6qG7jWy8/s1600/Pinna+nobilis+-+Fan+mussel+-+Grote+steekmossel%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+02.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihaY_a1fv9miILDhb2b4EatGa496JpMP2yeioT0j5Xd08orMeUWyqew7ZqQ0wikM4wHMeRFvz3Y4TuY-CwjrxGlJ2cdaHvQluypQ0PSw9RU4Qo2jvT85LrIUaNTL82o72f0gR6qG7jWy8/s640/Pinna+nobilis+-+Fan+mussel+-+Grote+steekmossel%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+02.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 2b De Grote steekmossels, <i>Pinna nobilis</i> (EN: Fan mussel) zijn zwaar begroeid met zeewieren, sponzen en zakpijpen. Daar tussen huizen weer allerlei slakjes. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, 4-9-2017.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIJPiD0L4t6NAO3kGKM0z8AsIeqNZB10gJDFNNqV4Q9V_WfRVir4dArhwgb_42OQUzN_U7bJthaORP6Mf664gydak314JBz8Wiqx2LLEF26E5aMOQHO3PFKF1N9GZ1CCEyDF1DyncJR-A/s1600/Pinna+nobilis+-+Fan+mussel+-+Grote+steekmossel%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+03.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIJPiD0L4t6NAO3kGKM0z8AsIeqNZB10gJDFNNqV4Q9V_WfRVir4dArhwgb_42OQUzN_U7bJthaORP6Mf664gydak314JBz8Wiqx2LLEF26E5aMOQHO3PFKF1N9GZ1CCEyDF1DyncJR-A/s640/Pinna+nobilis+-+Fan+mussel+-+Grote+steekmossel%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+03.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 2c Juveniel exemplaar van de Grote steekmossel, <i>Pinna nobilis</i> (EN: Fan mussel) waarop de schubvormige uitsteeksels goed zichtbaar zijn. Bij oudere exemplaren zijn die doorgaans verdwenen. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, 8-9-2016.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT8ns3Ia8gZ22FwOuvXP1r029i4-ZOSmv-B33a8Sy8ILE3Cv6laY-LML0jJnvqNFruR6n0PQ7NG6t0N8ImLxjmms9GQKhVcv_DqZUplX6Y3fiJavOKDOhZoP28G6scZkoeKFw_i2W2hBU/s1600/Pinna+nobilis+-+Fan+mussel+-+Grote+steekmossel%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+04.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT8ns3Ia8gZ22FwOuvXP1r029i4-ZOSmv-B33a8Sy8ILE3Cv6laY-LML0jJnvqNFruR6n0PQ7NG6t0N8ImLxjmms9GQKhVcv_DqZUplX6Y3fiJavOKDOhZoP28G6scZkoeKFw_i2W2hBU/s640/Pinna+nobilis+-+Fan+mussel+-+Grote+steekmossel%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+04.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">fig. 2d Detailopname van een juveniel exemplaar van de Grote steekmossel, <i>Pinna nobilis</i> (EN: Fan mussel). Duidelijk is te zien dat de schelpwanden nog niet erg dik zijn; de bovenkant is dan ook erg breekbaar. </span><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">Triëst, Italië, 4-9-2016.</span></div>
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Ik vond een paar exemplaren die waren omgevallen (of omgetrokken door een uitgegooid anker?) en ik kon het niet laten om deze imposante schelp weer wat stevig in het zand recht te zetten. Of dat nuttig was is achteraf de vraag: ze blijken zich in het zand aan iets stevigs vast te hechten als anker.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYLOCEEmyofjXTKk9q9YwIdKSXi-K41Jv7PmiwHUKi8-pPFl6Im0ItjL_TTOgiu9bQEHy5XYPTlupTPZLgdswAMVm0a9c8D3zsKM5O-9v_4QEXLVPUdK_P7IKG5k9Rh6UBo-UuOmCy9uI/s1600/Pinna+nobilis+-+Fan+mussel+-+Grote+steekmossel%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+05.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYLOCEEmyofjXTKk9q9YwIdKSXi-K41Jv7PmiwHUKi8-pPFl6Im0ItjL_TTOgiu9bQEHy5XYPTlupTPZLgdswAMVm0a9c8D3zsKM5O-9v_4QEXLVPUdK_P7IKG5k9Rh6UBo-UuOmCy9uI/s640/Pinna+nobilis+-+Fan+mussel+-+Grote+steekmossel%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+05.JPG" width="640" /></a><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">fig. 2e Bovenzijde van een volwassen Grote steekmossel, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i style="text-align: center;">Pinna nobilis</i><span style="text-align: center;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">(EN: Fan mussel) waarop de spier en de mantelrand te zien is. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">De schubvormige uitsteeksels zijn verdwenen. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, 6-9-2016.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRek5uiuYHoWQJMybJd1xx9ZkGW3JGJmPUYMrwcVSL1-EqiYIBWvfrS5LWZo96HjKD2UDAaH5eBvwZcgMziBZEvrIHADdNP7RdGdCNO3J2ON_KY-OnJwr8LNbHYXayUZOV3rrHT7lNPZk/s1600/Pinna+nobilis+-+Fan+mussel+-+Grote+steekmossel%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+06.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRek5uiuYHoWQJMybJd1xx9ZkGW3JGJmPUYMrwcVSL1-EqiYIBWvfrS5LWZo96HjKD2UDAaH5eBvwZcgMziBZEvrIHADdNP7RdGdCNO3J2ON_KY-OnJwr8LNbHYXayUZOV3rrHT7lNPZk/s640/Pinna+nobilis+-+Fan+mussel+-+Grote+steekmossel%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+06.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 2f Detailopname van de Grote steekmossel, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Pinna nobilis</i> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(EN: Fan mussel) waarop de spier (links) en de kieuwen (rechts) te zien zijn. Triëst, Italië, 6-9-2016.</span></div>
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De meeste exemplaren zijn zo'n 40 tot 50 cm lang en ze vormen - mede door gebrek aan ander vast substraat - een uitstekende ondergrond voor veel dieren. Het is een wereld op zich met sponzen, zakpijpen, zeewieren, mosdiertjes en veel kokerwormen.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisOO3fXEpopeLB27MWKy2Iv3oafMWu3lAlYZJr99h0IVj7BUTm1PzdrLMKSXrTChYOVJvOZsuEWUPbDL_7CMZTZzp4x6oExq1GUrKeNGz7r3YnfhxI9kXFbpzPEw-zHNKlPkF8HLM54Sw/s1600/Sabella+spallanzanii+-+Mediterranean+fan+worm+-+Spiraalkokerworm%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+01.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="984" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisOO3fXEpopeLB27MWKy2Iv3oafMWu3lAlYZJr99h0IVj7BUTm1PzdrLMKSXrTChYOVJvOZsuEWUPbDL_7CMZTZzp4x6oExq1GUrKeNGz7r3YnfhxI9kXFbpzPEw-zHNKlPkF8HLM54Sw/s640/Sabella+spallanzanii+-+Mediterranean+fan+worm+-+Spiraalkokerworm%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+01.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 3a Spiraalkokerworm, <i>Sabella spallanzanii</i> (EN: Mediterranean fan worm). </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, 3-9-2017.</span></div>
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Onder andere de Spiraalkokerworm, <i>Sabella spallanzanii</i> (EN: Mediterranean fan worm)(fig. 3a-e), maakt graag gebruik van Grote steekmossels als substraat. Het is een spectaculair mooie worm met een tentakelkrans met een diameter tot 15 cm.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzxrdL9thpv2pY18MER82rnzgfspS-eaJssN1_rt9YIy7encYC4Gd3AcxgLHHI5WdnC7x1cUAmnV87U57vlQDyI70Scs0rnFJPCxeiVTUkXMVIbiXVsiYdp_FIKVvQFlTixHMkOPW2d2M/s1600/Sabella+spallanzanii+-+Mediterranean+fan+worm+-+Spiraalkokerworm%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+02.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzxrdL9thpv2pY18MER82rnzgfspS-eaJssN1_rt9YIy7encYC4Gd3AcxgLHHI5WdnC7x1cUAmnV87U57vlQDyI70Scs0rnFJPCxeiVTUkXMVIbiXVsiYdp_FIKVvQFlTixHMkOPW2d2M/s640/Sabella+spallanzanii+-+Mediterranean+fan+worm+-+Spiraalkokerworm%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+02.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 3b Spiraalkokerworm, <i>Sabella spallanzanii</i> (EN: Mediterranean fan worm). </span><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">Triëst, Italië, 4-9-2017.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwB6eYr8aFcozMA4yNphpVlIr4avf-1Xl23WlzyBBPLm3c_LXj47XqcaSp2pvZO0khPoQFD-_mzYhNM6BCcCKE_qOo9_fJoBoL2QHqSkeI7V8EQ0jGLQ0IAJN5UHhyphenhyphenE0-VZem4cAA_4II/s1600/Sabella+spallanzanii+-+Mediterranean+fan+worm+-+Spiraalkokerworm%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+03.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwB6eYr8aFcozMA4yNphpVlIr4avf-1Xl23WlzyBBPLm3c_LXj47XqcaSp2pvZO0khPoQFD-_mzYhNM6BCcCKE_qOo9_fJoBoL2QHqSkeI7V8EQ0jGLQ0IAJN5UHhyphenhyphenE0-VZem4cAA_4II/s640/Sabella+spallanzanii+-+Mediterranean+fan+worm+-+Spiraalkokerworm%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+03.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 3c Spiraalkokerworm, <i>Sabella spallanzanii</i> (EN: Mediterranean fan worm). </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, 4-9-2017.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzqgA7w5au8jhkQ6iMJHkGIzP8oB-8jrXJQAOczhKajPlL1o1OB8cVdfystQqSnjECZsesmGV65cjgcfgaSCJlJ6nJIfFXzs-RRJ4oLoDevzcfmuqBs3nWwkqIyWsl9OzouNDa4f2uS4c/s1600/Sabella+spallanzanii+-+Mediterranean+fan+worm+-+Spiraalkokerworm%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+04.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzqgA7w5au8jhkQ6iMJHkGIzP8oB-8jrXJQAOczhKajPlL1o1OB8cVdfystQqSnjECZsesmGV65cjgcfgaSCJlJ6nJIfFXzs-RRJ4oLoDevzcfmuqBs3nWwkqIyWsl9OzouNDa4f2uS4c/s640/Sabella+spallanzanii+-+Mediterranean+fan+worm+-+Spiraalkokerworm%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+04.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 3d Spiraalkokerworm, <i>Sabella spallanzanii</i> (EN: Mediterranean fan worm). </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, 4-9-2017.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGGgOMUtkRl0Q_ikdqoWCJcE-pT48JmGcn1JJ1fy9wz4NVLKY6Qfubs34eN69z9qkYNGS2AqWF2wbs0JBkJll9gmd1GLmwkqTgYkmSGA3GB18gtFb7MrR8JlxXhgnr8qOCFlALh4MpWsE/s1600/Sabella+spallanzanii+-+Mediterranean+fan+worm+-+spiraalkokerworm%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+01-2.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGGgOMUtkRl0Q_ikdqoWCJcE-pT48JmGcn1JJ1fy9wz4NVLKY6Qfubs34eN69z9qkYNGS2AqWF2wbs0JBkJll9gmd1GLmwkqTgYkmSGA3GB18gtFb7MrR8JlxXhgnr8qOCFlALh4MpWsE/s640/Sabella+spallanzanii+-+Mediterranean+fan+worm+-+spiraalkokerworm%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+01-2.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 3e Spiraalkokerworm, <i>Sabella spallanzanii</i> (EN: Mediterranean fan worm). </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Selce, Kroatië, 16-9-2016.</span></div>
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Deze worm die oorspronkelijk alleen van de Middellandse Zee bekend was, is zich over de halve wereld aan het verspreiden en zou je in de toekomst zelfs in Nederlands water kunnen gaan tegenkomen.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHOkSnZJRO5DtOX54eeZXm6dlVGMV2zQ1c7-lKNyBt5BmxK8do3YRADUHTUlt8bH5zxw6xKi2yCHkXRCz18iOcM63Pt30mzIh0WPU4kJhwAb0KXCcD9qVshyQDLfcbUZ7QGmZb0U1OfW8/s1600/Mysis+species+-+Opossum+shrimp+species+-+soort+Aasgarnaal%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+01.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHOkSnZJRO5DtOX54eeZXm6dlVGMV2zQ1c7-lKNyBt5BmxK8do3YRADUHTUlt8bH5zxw6xKi2yCHkXRCz18iOcM63Pt30mzIh0WPU4kJhwAb0KXCcD9qVshyQDLfcbUZ7QGmZb0U1OfW8/s640/Mysis+species+-+Opossum+shrimp+species+-+soort+Aasgarnaal%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+01.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 4 In het donker komen honderden aasgarnalen, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Mysis species</i> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(EN: Opossum shrimps species) af op mijn licht. Links op de achtergrond een Gewone zeekat, <i>Sepia officinalis </i>(EN: C</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ommon cuttlefish).</span> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, 6-9-2016.</span><br />
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Ik ben weer terug bij mijn eerste donkerduik hier. Ik zie heel veel aasgarnaaltje, <i>Mysis</i> <i>species</i> (fig. 4). Teveel: als ik wat wil fotograferen, komen er tientallen op het licht van mijn navigatielamp af. Jammer als je net een bijzondere krab of worm in beeld hebt en er allerlei schimmetjes op de foto komen. Als ik weer wat kleine Gewone zeekatten, <i>Sepia officinalis</i> (EN: Common cuttlefish)(fig. 5a-g) tegenkom en daar wat close-ups van maak, zie ik dat zij die overvloed aan aasgarnalen prima vinden.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ8e5mP7y-R678YQswrX9FKN_wJvD3LfpUdUzce_e9jefprwUO_K2QEJM_jL8cQS9kAFujiaDFM8V5Jy_mG_KZY34hUEbVPC3reE1TAwlZ8KuMjGrO4RCMPZcccfe17HUPKDOETa0xcaM/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+Common+cuttlefish+-+Gewone+zeekat%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+01.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ8e5mP7y-R678YQswrX9FKN_wJvD3LfpUdUzce_e9jefprwUO_K2QEJM_jL8cQS9kAFujiaDFM8V5Jy_mG_KZY34hUEbVPC3reE1TAwlZ8KuMjGrO4RCMPZcccfe17HUPKDOETa0xcaM/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+Common+cuttlefish+-+Gewone+zeekat%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+01.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 5a Deels ingegraven Gewone zeekat, <i>Sepia officinalis </i>(EN: C</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ommon cuttlefish).</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, 6-9-2016.</span></div>
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Want steeds komen er twee vangtentakels tussen de armen van de Zeekatjes vandaan om een aasgarnaaltje te grijpen (fig. 5d-g). Van de nood heb ik maar een deugd gemaakt en ben ik foto’s gaan maken van Zeekatjes in actie. Na verloop van tijd ga ik de houding herkennen die de Zeekatjes aannemen, vlak vóór de vangtentakels als een catapult tevoorschijn schieten. Maar ook dan kost het nog veel foto’s voor ik de vangtentakels goed in beeld heb.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6zjYp-cwP4RHuff3hWA7oHxLhAS4WmYdU1_yjbBKGEF1LQ1-3g7SXBIIVqGijQWjJdNywQf_iJOFyBUHQ1RHUA4RXPjYtUrAYIQp075KjF5ONuBZCPf-ZYxlRlcxvUB5dnJIQZQVhSnA/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+Common+cuttlefish+-+Gewone+zeekat%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+02.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6zjYp-cwP4RHuff3hWA7oHxLhAS4WmYdU1_yjbBKGEF1LQ1-3g7SXBIIVqGijQWjJdNywQf_iJOFyBUHQ1RHUA4RXPjYtUrAYIQp075KjF5ONuBZCPf-ZYxlRlcxvUB5dnJIQZQVhSnA/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+Common+cuttlefish+-+Gewone+zeekat%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+02.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 5b Het zijn allemaal juveniele Gewone zeekatten, <i>Sepia officinalis </i>(EN: C</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ommon cuttlefish) van 3 tot 5 cm lang.</span> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, 6-9-2016.</span></div>
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Wat ik aan Zeekatten tegenkom, is allemaal klein spul van 3 tot 5 cm. Volwassen exemplaren - de mannetjes worden een stuk groter dan de vrouwtjes - kunnen 50 cm lang worden.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5mQCKWys358re-GJYK_u1ORGnmg6JMH9dXrxK3CKMzYeAy2CptilLWKSpU-e9vnCcvXJ-NIOuDqeupnDaqAsuWuYyHURapvWOt09TPaiUc0SP1KKatFeoqZkrqAoGJ4CKmQ53mIyWhqM/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+Common+cuttlefish+-+Gewone+zeekat%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+03.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5mQCKWys358re-GJYK_u1ORGnmg6JMH9dXrxK3CKMzYeAy2CptilLWKSpU-e9vnCcvXJ-NIOuDqeupnDaqAsuWuYyHURapvWOt09TPaiUc0SP1KKatFeoqZkrqAoGJ4CKmQ53mIyWhqM/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+Common+cuttlefish+-+Gewone+zeekat%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+03.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 5c Gewone zeekat, <i>Sepia officinalis </i>(EN: C</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ommon cuttlefish).</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Kleur, tekening en structuur van de huid kan het dier razendsnel veranderen. </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, 6-9-2016.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBuj932GMe_XD59P3Yn4Tjmz06-XwO2kowtoXZzbpuSnHyn1xL9WTN9radB_nXLvQ9AQR5HG1X6-qwIuAHO_2HWl2WK59PtADSEg3f3MnVi4os4nH0AJgL1i1BPrG_A-F7Ck92uJMa-ps/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+Common+cuttlefish+-+Gewone+zeekat%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+04.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBuj932GMe_XD59P3Yn4Tjmz06-XwO2kowtoXZzbpuSnHyn1xL9WTN9radB_nXLvQ9AQR5HG1X6-qwIuAHO_2HWl2WK59PtADSEg3f3MnVi4os4nH0AJgL1i1BPrG_A-F7Ck92uJMa-ps/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+Common+cuttlefish+-+Gewone+zeekat%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+04.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 5d Gewone zeekat, <i>Sepia officinalis </i>(EN: C</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ommon cuttlefish) schiet zijn vangarmen naar voren.</span> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, 6-9-2016.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz-KE4hcEG1Tkw6EFxKspX0tVqujcSaPzzC05QpEFX4_SVlOkO2MEkw26w1qMwwo3kuFRDb9U0CFBU6scdOIfjZy9gLtXYMl51HrUeLKHS7YrgVyHgnbux7DvdPoGJSqQwAwoi4MLb6ZM/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+Common+cuttlefish+-+Gewone+zeekat%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+05.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz-KE4hcEG1Tkw6EFxKspX0tVqujcSaPzzC05QpEFX4_SVlOkO2MEkw26w1qMwwo3kuFRDb9U0CFBU6scdOIfjZy9gLtXYMl51HrUeLKHS7YrgVyHgnbux7DvdPoGJSqQwAwoi4MLb6ZM/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+Common+cuttlefish+-+Gewone+zeekat%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+05.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 5e Het lijkt één arm te zijn die de Gewone zeekat, <i>Sepia officinalis </i>(EN: C</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ommon cuttlefish) naar voren schiet. </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, 6-9-2016.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyAsghoF18oa30PEj-JIaEZNWWbCqm30KYo7k8Qdp7ZtiG9FeHnbr9n2rMXK0pQJcLWkUfLQVOPs2RAJyaqqEPy5-r7Vg9bUa4kt7LiqBJFV7LQJegUguOMuSSBZCFrFomWJR9mI3vl7c/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+Common+cuttlefish+-+Gewone+zeekat%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+06.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyAsghoF18oa30PEj-JIaEZNWWbCqm30KYo7k8Qdp7ZtiG9FeHnbr9n2rMXK0pQJcLWkUfLQVOPs2RAJyaqqEPy5-r7Vg9bUa4kt7LiqBJFV7LQJegUguOMuSSBZCFrFomWJR9mI3vl7c/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+Common+cuttlefish+-+Gewone+zeekat%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+06.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 5f Opnieuw schieten de vangtentakels van de Gewone zeekat, <i>Sepia officinalis </i>(EN: C</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ommon cuttlefish) naar voren om prooi te vangen. De andere tentakels spreidt hij om de prooi over te nemen. </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, 6-9-2016.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx-qz_Q5RnEvJn_2ye2cIohxMJ0R1SqU8PGh1jqWs59nkpUJQ2mb1vDz7OW3HPqgg00zg_fz4opYFtUsyR_wOQOzGhQWyCRo1lZENweQPXR1qUqAmLsKxQ9C-GTNpGHhAGS1UfOoPScSo/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+Common+cuttlefish+-+Gewone+zeekat%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+08.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx-qz_Q5RnEvJn_2ye2cIohxMJ0R1SqU8PGh1jqWs59nkpUJQ2mb1vDz7OW3HPqgg00zg_fz4opYFtUsyR_wOQOzGhQWyCRo1lZENweQPXR1qUqAmLsKxQ9C-GTNpGHhAGS1UfOoPScSo/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+Common+cuttlefish+-+Gewone+zeekat%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+08.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 5g De zuignappen zijn zichtbaar op de vangtentakels van de Gewone zeekat, <i>Sepia officinalis </i>(EN: C</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ommon cuttlefish).</span> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, 6-9-2016.</span></div>
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Overdag ben ik een vervelling tegengekomen van de Walnootkrab, <i>Ilia nucleus </i>(EN: Nut crab)(fig. 6a-d), een soort die ik graag eens in levende lijve zou zien. Prompt zie ik er die avond één rondkruipen op die vreemde spillepoten. Wat is het nut van zulke dunne schaar- en looppoten? Het lijkt mij alleen maar erg kwetsbaar! Graaft het dier zich zo makkelijker in? Zijn die schaarpoten met die dunne vingers handiger om een bepaalde prooi te vangen? Ik snap in ieder geval dat het dier zich overdag ingraaft, want hoe kwetsbaar kun je zijn?<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj09U6wLtBH2uG9KfWRMOvuIMeteeY4nIOT8a7tpuMLOHdJVNEGOtC7hZDQSreSawi-VN2Bri0afYLtp84-QBcn-yzO07gXUVxWaaVwB76goi2kh1Uj3jgAZPJl_F2tbQCnXxN_GRTcW5U/s1600/Ilia+nucleus+-+Nut+crab+-+Walnootkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+01.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj09U6wLtBH2uG9KfWRMOvuIMeteeY4nIOT8a7tpuMLOHdJVNEGOtC7hZDQSreSawi-VN2Bri0afYLtp84-QBcn-yzO07gXUVxWaaVwB76goi2kh1Uj3jgAZPJl_F2tbQCnXxN_GRTcW5U/s640/Ilia+nucleus+-+Nut+crab+-+Walnootkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+01.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 6a De Walnootkrab, Ilia nucleus (EN: Nut crab) met zijn dunne pootjes. Triëst, Italië, 7-9-2016.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir1E9zf-YnQi8hBJRihpFDL1-Cu9pDEttMPgycdP91tBwzzXBIRGK70iL_oA60fKZ9MB6qEQ1s39LXFrY5PN7GAVY1UOKx2tRfI5QSWdBxG_OFuh_0zM_6-kgZ3G4QTxNAijmTP_6fgCo/s1600/Ilia+nucleus+-+Nut+crab+-+Walnootkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+02.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir1E9zf-YnQi8hBJRihpFDL1-Cu9pDEttMPgycdP91tBwzzXBIRGK70iL_oA60fKZ9MB6qEQ1s39LXFrY5PN7GAVY1UOKx2tRfI5QSWdBxG_OFuh_0zM_6-kgZ3G4QTxNAijmTP_6fgCo/s640/Ilia+nucleus+-+Nut+crab+-+Walnootkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+02.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 6b Walnootkrab, <i>Ilia nucleus</i> (EN: Nut crab). Triëst, Italië, 7-9-2016.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzQ4CeqRs0Bq4g_ozSrNGFD8gJFciwwjdCGZw3fRd6U34q1K3doj9LtmuFas0Z8vnScbuIMqYEyGMx2n3DapaVVIpTwKXbFAlYKkp0Y8Wp-DJeV26-i1uArqFzxPqFGzm-iHmCTLr19rs/s1600/Ilia+nucleus+-+Nut+crab+-+Walnootkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+03.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzQ4CeqRs0Bq4g_ozSrNGFD8gJFciwwjdCGZw3fRd6U34q1K3doj9LtmuFas0Z8vnScbuIMqYEyGMx2n3DapaVVIpTwKXbFAlYKkp0Y8Wp-DJeV26-i1uArqFzxPqFGzm-iHmCTLr19rs/s640/Ilia+nucleus+-+Nut+crab+-+Walnootkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+03.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 6c De Walnootkrab, <i>Ilia nucleus </i>(EN: Nut crab) spreidt - net als de meeste soorten krabben - zijn schaarpoten als hij wordt bedreigd. Triëst, Italië, 7-9-2016.</span><br />
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Het rugschild van dit exemplaar was zo'n 2 cm breed. </div>
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<img border="0" data-original-height="740" data-original-width="1095" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP3B_K7UgSh4FEXDBuk7pM3pNlrxBJfR0x5Tzb-nNME3TI1O9WZ1gqH_TV3JsYL-xYskmbPfPoJt7c1ZCtKgfcapjxmig077O_24FNXYHbAeBKgqri6lctnp1e8n6Zzm2rdS7pEEyxjFU/s640/Ilia+nucleus++montage+%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten.jpg" width="640" /><span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 6d De Walnootkrab, </span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Ilia nucleus</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (EN: Nut crab) houdt niet van licht en graaft zich al snel in. Tussen de eerste en laatste foto zitten 32 seconden. Triëst, Italië, 7-9-2016.</span></div>
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Hiet dier houdt duidelijk niet van licht en wordt zenuwachtig: het spreidt zijn schaarpoten naar mij, loopt zijwaarts uit mijn buurt en gaat zich al snel ingraven.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZNOqPun7y_ZocyF3q7HQYI9bsDBc-9y0O_ulXX-a1Btl2SBTf9X0AK8u0gOtXr9n9aKhNtOWzQnfVjeqQMOKCA3nYWy2wbbIyIFbQnp0r6KgFLdN1y8VD-VWvGtZXJmb34s0Xurle26w/s1600/Derilambrus+angulifrons+-+Long-armed+crab+-+Langarmkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+00.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZNOqPun7y_ZocyF3q7HQYI9bsDBc-9y0O_ulXX-a1Btl2SBTf9X0AK8u0gOtXr9n9aKhNtOWzQnfVjeqQMOKCA3nYWy2wbbIyIFbQnp0r6KgFLdN1y8VD-VWvGtZXJmb34s0Xurle26w/s640/Derilambrus+angulifrons+-+Long-armed+crab+-+Langarmkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+00.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 7a Langarmkrab, <i>Derilambrus angulifrons </i>(EN: Long-armed crab). Triëst, Italië, 2016.</span></div>
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Nog zo’n aparte verschijning die ik alleen in het donker tegenkom: een krab met onwaarschijnlijk lange en stevige schaarpoten en een toepasselijke Nederlandse naam: de Langarmkrab, <i>Derilambrus angulifrons </i>(EN: Long-armed crab)(fig. 7a-g).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2duC_TCti1MKohYCS0hz4f82fucgsa6BJPkopOf18HNumDO4gb8XUEfKM7jIHHRgtWxrkjNrlXU9VM9PTml4NZ3oxTFIZF_3pXUSSV5ZNTROWC2Si-eXRuqxE8uFclN0bNllgxb17BP8/s1600/Derilambrus+angulifrons+-+Long-armed+crab+-+Langarmkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+01.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2duC_TCti1MKohYCS0hz4f82fucgsa6BJPkopOf18HNumDO4gb8XUEfKM7jIHHRgtWxrkjNrlXU9VM9PTml4NZ3oxTFIZF_3pXUSSV5ZNTROWC2Si-eXRuqxE8uFclN0bNllgxb17BP8/s640/Derilambrus+angulifrons+-+Long-armed+crab+-+Langarmkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+01.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 7b Langarmkrab, <i>Derilambrus angulifrons </i>(EN: Long-armed crab). Triëst, Italië, 2016.</span></div>
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Hoewel imposant met die grote scharen is het rugschild van de krab niet breder dan 25 mm.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdPyVpm8s97XhXvKvtYuhkpOdmKzBlefmZuS3FvldPF56YmAr3Ql-1y9Hvd78LkQ-GfnVRedzJ6puARAYbvFYF3ZssEaeZvJRsVxafQ-MB8GonZxvFSuMe4Fw5T9uueCHf3LA74N_E3KM/s1600/Derilambrus+angulifrons+-+Long-armed+crab+-+Langarmkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+02.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdPyVpm8s97XhXvKvtYuhkpOdmKzBlefmZuS3FvldPF56YmAr3Ql-1y9Hvd78LkQ-GfnVRedzJ6puARAYbvFYF3ZssEaeZvJRsVxafQ-MB8GonZxvFSuMe4Fw5T9uueCHf3LA74N_E3KM/s640/Derilambrus+angulifrons+-+Long-armed+crab+-+Langarmkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+02.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 7c De Langarmkrab, <i>Derilambrus angulifrons </i>(EN: Long-armed crab) voelt zich bedreigd en spreidt zijn schaarpoten. Triëst, Italië, 2016.</span><br />
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Als hij zich bedreigd voelt, spreidt hij zijn schaarpoten en zie je dat die aan de binnenzijde mooi paars gekleurd zijn (fig. 7c-d). Ook bij dit dier vraag ik mij af waarvoor die lange schaarpoten en die kleur dienen. Om indruk te maken op vrouwtjes, om die goed te kunnen beschermen (fig. 7e-f) of om ze - net als de in Nederland voorkomende Helmkrab, <i>Corystes cassivelaunus</i> (EN: Masked crab) doet - mee te dragen tijdens de paartijd?<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiSoiv5yE81cXFChUVYh6aaWBT0EaDC_qL-jFpU7nJubv2tRlbkUM9brCAvob30uwOQMFxe5_WqZkH61VZ6xBFx6mCWeJOE1kDUqTDvt2_aRZVG4l96CZD780hsOgW6Udk2ZpuVLbZkzw/s1600/Derilambrus+angulifrons+-+Long-armed+crab+-+Langarmkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+03.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiSoiv5yE81cXFChUVYh6aaWBT0EaDC_qL-jFpU7nJubv2tRlbkUM9brCAvob30uwOQMFxe5_WqZkH61VZ6xBFx6mCWeJOE1kDUqTDvt2_aRZVG4l96CZD780hsOgW6Udk2ZpuVLbZkzw/s640/Derilambrus+angulifrons+-+Long-armed+crab+-+Langarmkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+03.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 7d Langarmkrab, <i>Derilambrus angulifrons </i>(EN: Long-armed crab). Triëst, Italië, 2016.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaLBXjd1XswDRD2FFPeMfu3fPhotmfgjeB9IF71ZzivOrXOBi4al-mScJgAIjvmLMTHdtyH1I5nzfFPLF9JIDEnL911Jb1XnTcAr_dTBrcOlObB2nvD7oMuB1SCF7LMmE2pvIwdH5i9rc/s1600/Derilambrus+angulifrons+-+Long-armed+crab+-+Langarmkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+04.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaLBXjd1XswDRD2FFPeMfu3fPhotmfgjeB9IF71ZzivOrXOBi4al-mScJgAIjvmLMTHdtyH1I5nzfFPLF9JIDEnL911Jb1XnTcAr_dTBrcOlObB2nvD7oMuB1SCF7LMmE2pvIwdH5i9rc/s640/Derilambrus+angulifrons+-+Long-armed+crab+-+Langarmkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+04.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 7e Het mannetje Langarmkrab, <i>Derilambrus angulifrons </i>(EN: Long-armed crab) beschermt een vrouwtje met zijn grote schaarpoten. Triëst, Italië, 2016.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWJc6dKQWVf3OVC4xgpsTidpzxp22MSA4gcxB3IkKRjZWd1sf8vBj5A_bL3oVFJGGma0tceJv7ja3P0dM0ZPsEQYBQio-qhENEtmpZVMYFuSjLf_ETk1vQUTZ2MHSHd5tg25r5zdOY6H4/s1600/Derilambrus+angulifrons+-+Long-armed+crab+-+Langarmkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+05.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWJc6dKQWVf3OVC4xgpsTidpzxp22MSA4gcxB3IkKRjZWd1sf8vBj5A_bL3oVFJGGma0tceJv7ja3P0dM0ZPsEQYBQio-qhENEtmpZVMYFuSjLf_ETk1vQUTZ2MHSHd5tg25r5zdOY6H4/s640/Derilambrus+angulifrons+-+Long-armed+crab+-+Langarmkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+05.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 7f In detail: het mannetje Langarmkrab, <i>Derilambrus angulifrons </i>(EN: Long-armed crab) beschermt een vrouwtje met zijn grote schaarpoten. Triëst, Italië, 2016.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTEzP4WS6x-BYA9jtfaTRiWEQlhxTPucuA6l4__8rqDQWkRVNnngEXg92HIxuEmxd-lWPwNxtJSNXOoUOIhkIEHmLT9oSqfOarahoH5q1sspyVohymbxpqsPypBGqp6e77J6FLHRzJ6NQ/s1600/Derilambrus+angulifrons+-+Long-armed+crab+-+Langarmkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+06.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTEzP4WS6x-BYA9jtfaTRiWEQlhxTPucuA6l4__8rqDQWkRVNnngEXg92HIxuEmxd-lWPwNxtJSNXOoUOIhkIEHmLT9oSqfOarahoH5q1sspyVohymbxpqsPypBGqp6e77J6FLHRzJ6NQ/s640/Derilambrus+angulifrons+-+Long-armed+crab+-+Langarmkrab%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+06.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 7g Probeer maar eens in evenwicht te blijven als je een van die grote schaarpoten mist. Langarmkrab, <i>Derilambrus angulifrons </i>(EN: Long-armed crab). Triëst, Italië, 2016.</span></div>
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Ik zie een vis die zich twee meter verderop ingraaft. Als ik hem fotografeer, blijft hij eerst voor dood liggen (fig. 8a-e); het is duidelijk geen platvis.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIkGhiddLVxKV5PXE_6QzzWKCyl8u-ZrGFHYVSa0OKOAISjHxhn5FXje71w_DAfkRsnkh2GSDkWmAeejUmDPDj80gg_V6ZYr5YCWwxnbg3Ye1zXAw7LallLIaMjvmXEJkQe9cEttu5b7Y/s1600/Pagellus+erythrinus+-+Common+pandora+-+Roze+zeebrasem%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+01.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIkGhiddLVxKV5PXE_6QzzWKCyl8u-ZrGFHYVSa0OKOAISjHxhn5FXje71w_DAfkRsnkh2GSDkWmAeejUmDPDj80gg_V6ZYr5YCWwxnbg3Ye1zXAw7LallLIaMjvmXEJkQe9cEttu5b7Y/s640/Pagellus+erythrinus+-+Common+pandora+-+Roze+zeebrasem%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+01.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 8a Juveniele Roze zeebrasem, <i>Pagellus erythrinus </i>(EN: Common pandora). Triëst, Italië, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">8-9-2016.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1-MGInPhEV0jH9b3nie0n3ay8cTR3hQmt47qEvZRZlp5dol5IDqg9cSqbW1_j77J67MzK_IhNSAJGrekRT0NmFRpVXUKRaEF0cRCRVA3qDbfJ0190CwXexUAI9UN81NAAtNHMSFxV23M/s1600/Pagellus+erythrinus+-+Common+pandora+-+Roze+zeebrasem%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+02.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1-MGInPhEV0jH9b3nie0n3ay8cTR3hQmt47qEvZRZlp5dol5IDqg9cSqbW1_j77J67MzK_IhNSAJGrekRT0NmFRpVXUKRaEF0cRCRVA3qDbfJ0190CwXexUAI9UN81NAAtNHMSFxV23M/s640/Pagellus+erythrinus+-+Common+pandora+-+Roze+zeebrasem%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+02.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 8b </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Juveniele </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Roze zeebrasem, <i>Pagellus erythrinus </i>(EN: Common pandora). Triëst, Italië, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">8-9-2016.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivkeM4_WoVMKEnQh-8GZUtHjWWW0-EMfzUhHN1cKtsIaYWsgX5sKpvxJ9XSBanfWnLznKokMerS4Sz9OvrgteaMvtHrTnkGyf195TZSPae7BInL4YLf6-dX0C8CL3VHpJ8fJM7jiRTP1A/s1600/Pagellus+erythrinus+-+Common+pandora+-+Roze+zeebrasem%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+03.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivkeM4_WoVMKEnQh-8GZUtHjWWW0-EMfzUhHN1cKtsIaYWsgX5sKpvxJ9XSBanfWnLznKokMerS4Sz9OvrgteaMvtHrTnkGyf195TZSPae7BInL4YLf6-dX0C8CL3VHpJ8fJM7jiRTP1A/s640/Pagellus+erythrinus+-+Common+pandora+-+Roze+zeebrasem%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+03.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 8c </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Juveniele </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Roze zeebrasem, <i>Pagellus erythrinus </i>(EN: Common pandora). Triëst, Italië, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">8-9-2016.</span></div>
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Na enige tijd komt hij tevoorschijn. Het blijkt een jonge Roze zeebrasem, <i>Pagellus erythrinus </i>(EN: Common pandora)(fig. 8a-e) te zijn. Een opmerkelijke overlevingsstrategie, want het is bepaald geen type vis waarvan ik verwacht dat hij zich ingraaft: één van zijn ogen ligt naar beneden in het zand en vissen met schubben - zoals dit dier - graven zich doorgaans niet in omdat die makkelijk beschadigd raken.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizGJu7Ze0lHXPbyVN_ANDIhTMBNSS2o2DgNF04WRSjX_bx4OmvMlLj9PpC88MIG8d65OEo2M9j8Nnjm7po4q2dxyikeKr1pbdc4DcKTwlgovlQ0pwYHIOuZn5hWd1ceXu4nAhGk3gN5HI/s1600/Pagellus+erythrinus+-+Common+pandora+-+Roze+zeebrasem%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+04.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizGJu7Ze0lHXPbyVN_ANDIhTMBNSS2o2DgNF04WRSjX_bx4OmvMlLj9PpC88MIG8d65OEo2M9j8Nnjm7po4q2dxyikeKr1pbdc4DcKTwlgovlQ0pwYHIOuZn5hWd1ceXu4nAhGk3gN5HI/s640/Pagellus+erythrinus+-+Common+pandora+-+Roze+zeebrasem%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+04.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 8d Juveniele Roze zeebrasem, <i>Pagellus erythrinus </i>(EN: Common pandora). Triëst, Italië, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">8-9-2016.</span></div>
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Het is een jong exemplaar. Volwassen dieren kunnen 30-40 cm groot worden met een uitschieter naar 60 cm.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQh0MBVGyhNMRZB9vd4qqjRPxpnRX40xsV0TKoYaV6JY2RnPVjuxI9Nsp1vO-x8w2szO7p6rHsLL5q1w5rkfsXgRTtq7RjzKudMzlHCxjTnCnftzPRdDXhVppedcEfrrIK2cW_VfSaVVo/s1600/Pagellus+erythrinus+-+Common+pandora+-+Roze+zeebrasem+-+male.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQh0MBVGyhNMRZB9vd4qqjRPxpnRX40xsV0TKoYaV6JY2RnPVjuxI9Nsp1vO-x8w2szO7p6rHsLL5q1w5rkfsXgRTtq7RjzKudMzlHCxjTnCnftzPRdDXhVppedcEfrrIK2cW_VfSaVVo/s640/Pagellus+erythrinus+-+Common+pandora+-+Roze+zeebrasem+-+male.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 8e Volwassen mannetje Roze zeebrasem, <i>Pagellus erythrinus </i>(EN: Common pandora). Puerto del Carmen, Lanzarote, 28-2-2016.</span><br />
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Op één van de duiken word ik verwend met een vreemde, zeer grote garnaal van zo'n 20 cm lang, die net aan het vervellen is (dus uit zijn pantser kruipt om te kunnen groeien). Het is <i>Melicertus kerathurus</i>, een soort Tijgergarnaal (EN: Caramote prawn)(fig. 9a-i).</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyA6bor5eFtRlejRgq_znH5RsKFDZ1qggMpASZObpWUIZfHD8G9QproS_Y5Itd_n1wadFJYG8HrbYm9hlrnnc1zj7ONhXNXUm7cMlBwosIpQmQ9thoKTx9UeHm5s0xcP0fzDKguFGJkZg/s1600/Melicertus+kerathurus+-+Caramote+prawn+-+soort+Tijgergarnaal+IT170905261.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyA6bor5eFtRlejRgq_znH5RsKFDZ1qggMpASZObpWUIZfHD8G9QproS_Y5Itd_n1wadFJYG8HrbYm9hlrnnc1zj7ONhXNXUm7cMlBwosIpQmQ9thoKTx9UeHm5s0xcP0fzDKguFGJkZg/s640/Melicertus+kerathurus+-+Caramote+prawn+-+soort+Tijgergarnaal+IT170905261.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 9a <i>Melicertus kerathurus</i>, een soort Tijgergarnaal (EN: </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Caramote prawn) probeert direct na de vervelling wat te zwemmen om zijn poten en antennes 'los te krijgen'.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Triëst, Italië, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">5-9-2017.</span></div>
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Hij maakt klappende bewegingen met zijn staart om uit het staartstuk van zijn oude pantser te komen. Als hij daar uit is, staat hij - alsof hij dronken is - een beetje op zijn poten te waggelen. Zijn grote antennes en wat poten zitten nog een beetje tegen zijn lijf geplakt, dus probeert hij wat te zwemmen, om vervolgens tegen de bodem te knallen. Daarna heb ik hem maar met rust gelaten.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq7JKHbr11eN2mh26JtCUZ-CKRV9SEBLUDpKqqmTjcLO__vF0KYpPU70_ZSLia3hz33esyNAviOy6hW0wv_2fMq5T2x_RzdM3fbd1P7cw0_0cWI_4EuI514VNtCoXsGA6ImbRFoTBg1YY/s1600/Melicertus+kerathurus+-+Caramote+prawn+-+soort+TijgergarnaalIT170905329v2.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq7JKHbr11eN2mh26JtCUZ-CKRV9SEBLUDpKqqmTjcLO__vF0KYpPU70_ZSLia3hz33esyNAviOy6hW0wv_2fMq5T2x_RzdM3fbd1P7cw0_0cWI_4EuI514VNtCoXsGA6ImbRFoTBg1YY/s640/Melicertus+kerathurus+-+Caramote+prawn+-+soort+TijgergarnaalIT170905329v2.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 9b <i>Melicertus kerathurus </i>(EN: </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Caramote prawn)</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Triëst, Italië, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">5-9-2017.</span></div>
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Wat later zie ik weer zo’n Tijgergarnaal. Hij blijkt zeer grote ogen te hebben en een fantastisch mooi gekleurde waaierstaart (fig. 9g). Ook dit zijn duidelijk nachtdieren: als mijn licht er op valt, gaat hij zich meteen ingraven. Opvallend zijn de in verhouding kleine schaarpootjes (fig. 9b).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGZd89lpiZxEHIbhU7fSKcn9Nuz3qXDNWaZiLoQuga01XWJDH7h0CfyhnRHppx-an_2gW1xQeE0r65V9Rwsk45GasCwxVF9KnL_R_v2_J0iRlbu5TsqJbTl6kyTd-bB0sNHyeXYBX0Y-E/s1600/Melicertus+kerathurus+-+Caramote+prawn+-+soort+Tijgergarnaal+IT170905267.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGZd89lpiZxEHIbhU7fSKcn9Nuz3qXDNWaZiLoQuga01XWJDH7h0CfyhnRHppx-an_2gW1xQeE0r65V9Rwsk45GasCwxVF9KnL_R_v2_J0iRlbu5TsqJbTl6kyTd-bB0sNHyeXYBX0Y-E/s640/Melicertus+kerathurus+-+Caramote+prawn+-+soort+Tijgergarnaal+IT170905267.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 9c <i>Melicertus kerathurus</i> (EN: </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Caramote prawn) ingegraven in het zand. Net als de eerder genoemde krabben is het een typisch nachtdier. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">5-9-2017.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcRuJjcZYax-i5GOnr7xCHMi-I-eGa3W4i9hvLIhoeFz7A6bjzd7cSL_s-TvbqJDk_oKHK-evxk6Y9OUAHV028PJt4LtJkHU0uUxF4gkGQ4wyAN4x16Pw88mNR_W_OuTWI0m2hw-UGIR8/s1600/Melicertus+kerathurus+-+Caramote+prawn+-+soort+Tijgergarnaal+IT170905266.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="355" data-original-width="984" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcRuJjcZYax-i5GOnr7xCHMi-I-eGa3W4i9hvLIhoeFz7A6bjzd7cSL_s-TvbqJDk_oKHK-evxk6Y9OUAHV028PJt4LtJkHU0uUxF4gkGQ4wyAN4x16Pw88mNR_W_OuTWI0m2hw-UGIR8/s640/Melicertus+kerathurus+-+Caramote+prawn+-+soort+Tijgergarnaal+IT170905266.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 9d Tussen de ogen van <i>Melicertus kerathurus</i> (EN: </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Caramote prawn) zie je een rand met tanden (rostrum), die hem wat bescherming kan bieden tegen vissen die hem als prooidier zien. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">5-9-2017.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKRG2-BbSPhECr6YOe1h0aWzi1ll2uNLaT18RTPCo9dNyFZA2se-EBa0OMby0EJWgcrKVoBWKEYbYcmA4-OOrShlpIcEw0T-ZRsj9NGE9-wRKvtKPXnHsd2QMzCfZrtSq_vjwB6F-w_mA/s1600/Melicertus+kerathurus+-+Caramote+prawn+-+soort+Tijgergarnaal+IT170905292.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="981" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKRG2-BbSPhECr6YOe1h0aWzi1ll2uNLaT18RTPCo9dNyFZA2se-EBa0OMby0EJWgcrKVoBWKEYbYcmA4-OOrShlpIcEw0T-ZRsj9NGE9-wRKvtKPXnHsd2QMzCfZrtSq_vjwB6F-w_mA/s640/Melicertus+kerathurus+-+Caramote+prawn+-+soort+Tijgergarnaal+IT170905292.JPG" width="636" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 9e Detailopname van een oog van <i>Melicertus kerathurus</i> (EN: </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Caramote prawn). </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">5-9-2017.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirQtfJjoVbFMqZOZMwyAjtTzhiduaYTgR29RLPHnCX6D4cHkdbzKlHgNO1IxFpukVG4vpbF48vGeofVN9mj6fgvMLtcB08yqt5HNMF8irGw0-50lgUvHkVgyLb8sIVOrPSXtxNC3vUsQA/s1600/Melicertus+kerathurus+-+Caramote+prawn+-+soort+Tijgergarnaal+IT170905272.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="656" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirQtfJjoVbFMqZOZMwyAjtTzhiduaYTgR29RLPHnCX6D4cHkdbzKlHgNO1IxFpukVG4vpbF48vGeofVN9mj6fgvMLtcB08yqt5HNMF8irGw0-50lgUvHkVgyLb8sIVOrPSXtxNC3vUsQA/s640/Melicertus+kerathurus+-+Caramote+prawn+-+soort+Tijgergarnaal+IT170905272.JPG" width="426" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 9f <i>Melicertus kerathurus</i> (EN: </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Caramote prawn). </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">5-9-2017.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghnNzApxKN6YCIiFrkoGG0BY8pVJNOGdOLqDxaXEOjZ-_f073-AbQlwuD2aindh2F_tUzBiQdTnqonYtiiSHozcomDkr-3VHflygq8bRp-4KFKmwDfvbeKS-Zj5iTBBqmKe562tRJV6hU/s1600/Melicertus+kerathurus+-+Caramote+prawn+-+soort+Tijgergarnaal+IT170907041-2.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghnNzApxKN6YCIiFrkoGG0BY8pVJNOGdOLqDxaXEOjZ-_f073-AbQlwuD2aindh2F_tUzBiQdTnqonYtiiSHozcomDkr-3VHflygq8bRp-4KFKmwDfvbeKS-Zj5iTBBqmKe562tRJV6hU/s640/Melicertus+kerathurus+-+Caramote+prawn+-+soort+Tijgergarnaal+IT170907041-2.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 9g <i>Melicertus kerathurus</i> (EN: </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Caramote prawn) heeft een prachtig gekleurde waaierstaart. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">7-9-2017.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEBbsLmPGJNMZI-XQkwEB4bFtQixcSd91kv5ZkmOW4n1lAuqS5y9tXJAQYCogZnfOpCCgQ7RH_w2cyEkHESlKg0qs-5UKzi0_cbyV0NJ0quQmtL4NNm_rkmyYgVTATd9vrBdKAhhED3fo/s1600/Melicertus+kerathurus+-+Caramote+prawn+-+soort+Tijgergarnaal+IT170905315.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEBbsLmPGJNMZI-XQkwEB4bFtQixcSd91kv5ZkmOW4n1lAuqS5y9tXJAQYCogZnfOpCCgQ7RH_w2cyEkHESlKg0qs-5UKzi0_cbyV0NJ0quQmtL4NNm_rkmyYgVTATd9vrBdKAhhED3fo/s640/Melicertus+kerathurus+-+Caramote+prawn+-+soort+Tijgergarnaal+IT170905315.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 9h Vervelling van <i>Melicertus kerathurus</i> (EN: </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Caramote prawn) van hetzelfde exemplaar dat is te zien op fig. 9a. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">5-9-2017.</span></div>
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De vervelling blijft achter op het zand (fig. 9h-i). Het blijft een wonder hoe het dier er in slaagt uit zijn oude pantser te komen. Het is minimaal één dag zeer kwetsbaar doordat het pantser moet uitharden door calcium uit het water op te nemen.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaRtY0kF8fhj86aQvIp_aLZAHhtlPJ-JuoBBww5FHg4QTR34lo7uQaclXArx3p-PmCyI9cHkA2Hu5Zb37BtitLxnaMikmXhZSJ_TfvLeLsSQ9zidXvzyvg-JUqL2zoCi1XwjBk7iE-eW4/s1600/Melicertus+kerathurus+-+Caramote+prawn+-+soort+Tijgergarnaal+IT170905319.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="984" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaRtY0kF8fhj86aQvIp_aLZAHhtlPJ-JuoBBww5FHg4QTR34lo7uQaclXArx3p-PmCyI9cHkA2Hu5Zb37BtitLxnaMikmXhZSJ_TfvLeLsSQ9zidXvzyvg-JUqL2zoCi1XwjBk7iE-eW4/s640/Melicertus+kerathurus+-+Caramote+prawn+-+soort+Tijgergarnaal+IT170905319.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 9i Nagenoeg alle harde lichaamsdelen van <i>Melicertus kerathurus</i> (EN: </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Caramote prawn) worden achtergelaten en vervangen door een nieuw pantser. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, 5-9-2017.</span></div>
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Om nog een laatste dier te noemen dat je makkelijker met een donkerduik tegenkomt: de Kleine zeekat, <i>Sepiola </i><i>rondeletii*</i> (EN: Dwarf bobtail) (fig. 10a-h). Het dier is zo op het oog niet van onze autochtone Dwerginktvis, <i>Sepiola atlantica </i>(EN: Little cuttlefish), te onderscheiden.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6JiaRQa2wRJxrx-N6c55sCNpf1Jk5lj9jt3bFHG5YEsETjAfd_iDnhZR_9y-NwRo9gro48x3QCKAbVZuv0cNDDPz2dCvHE9sAiFLQhyuu5lVBJW1QmaZFSf6VxOSixYykHgQaZsPJWtA/s1600/Sepiola+rondeletii+-+Dwarf+bobtail+-+Middellandse-zee+dwerginktvis%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+05.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6JiaRQa2wRJxrx-N6c55sCNpf1Jk5lj9jt3bFHG5YEsETjAfd_iDnhZR_9y-NwRo9gro48x3QCKAbVZuv0cNDDPz2dCvHE9sAiFLQhyuu5lVBJW1QmaZFSf6VxOSixYykHgQaZsPJWtA/s640/Sepiola+rondeletii+-+Dwarf+bobtail+-+Middellandse-zee+dwerginktvis%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+05.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 10a Soort Kleine zeekat, <i>Sepiola </i><i>species</i> (EN: Dwarf bobtail-species). Triëst, Italië, 7-9-2017.</span><br />
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<b>* Erratum: <i>Sepiola rondeletii = Sepiola species</i></b><br />
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Toen ik aan de hand van het artikel dit blogbericht samenstelde (Onderwatersport lag inmiddels bij de drukker) en ging uitzoeken wat de verschillen zijn tussen <i>Sepiola rondeletii </i>en<i> atlantica</i>, liep ik tegen wat tegenstrijdigheden aan. Oorspronkeijk dacht ik dat het verspreidingsgebied van beide soorten elkaar niet overlapte: de eerstgenoemde soort in de Middellandse Zee, de tweede soort daar buiten. Maar op basis van een verspreidingskaartje in WoRMS zou <i>S. rondeletii</i> zelfs in de Noordzee gevonden worden. Daarbij blijken er minimaal 11(!) vergelijkbare soorten in het gebied van de Middellandse Zee t/m de NW-Europese wateren voor te komen (Bello, 2013). Ik vroeg mij vervolgens af of de aan de Nederlandse kust gevonden soort dan wel altijd de Dwerginktvis, <i>S. atlantica</i> is.<br />
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Jeroen Goud, conservator mollusken van <a href="https://www.naturalis.nl/nl/" target="_blank">Naturalis Biodiversity Center</a>, reageerde op mijn vraag op Facebook met onder meer het volgende interessante nieuws:<br />
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<span style="color: #666666;">"De herkenbaarheid van Sepiolidae onder water zal altijd moeilijk blijven. Meest gebruikte determinatiekenmerken zijn bij mannetjes de voortplantingsarm (hectocotylus) en bij wijfjes de vorm van de bursa (red.: buidel waarin de zaadcellen van de mannetjes worden opgenomen). Daar heb je alleen wat aan als je onderzoek kunt doen aan dieren die je door omstandigheden dood of geconserveerd op alcohol in handen krijgt. En dan moeten het ook nog volwassen beestjes zijn met ontwikkelde geslachtskenmerken.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #666666;">In onze kustwateren komt tot op 45 meter diepte alleen <i>Sepiola atlantica</i> voor. Deze kan je herkennen door de grootte (wel 1 à 2 mm) van de wijnkleurige vlekken afgewisseld met oranje-gele vlekken op de kop en armen (red.: zie voor foto's van deze soort het bericht van <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2012/08/sepiola-atlantica-cute-cuttlefish.html" target="_blank">27-8-2012</a>). Dat zijn kleurzakjes (chromatoforen) die door samentrekking het kleurpatroon een wisselend aanzien kunnen geven. Verwante soorten in onze diepere wateren (zoals <i>S. tridens </i>en<i> S. pfefferi</i>) hebben die niet of niet zo groot. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #666666;">Het zijn ware kleur-camouflage kunstenaars en ze hebben bovendien een zeer flexibel lijf. Ze zien er onder water heel anders uit dan wanneer je ze vers dood in handen krijgt. Bij dieren op alcohol zijn de verschillen nog groter. Bovendien is de diversiteit in patronen zo groot dat je pas na het bestuderen van vele dieren er iets over kunt zeggen. Door de plasticiteit van de kenmerken laten die zich dan weer erg lastig beschrijven.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #666666;"><i>Sepiola rondeletii-</i>meldingen van de Atlantische kusten berusten op foutieve determinaties (zie Groenenberg et al, 2009). Onlangs hebben Ate de Heij en ik nieuwe verspreidingskaarten gepubliceerd voor de Sepiolidae uit het Noordoost Atlantische gebied (Noordzee tot Noord-Spanje) op basis van ons onderzoek tussen 2005 en 2015 (De Heij et al, 2017).</span><br />
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<span style="color: #666666;">In de Middellandse Zee wordt het weer wat lastiger. De aan <i>S. rondeletii</i> verwante soorten (met vergelijkbare vlekken) die daar in ondiep water (< 50 m) voorkomen,<i> zijn S. intermedia, S. robusta </i>en<i> S. steenstrupiana. Sepietta oweniana</i> is wel heel algemeen in de Middellandse zee, maar die komt nauwelijks in het ondiepe kustwater voor. <i>S. rondeletii</i> schijnt in de Middellandse zee in zeegrasvelden te leven."</span><br />
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Conclusie: Er kan niet met zekerheid worden vastgesteld dat de door mij bij Triëst gefotografeerde inktvisjes <i>Sepiola rondeletii </i>zijn, dus het wordt een soort Kleine zeekat, <i>Sepiola species</i>. Ik durf aansluitend te stellen dat het merendeel van de op internet circulerende foto’s van <i>Sepiola rondeletii</i> ook beter voorzien kunnen worden van de wetenschappelijke naam <i>Sepiola species</i>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkCr_vXSn7GL5fqpiFoIfeTxsIZWkJvquBX8tpboMXu7pGxko5mWPyDHvyRWNJjKpAYIfnRDKq_p9D0pSAyy0Xqzi6LKaH4b4r92dR1dU93Jfc9dGONUpwrUrB3Qq6CDPpMXnLHGR5-Ec/s1600/Sepiola+rondeletii+-+Dwarf+bobtail+-+Middellandse-zee+dwerginktvis%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+01.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkCr_vXSn7GL5fqpiFoIfeTxsIZWkJvquBX8tpboMXu7pGxko5mWPyDHvyRWNJjKpAYIfnRDKq_p9D0pSAyy0Xqzi6LKaH4b4r92dR1dU93Jfc9dGONUpwrUrB3Qq6CDPpMXnLHGR5-Ec/s640/Sepiola+rondeletii+-+Dwarf+bobtail+-+Middellandse-zee+dwerginktvis%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+01.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 10b Overdag ligt de Kleine zeekat, <i>Sepiola </i><i>species</i> (EN: Dwarf bobtail-species) vaak ingegraven in het zand en is dan haast niet te vinden. Triëst, Italië, 5-9-2017.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZBcgQYgsllEscyMo-ouW85MDj_lhTI0oMYPjvfihd51z-6kkDoIgj8De_yOSt7OdmJUlfNXAeGBIOUx-cSYFrFkUdoEek4UwAQSpp9Ye-6oYOWf2Sgej0oh2p5blTO2sjSn_TjIELBvs/s1600/Sepiola+rondeletii+-+Dwarf+bobtail+-+Middellandse-zee+dwerginktvis%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+02.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZBcgQYgsllEscyMo-ouW85MDj_lhTI0oMYPjvfihd51z-6kkDoIgj8De_yOSt7OdmJUlfNXAeGBIOUx-cSYFrFkUdoEek4UwAQSpp9Ye-6oYOWf2Sgej0oh2p5blTO2sjSn_TjIELBvs/s640/Sepiola+rondeletii+-+Dwarf+bobtail+-+Middellandse-zee+dwerginktvis%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+02.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 10c Maar met wat kleine aanwijzingen vind je hem wel op de foto. Soort Kleine zeekat, <i>Sepiola </i><i>species</i> (EN: Dwarf bobtail-species). Triëst, Italië, 5-9-2017.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidkeaD7dJANWH3Qv5tplirlG9YRpCRZ6ig4XxOSicf69c0lJ7Qq_ZrnTVzuivQPxvc-isC0diQHnSIHag-_HewcsPZWBImXxNWp1RNtinnb0zF-8bZQ0b01dKVwjuwqoD20mycWmHmF8M/s1600/Sepiola+rondeletii+-+Dwarf+bobtail+-+Middellandse-zee+dwerginktvis%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+03.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidkeaD7dJANWH3Qv5tplirlG9YRpCRZ6ig4XxOSicf69c0lJ7Qq_ZrnTVzuivQPxvc-isC0diQHnSIHag-_HewcsPZWBImXxNWp1RNtinnb0zF-8bZQ0b01dKVwjuwqoD20mycWmHmF8M/s640/Sepiola+rondeletii+-+Dwarf+bobtail+-+Middellandse-zee+dwerginktvis%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+03.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 10d Vanuit deze hoek is het inktvisje wat makkelijker te vinden in het zand. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Soort Kleine zeekat, <i>Sepiola species </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(EN: Dwarf bobtail-species). </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Triëst, Italië, 5-9-2017.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2J5GWWKrWjFup_cUKjjV_9uJN_OspY7X-J6Q2E_ByIE87_sv5OOdKR0dqHuZZv1g3U21DBgL8M_dfY5dpE60LrP9-L2300ol-nTjh_uyS0fHZxsNDluYZTDqJul2LLCaHm4E_i0NgukA/s1600/Sepiola+rondeletii+-+Dwarf+bobtail+-+Middellandse-zee+dwerginktvis%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+04.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2J5GWWKrWjFup_cUKjjV_9uJN_OspY7X-J6Q2E_ByIE87_sv5OOdKR0dqHuZZv1g3U21DBgL8M_dfY5dpE60LrP9-L2300ol-nTjh_uyS0fHZxsNDluYZTDqJul2LLCaHm4E_i0NgukA/s640/Sepiola+rondeletii+-+Dwarf+bobtail+-+Middellandse-zee+dwerginktvis%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+04.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 10e Heeft het dier in de gaten dat hij wordt gezien, dan komt hij soms uit het zand om weg te zwemmen. Soort Kleine zeekat, <i>Sepiola </i><i>species</i> (EN: Dwarf bobtail-species). Triëst, Italië, 5-9-2017.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyP2J1Y8DypLv6oqOx4TH1jnBMnku_On_zQR0eZwZAVlyPUScFBNOetbBaxoezE-3Ahc5CdDMLc5QMc46m1XTONg3h8kWss7yIujK78VftG-EoH3BHPUqKs4WE_kWPO7O4BpW5ZrYU6RY/s1600/Sepiola+rondeletii+-+Dwarf+bobtail+-+Middellandse-zee+dwerginktvis%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+08.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyP2J1Y8DypLv6oqOx4TH1jnBMnku_On_zQR0eZwZAVlyPUScFBNOetbBaxoezE-3Ahc5CdDMLc5QMc46m1XTONg3h8kWss7yIujK78VftG-EoH3BHPUqKs4WE_kWPO7O4BpW5ZrYU6RY/s640/Sepiola+rondeletii+-+Dwarf+bobtail+-+Middellandse-zee+dwerginktvis%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+08.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 10f Typische houding van het inktvisje: op en neer hupsend in het water op zoek naar prooi. Soort Kleine zeekat, <i>Sepiola </i><i>species</i> (EN: Dwarf bobtail-species). Triëst, Italië, 5-9-2017.</span></div>
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In het donker zie je ze schuin naar beneden hangend rondzwemmen - eigenlijk meer op en neer hupsen (fig. 10f) - op zoek naar prooi.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVokK1d3a3ip_KlSD4QCUpiCnP7ycd0yi5MUcNkDilcbe_SSyu83L2dNX_2t8sIz4NWrAFtEXJqzJu8hyphenhyphentqbyzYZrBRP4aG3GX54K2IYm8DR7oFijN9UpljTC3iZFpqmom1msP8DBpa_4/s1600/Sepiola+rondeletii+-+Dwarf+bobtail+-+Middellandse-zee+dwerginktvis%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+07.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVokK1d3a3ip_KlSD4QCUpiCnP7ycd0yi5MUcNkDilcbe_SSyu83L2dNX_2t8sIz4NWrAFtEXJqzJu8hyphenhyphentqbyzYZrBRP4aG3GX54K2IYm8DR7oFijN9UpljTC3iZFpqmom1msP8DBpa_4/s640/Sepiola+rondeletii+-+Dwarf+bobtail+-+Middellandse-zee+dwerginktvis%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+07.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 10g In een seconde kan het dier verkleuren naar donker roodbruin. Soort Kleine zeekat, <i>Sepiola </i><i>species</i> (EN: Dwarf bobtail-species). Triëst, Italië, 5-9-2017.</span></div>
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Als het diertje zich bedreigd voelt, verkleurt het meteen naar donker roodbruin (fig. 10f-g). Ook strekt het dan zijn armen naar buiten om zich groot te maken (fig. 10h). Op dat formaat, ze zijn vaak maar een paar cm lang, natuurlijk niet erg indrukwekkend en vooral erg grappig.<br />
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Zoals blijkt is op een zandbodem vaak veel meer en ook bijzonder leven te vinden dan je zou verwachten, dus niks 'muck' diving!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRvx1_m9Pv4ts1XJHIF3x2Sy4dkgNWwRBMlnt1yoxBxs_Irqn3oo2rMh7T-wtX7LD7temcV_C3gD87bMpJ0sjmVsoZRA6WaOACl1DkCB3LcHQi_i1E1scEnUexekL_LA6UnBY0syFu-3A/s1600/Sepiola+rondeletii+-+Dwarf+bobtail+-+Middellandse-zee+dwerginktvis%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+06.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRvx1_m9Pv4ts1XJHIF3x2Sy4dkgNWwRBMlnt1yoxBxs_Irqn3oo2rMh7T-wtX7LD7temcV_C3gD87bMpJ0sjmVsoZRA6WaOACl1DkCB3LcHQi_i1E1scEnUexekL_LA6UnBY0syFu-3A/s640/Sepiola+rondeletii+-+Dwarf+bobtail+-+Middellandse-zee+dwerginktvis%25C2%25A9+Mick+Otten+06.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 10h Typische dreighouding. Soort Kleine zeekat, <i>Sepiola </i><i>species</i> (EN: Dwarf bobtail-species). Triëst, Italië, 5-9-2017.</span></div>
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Nog wat technische gegevens. Ik heb gedoken tot maximaal 12 en gemiddeld 6 meter diep. Duiken van 1½ tot 2 uur haal je met 200 bar makkelijk. Het zicht was tussen de 2 en 10 meter, de temperatuur in september 22 tot 24º. Ik gebruikte mijn eigen apparatuur en liet mijn flessen vullen (hier tot maximaal 230 bar) bij <a href="http://www.bignamisub.com/" target="_blank">Bignamisub</a>. Zij schijnen ook apparatuur te verhuren.<br />
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<h2>
Dank</h2>
Ik dank Jeroen Goud (Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden) voor zijn uitgebreide reactie op de door mij o.a. op Facebook gestelde vragen over Sepiola's.<div><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Erratum</h3><div>In de oorspronkelijke tekst had ik bij de figuren 1a en 1b Zuid-Europse grote spinkrab<span style="text-align: center;">, </span><i style="text-align: center;">Maja squinado </i><span style="text-align: center;">(EN: </span><span>Mediterranean spider crab) genoteerd. Dat blijkt dus een andere soort te zijn. Zie bijschrift figuren 1a en 1b.</span></div><div>
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<h2>
Literatuur & weblinks</h2>
<ul>
<li>Bello, G., 2013. Description of a new sepioline species, <i>Sepiola bursadhaesa n. sp.</i> (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae), from the Catalan Sea, with remarks and identification key for the <i>Sepiola atlantica</i> group. Scientia Marina. 77. 489-499. 10.3989/scimar.03720.31A. Klik <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270070803_Description_of_a_new_sepioline_species_Sepiola_bursadhaesa_n_sp_Cephalopoda_Sepiolidae_from_the_Catalan_Sea_with_remarks_and_identification_key_for_the_Sepiola_atlantica_group" target="_blank">HIER</a> voor de PDF.</li>
<li>Groenenberg, D. & Goud, J. & De Heij, A. & Gittenberger, E., 2009. Molecular phylogeny of North Sea Sepiolinae (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae) reveals an overlooked <i>Sepiola species</i>. Journal of Molluscan Studies - J MOLLUS STUD. 75. 361-369. 10.1093/mollus/eyp032. Klik <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249276362_Molecular_phylogeny_of_North_Sea_Sepiolinae_Cephalopoda_Sepiolidae_reveals_an_overlooked_Sepiola_species" target="_blank">HIER</a> voor de PDF.</li>
<li>Heij, A. de, Goud, J. & Martin, J., 2017. Sepiolidae in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, Basteria 81(1-3).</li>
<li><a href="https://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/detail/1104" target="_blank">MarLIN</a>: The Marine Life Information Network.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.marinespecies.org/" target="_blank">WoRMS</a>: World Register of Marine Species</li>
</ul>
</div>Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-27736705531978186822017-12-26T13:20:00.001+01:002023-10-02T22:43:46.018+02:00At last and unexpected: the Sponge crab, Dromia personata, in the Netherlands<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggGtVOqyVJgExTGTtB1phYXrOnKPFtWpA-ByxrfBoLuIEfpCWbnGh8BFcwmLHx4XxaSj86HAESU8O_M46KGZE9i2QQuou9ZywxGnLO8b9Ri2QY4koYXS-bg6Guz9c7z4OCTRsVfwGNIsM/s1600/Dromia+personata+-+Spongecrab+-+Wolkrab+02.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggGtVOqyVJgExTGTtB1phYXrOnKPFtWpA-ByxrfBoLuIEfpCWbnGh8BFcwmLHx4XxaSj86HAESU8O_M46KGZE9i2QQuou9ZywxGnLO8b9Ri2QY4koYXS-bg6Guz9c7z4OCTRsVfwGNIsM/s640/Dromia+personata+-+Spongecrab+-+Wolkrab+02.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 1 Sponge crab, <i>Dromia personata</i> (NL: Wolkrab). Zeelandbrug, the Netherlands, 6-10-2016.</span></div>
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At last: on 6 October 2016 - after 42 years - I found a Sponge crab, <i>Dromia personata</i> (NL: Wolkrab) and what I never expected: in my home country!<br />
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On 11 August 2016 Floris Bennema and Godfried van Moorsel found a Sponge crab while diving at the Zeelandbrug, a dive spot in the Oosterschelde (Eastern Scheldt). They published their discovery at <a href="https://www.naturetoday.com/intl/nl/nature-reports/message/?msg=22913" target="_blank">NatureToday on 16 August 2016</a> and recently (with Reindert Nijland as co-author) in detail in 'First records of the sponge crab <i>Dromia personata</i> (Brachyura) in the Netherlands and its historical findings in the North Sea' (click <a href="https://mbr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41200-017-0129-7" target="_blank">here</a> for a PDF). A Sponge crab in the Oosterschelde? At first I thought they were joking... </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXoaoAlrL350I94xu_gqSmJI1_ZkIZ12g8sdU9u-cUYgJYjIxEmpIj1ScV64y5CFAQ20LMOSYb3uAn-Vp9OeevtHROoliwKwMTGZ7lw_xhYre9HrsBQMsKIZFBQ3H-vM9knNfRfnISh-M/s1600/Dromia+personata+-+Spongecrab+-+Wolkrab+01.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXoaoAlrL350I94xu_gqSmJI1_ZkIZ12g8sdU9u-cUYgJYjIxEmpIj1ScV64y5CFAQ20LMOSYb3uAn-Vp9OeevtHROoliwKwMTGZ7lw_xhYre9HrsBQMsKIZFBQ3H-vM9knNfRfnISh-M/s640/Dromia+personata+-+Spongecrab+-+Wolkrab+01.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 2 Sponge crab, <i>Dromia personata</i> (NL: Wolkrab) holding on to the sponge <i>Celtodoryx ciocalyptoides</i> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">(NL: Gele wratspons). </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Zeelandbrug, the Netherlands, 6-10-2016.</span></div>
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At last</h2>
Since 1976 - after I bought a copy of 'The Hamlyn Guide to the Seashore and Shallow Seas of Britain and Europe' by Campbell and Nicholls in 1976 (see my <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2009/10/botrylloides-and-other-tunicates-i.html" target="_blank">post of 1 October 2009</a>) - I have shortlist of creatures I would like to collect for my aquarium. The Sponge crab is one of them: I liked its looks and it seemed relatively unharmful, which is good when you have a lot of different animals in your aquarium (more about its looks later in this post). So year after year, depending on where I spent my holidays, I looked for the Sponge crab, but I never found one single living specimen. Not in Greece, Croatia, Italy, France, Portugal, Spain, Canary Islands, Great Britain and Ireland; all countries where I should have been able to find one... As you can imagine, I was thrilled to know a Sponge crab was found in my home country and even at one of my favourite dive spots!<br />
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Needle in a haystack</h2>
I wanted to find that Sponge crab to take photo's. But I had to be patient because the next weeks I spent a holiday diving in Italy and Croatia (as usual I didn't find a Sponge crab there). In the meantime three other specimens had been seen. My first attempt was at 26 September. I had no luck: the swell was too heavy to explore behind the first pillar of the bridge. But my patience paid off: on 6 October after to be precise 8 minutes of diving I found 'my' <i>Dromia</i>!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE55InmX8U9kO4VMSA2BVPXcfGpwPRfaq1XEamR5lJOmTdvcyp8txNCrF02QsvJagYhr6NwZb_pQB0ca61WMv5t8KvUNXE1lbBTAbLHp5RtIsJZfJDTiJBiA_ytsZvxhVkgSzj-pjr9zQ/s1600/Celtodoryx+ciocalyptoides+-+Gele+wratspons+ZL170301064.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE55InmX8U9kO4VMSA2BVPXcfGpwPRfaq1XEamR5lJOmTdvcyp8txNCrF02QsvJagYhr6NwZb_pQB0ca61WMv5t8KvUNXE1lbBTAbLHp5RtIsJZfJDTiJBiA_ytsZvxhVkgSzj-pjr9zQ/s640/Celtodoryx+ciocalyptoides+-+Gele+wratspons+ZL170301064.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 3 <i>Celtodoryx ciocalyptoides</i> (NL: Gele wratspons), an invasive species of sponge which forms huge banks up to </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">25m2 </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">with a maximum thickness of 50 cm. St. Annaland, the Netherlands, 1-3-2017</span>.</div>
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I swam to the first pillar and descended. The first 15 meters behind the first pillar the bottom consists of large boulders and smaller stones. The boulders are covered with the sponge <i>Celtodoryx ciocalyptoides</i> (NL: Gele wratspons)(fig. 2-4), an invasive species which forms huge banks up to 25m2 with a maximum thickness of 50 cm. For more information about <i>Celtodoryx</i> click <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231998921_Redescription_and_new_records_of_Celtodoryx_ciocalyptoides_Demospongiae_Poecilosclerida_-_A_sponge_invader_in_the_north_east_Atlantic_Ocean_of_Asian_origin%20)" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
<br />
Hence their name Sponge crabs camouflage themselves by cutting off a usually quite oversized piece of sponge, which they hold on their back with their last two pair of 'walking' legs (fig. 7). So how to find this crab, possibly camouflaged with a piece of sponge on a bank of the same sponge?<br />
I swam past a boulder of about 80 cm high with an almost vertical slope on which a small piece of <i>Celtodoryx</i> was attached. Strange to find this sponge on a vertical slope. It also looked as if there was a space of a few millimeters between the sponge and boulder, but I could be mistaken because the water was - as usual at this dive spot - quite muddy.<br />
<br />
I tried to pick it up and however it seemed to move in a way as is usual with cushion forming sponges, I believed it to be fixed to the boulder. So alas, no Sponge crab. But when I released the sponge, it moved by itself. Sponges don't move: bingo!<br />
<br />
It was impossible to take photo's the way he (it appeared to be a male specimen) was hiding, so I carefully moved him to a place between some smaller stones surrounded by sand. Otherwise - if he would make a run - I would loose him instantaneously between the large boulders. I made a lot of photo's and in between I moved him a few times. Thereby the sponge he was holding on its back came off. I picked it up and after I made some photo's of the 'naked' crab, I presented it back to him. As I expected, he picked it up immediately (fig. 14) and fixed it with his hind leg pincers (fig. 10).<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFO1FiIjiWI7Wljeb13Dx0tbbRhpE5O9-9wEdaIpyLcHR54pFgLHgIHz52RB_QUyR2jKbLso5TMF0wgbQwZAxwxKSCHHsEaYAtRWOKc1KfHqwF-qZTPkIXWiWvGS02ji_OLiMbCVzAL14/s1600/Dromia+personata+hiding+under+Celtodoryx+ciocalyptoides.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFO1FiIjiWI7Wljeb13Dx0tbbRhpE5O9-9wEdaIpyLcHR54pFgLHgIHz52RB_QUyR2jKbLso5TMF0wgbQwZAxwxKSCHHsEaYAtRWOKc1KfHqwF-qZTPkIXWiWvGS02ji_OLiMbCVzAL14/s640/Dromia+personata+hiding+under+Celtodoryx+ciocalyptoides.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 4 Sponge crab 'hiding' under </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">its sponge camouflage, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Celtodoryx ciocalyptoides</i> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(NL: Gele wratspons). </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">It is almost impossible to discover a not moving specimen</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Zeelandbrug, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">the Netherlands, 6-10-2016. </span></div>
</div>
<br />
The Sponge crab was exactly as I thought it to be: a bit clumsy, furry 'teddy bear'. It is very funny to see him crawling, because he walks like a Gorilla: he is making use of its claws for walking. This is probably due to the absence of use of the last two pair of walking legs and its rounded shape. The oversized sponge on its back is not making it any better.<br />
You can find lovely video footage of a Sponge crab striding like a 'Silverback' by Paul and Maria Engels (click <a href="https://youtu.be/hhAw31QdaPc" target="_blank">here</a>) and Hans Vulink (click <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IycUxOlh8tU" target="_blank">here</a>). Both specimens were discovered at the Zeelandburg in 2016. Hans took his crab to Lake Grevelingen to film it and then returned it to its original spot. Paul and Maria Engels shot their video on site.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
As he walked away two Velvet swimming crabs, <i>Necora puber</i> (NL: Fluwelen zwemkrab) crossed its path. Blue velvet crabs are aggressive crabs and one of them was quite large. But he wasn't impressed and used the oversized sponge as a battering ram to make way. That was the last I saw of 'my' Sponge crab. It was worth the wait of 42 years!<br />
<h2>
</h2>
<h2>
Observations</h2>
<div>
A list of observations of Sponge crabs in 2016 and 2017 in the Oosterschelde is added by Van Moorsel e.a. (2017). I received photo's and further information after a request on the <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/StAnemoonMOO/" target="_blank">Facebook-page of the ANEMOON</a>-foundation to complement the list (fig. 5). I also wanted to find out if the same specimen could have been photographed by different divers. Subsequently I had to do some research; I turned out to be no Sherlock Holmes...<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIP2mk10BytcraMH00Qw-KINDJdaL4SAy1UGEFRN83WAnyOl2FfvsD9MizZn-P6Z1V8ROGZuwbe-1aOjqoQwpylcx3uSLsBB0Afrm36yUcZcL8gB3pG48uIHKtO946U4e6TaLx5T2TQ6c/s1600/records+Dromia+Oosterschelde+201-6-17.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1056" data-original-width="1600" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIP2mk10BytcraMH00Qw-KINDJdaL4SAy1UGEFRN83WAnyOl2FfvsD9MizZn-P6Z1V8ROGZuwbe-1aOjqoQwpylcx3uSLsBB0Afrm36yUcZcL8gB3pG48uIHKtO946U4e6TaLx5T2TQ6c/s640/records+Dromia+Oosterschelde+201-6-17.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">fig. 5</span></div>
<h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Specimens can be distinguished if they show some kind of damage. For example: the Sponge crab I found had abrasions on its left claw: hairs were torn away leaving a bald patch (fig. 2). </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/StAnemoonMOO/permalink/1581148825293968/" style="font-weight: normal;" target="_blank">Astrid Vis' specimen</a><span style="font-weight: normal;"> has a more or less identical damage, but on its right claw. A photo of a </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/StAnemoonMOO/permalink/1134314519977403/" style="font-weight: normal;" target="_blank">specimen Marco Vinke</a><span style="font-weight: normal;"> found at Goese Sas, shows a crab with many abrasions on its left claw. But comparison is only possible within a certain time frame. If you find an undamaged specimen at the specific locations of the quoted examples, it could be another specimen, but also the same specimen after moulting: with its new shell the hairs are back! And to make it even harder: most of the photographed and filmed Sponge crabs did not show any kind of damage. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I did my best to find as many specimens as possible, but I can only</span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"> subscribe to Van Moorsel e.a. (2017): at least 5 specimens are found in 2016 and 2 in 2017. </span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">In the list (fig. 5) you can find the specimens of which I am 100% sure they are unique. </span></div>
</div>
</div>
</h2>
<h2>
Unexpected and an even earlier record!</h2>
Because of climate change, in some cases the relative mild winters of the last years and increasingly favourable conditions in especially the Oosterschelde (Van Moorsel e.a, 2017), a lot of species originating from the coasts of France (Boulonnais, Normandy, Brittany) and further south have populated our coast and are becoming more and more common. So why did I not consider the Sponge crab as a potential newcomer?<br />
<br />
The major population of this species is centered at southern Europe in warmer waters. In the literature I consulted, most authors describe Sponge crabs in the Mediterranean as common (Riedl, 1983, Falciai & Minervini, 1992, Nikiforos, 2002 and Weinberg, 2015). Sauer (1977) notes they are frequently found as by-catch in the Mediterranean.<br />
Zariquiey Álvarez (1968) reports the species in the Iberian peninsula as quite common (between 10 and 30 m), Bourdon (1965) in Brittany, France as rare.<br />
Van Moorsel e.a. (2017): 'Almost 200 years after the first record of <i>Dromia personata</i> in the North Sea, about 10 records are known from this continental sea.' 'Because <i>Dromia personata</i> is a Lusitanian species that reaches the limit of its northern distribution in the southern North Sea, its presence may be expected in years with high water temperatures.' Check their article for more information about their distribution, including a map with records. So, indeed unexpected.<br />
<br />
But just before finalising this post, I received some additional and important information from Steven Campbell (<a href="http://www.hetnatuurhistorisch.nl/" target="_blank">Het Natuurhistorisch</a> - Natural History Museum Rotterdam). He wrote that the museum has two specimens of <i>Dromia personata</i> in its <a href="http://datasets.nlbif.nl/nmr/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">collection</a> originating from the North Sea (of which the second one is not yet catalogued on line):<br />
<ol>
<li>Specimen catalog number NMR993700000426, North Sea (53° 4' 59.9988") (2° 0' 0"). This is in UK-waters, the Wash region according to Ingle (1996) and not unknown for <i>Dromia</i> records.</li>
<li>This one is much more interesting: a female specimen bought from J. Engelse (who had a souvenirshop in Meliskerke where he sold shells, crustaceans, fossils and minerals), that was catched in 1995 (probably between March and June) about 50 km north of Texel by a trawler from Scheveningen. <i>So this is the very first record of a Sponge crab in the Netherlands!</i></li>
</ol>
Steven also wrote finding a lot of Sponge crabs as by-catch by fishermen in the north of Normandy. From 1998 to 2009 he collected >30 specimens at Veules-les-Roses, >10 at Quiberville and at Saint-Valerie-en-Caux, Le Tréport and Dieppe 2 to 5 each. They were catched at a depth beneath 20 m. with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangle_net" target="_blank">tangle net</a>. Conclusion: they are more common and closer to 'home' than I expected!<br />
<div>
<div>
<h2>
Migration and mobility</h2>
How did the Sponge crabs arrive in te Oosterschelde? Van Moorsel e.a. (2017): 'The distribution of <i>Dromia personata</i> suggests migration into the North Sea from the English Channel, either as larvae or as adults. As the last two pairs of the crab’s pereiopods are used for sponge-attachment, only two pairs of legs are used for locomotion. Although <i>D. personata</i> is able to walk at considerable speed over short distances if necessary (pers. obs.), its capacity to walk over long distances, for example from the English Channel to the Eastern Scheldt, is probably limited.'<br />
<h2>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsE0AcjeocDc08Kwzd8Ic8fKmgATNdNzwD0JkAwlBi-wx0fxVpLAH-jcIUGSqCxkezEIzsi1nljpmZjbRSOdM1j0Fo96HVg5ykTVu76pSAjWV5Jim57Wd8BgdewK18NC7mPH6qGk0ucLM/s1600/Oosterschelde171207001v2.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="716" data-original-width="1181" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsE0AcjeocDc08Kwzd8Ic8fKmgATNdNzwD0JkAwlBi-wx0fxVpLAH-jcIUGSqCxkezEIzsi1nljpmZjbRSOdM1j0Fo96HVg5ykTVu76pSAjWV5Jim57Wd8BgdewK18NC7mPH6qGk0ucLM/s640/Oosterschelde171207001v2.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">fig. 6 Locations in the Oosterschelde where Sponge crabs were observed (Schelphoek, Zeelandbrug, Goese Sas </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">and Strijenham) and location of mussel and oyster farmers (Yerseke) in 2016 and 2017.</span></div>
</div>
</h2>
As I mentioned: they also use their claws for walking - so three pair of 'walking legs' - but I subscribe to their view: I can not imagine Sponge crabs walking long distances. They just don not have the build and agility to travel long distances, like for instance the Velvet swimming crab, <i>Necora puber</i> (NL: Fluwelen zwemkrab) or are as light as the Long legged spider crab, <i>Macropodia rostrata</i> (NL: Gewone hooiwagenkrab), which I have seen several times floating by in the current with spreaded legs.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5u0WvVBtkzzTHdOGn4zh7RaMzrnqKxW-NFrotkaBdB13DHAny7A702FzgIaXtUp90zzcq0aYoebgidf-GdQCUUogws0sTl-aiZJcHbv6dwn505vclpn26C9NipNNLHl4OThb9-kMjP1M/s1600/Dromia+personata+-+Spongecrab+-+Wolkrab+06.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="984" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5u0WvVBtkzzTHdOGn4zh7RaMzrnqKxW-NFrotkaBdB13DHAny7A702FzgIaXtUp90zzcq0aYoebgidf-GdQCUUogws0sTl-aiZJcHbv6dwn505vclpn26C9NipNNLHl4OThb9-kMjP1M/s640/Dromia+personata+-+Spongecrab+-+Wolkrab+06.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 7 Sponge crab, <i>Dromia personata</i> (NL: Wolkrab) for a few minutes without its sponge cover, showing its slightly displaced last two pair of legs equipped with pincers. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Zeelandbrug, the Netherlands, 6-10-2016.</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
Again Van Moorsel e.a. (2017): 'The importance of larval transport should therefore not be underestimated. In recent years, several wind farms have been built in the Belgian part of the North Sea. The seabed around the wind turbines has been covered with stones. Perhaps these areas are used for settlement of sponge crab larvae. As such, they may function as stepping stones between the English Channel and the Eastern Scheldt. However, underwater observations and catches, preferably of juveniles, have not yet been made to confirm this.'<br />
<br /></div>
Another dilemma, but there are a lot of Decapod species of which we usually do not find juveniles, even of bigger and common species like the Common lobster, <i>Homarus gammarus</i> (NL: Europese zeekreeft). As adult Sponge crabs are difficult to spot, how about juveniles...<br />
<br />
The final statement in this discussion by Van Moorsel e.a. (2017): '.. the appearance of the sponge crab may also be related to accidental introduction via mariculture, but this scenario is considered unlikely, due to absence or rarity in donor areas, and probably low survival during transport.'<br />
<br />
I have no idea how and from where Pacific cupped oysters, <i>Magallana gigas</i> (NL: Japanse oester) and Common mussels, <i>Mytilus edulis</i> (NL: Mossel) are transported to Yerseke. <a href="http://www.nieuwewendingproducties.nl/fw_html/cultuur_yer1_12.htm" target="_blank">Yerseke</a> is the center of oyster and mussel farming located in the south-east Oosterschelde (fig. 6). Are they imported in water? From where? How sturdy are <i>Dromia</i> larvae? If I take the records in account: in 2016 two of the four locations are quite close to Yerseke: Goese Sas and Strijenham. And a lot of non-native, sometimes southern species have been unintentionally introduced by these farmers. Sometimes very 'successful'.<br />
<br />
Conclusion: they could have been imported - grown specimens as well as larvae - by farmers, but the notification of Sponge crabs in the north of Normandy as common finds, the first record in Dutch waters in 1995 (albeit the only one until 2016), the mentioned records in Van Moorsel e.a. (2017) in the North Sea and last but not least the several wind farms creating a more favourable habitat in the Belgian part of the North Sea (Van Moorsel e.a., 2017) - functioning as 'stepping stones' - make a gradual influx in Dutch waters more probable. For me it is still a mystery that out of the blue at least 7 specimens are discovered in the Oosterschelde in a period of 13 months at 4 different locations!<br />
<h2>
Are they here to stay?</h2>
<div>
After the first observations of the Sponge crab in 2016 I wondered if they would survive our next winter. How do southern species cope in the Netherlands in general? I made a comparison of the quantity of some Decapods in Dutch waters, originating from southern waters, between the '80s and today from my own (diving, snorkeling and <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2016/08/search-for-first-rate-sites-for-turning.html" target="_blank">turning stones at ebb tide</a>) experience and based on 'De Nederlandse Decapoda' (Holthuis e.a., 1986):<br />
<ul>
<li><i>Athanas nitescens</i> (NL: Kreeftgarnaal): very rare, now quite common.</li>
<li>Broad-clawed porcelain crab, <i>Porcellana platycheles</i> (NL: Harige porseleinkrab)(fig. 15): uncommon, now abundant.</li>
<li>Black squat lobster, <i>Galathea squamifera</i> (NL: Zwarte oprolkreeft): very rare, now common.</li>
<li>Velvet swimming crab, <i>Necora puber </i>(NL: Fluwelen zwemkrab): rare (albeit in waves; once more common but depleted after a strong winter), common since a few years.</li>
<li>Arch-fronted swimming crab, <i>Liocarcinus navigator</i> (NL: Gewimperde zwemkrab): very rare, now common. </li>
<li>Leach's spider crab, <i>Inachus phalangium</i> (NL: Gladde sponspootkrab)(fig. 8): very rare, now less common.</li>
</ul>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidw4quLYhAi2kWo5Mxapt5UwJH-rc4Om-9snjo4Z7az80JCJJhyphenhyphengkgBkr6kOoD2OLj7Qdro-W-3BaCaBKyIephGk3RuDIDyTu1FiWtCpyOX-liS_p-K7NeUY2K4X16GpU7vWRcgNx5Fyw/s1600/Inachus+phalangium+-+Leach%2527s+spider+crab+-+Gladde+sponspootkrab.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidw4quLYhAi2kWo5Mxapt5UwJH-rc4Om-9snjo4Z7az80JCJJhyphenhyphengkgBkr6kOoD2OLj7Qdro-W-3BaCaBKyIephGk3RuDIDyTu1FiWtCpyOX-liS_p-K7NeUY2K4X16GpU7vWRcgNx5Fyw/s640/Inachus+phalangium+-+Leach%2527s+spider+crab+-+Gladde+sponspootkrab.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 8 Leach's spider crab, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Inachus phalangium</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (NL: Gladde sponspootkrab). Katshoek, the Netherlands, 1-11-2011.</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
Summarised: southern Decapods are doing well and you should expect Sponge crabs to have a fair chance of at least surviving our mild winter of 2016-2017. As you can imagine I wanted to know if 'my' Sponge crab had outlived the last winter and I have tried to retrieve this specimen or any other Sponge crab, but I did not succeed. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Four Sponge crabs are recorded in 2017 at two (maybe three) locations (fig. 5). The first was a nearly dead specimen at the Zeelandbrug on 9 April by Maurits van Kosteren (pers. comm.): 'It was lying on its back and it had no sponge on its back. Because I thought it was dead, I picked it up. Then I saw its mouthparts moving, so it was still alive. I gently put it back on a stone and made some photo's.' There are two records of a Sponge crab at the Schelphoek (a dive spot 9 km west of the Zeelandbrug)(fig. 6). The first one on 27 July was holding Dead man's fingers, <i>Alcyonium digitatum</i> (NL: Dodemansduim) on its back and was found by <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/StAnemoonMOO/permalink/1581148825293968/" target="_blank">Astrid Vis</a>. On 2 August <a href="https://www.facebook.com/kiki.vleeschouwers/posts/10214013488282164:4" target="_blank">Kiki Vleeschouwers</a> and René van Zweeden found another specimen with <i>Celtodoryx ciocalyptoides</i>. Finally one specimen was found on 28 August at a 'dive spot west of the Zeelandbrug' (possibly the Schelphoek?) carrying probably <i>Celtodoryx ciocalyptoides</i>. </div>
<div>
<br />
<div>
As to the answer to my question 'are they here to stay', I am at least in doubt. We had a mild winter, but I think still rather cold for Sponge crabs: in January and February 2017 the temperature was 4ºC. The water temperature at the discovery of the nearly dead specimen on 9 April was already 9ºC, but according to the description of Maurits van Kosteren I do not think it survived. And there are only four observations this year. But on the other hand: as you know by now Sponge crabs are difficult to find and - what I have not told yet - they are nocturnal, so the chance of finding one gets even slimmer.</div>
</div>
<div>
<h2>
Habitat</h2>
</div>
Sponge crab frequent all kind of habitats: stone, sand and gravel sea bed, eelgrass habitat, rocky shores and vertical rocky slopes with caves (Riedl, 1983, Noël, 1992 & Falciai & Minervini, 1992).<br />
<br />
Sponge crabs are - depending on the region - generally found between 10 and 30 m. The account in Weinberg (2015) about the Mediterranean - from lower shore to 150 m deep - is surpassed by Pérez (1995) in case of the Canary Islands: from 2 tot 201 m! Pérez also describes juvenile Sponge crabs in tidal pools. Riedl (1983), Pérez (1995) and Steven Campbell (pers. comm.) note that they can be found in quite shallow water - even near the watermark - where there are vertical rocky slopes with a lot of caves.<br />
<br />
Some parts of the Oosterschelde are suitable for Sponge crabs, especially at a diving spot like the Zeelandbrug with a mix of rocks and large boulders. And the Oosterschelde holds another pleasant surprise for this crab: 'Also, sponges and tunicates (especially non-native species), used as camouflage by the Sponge crab, are now omnipresent' (Van Moorsel e.a., 2017). I already mentioned the abundance of the non-native sponge <i>Celtodoryx ciocalyptoides</i> (NL: Gele wratspons), which species appears to be its favourite camouflage in the Oosterschelde.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkpIwmdst7CbI5ByvRvCSwPq4AlcJu7csSbwbNnyIeEt-IBnZkgd085YVpSO9dnXRW-EfdjKqMLZR0L4lHCfYNcGpf6VEmes1ZZbg4qOG6AGJeiaAs__0VFm0FH9YhZjx0-mRVEoNCMXg/s1600/Dromia+personata+-+Spongecrab+-+Wolkrab+05.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkpIwmdst7CbI5ByvRvCSwPq4AlcJu7csSbwbNnyIeEt-IBnZkgd085YVpSO9dnXRW-EfdjKqMLZR0L4lHCfYNcGpf6VEmes1ZZbg4qOG6AGJeiaAs__0VFm0FH9YhZjx0-mRVEoNCMXg/s640/Dromia+personata+-+Spongecrab+-+Wolkrab+05.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 9 Pinking shear claw with conspicuous pink-red fingers of the Sponge crab, <i>Dromia personata</i> (NL: Wolkrab). </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Zeelandbrug, the Netherlands, 6-10-2016.</span></div>
<h2>
What's in a name? Felt coat and other features</h2>
Apart from the name Sponge crab, Ingle (1980) mentions Sleepy crab and Weinberg (2015) Teddy bear crab. In French (Falciai & Minervini, 1992 and Noel, 1992) it is called dormeur, dormeuse, dormeur i.e. the sleeper (not to be confused with <i>Cancer pagurus</i>, the Edible crab (NL: Noordzeekrab) which is also called dormeur). In Dutch it is Wolkrab (translated Wool crab) and Sponskrab (as in English Sponge crab). The scientific name of this species, <i>personata</i>, means masked in the sense of camouflaged.<br />
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So the names are referring to its camouflage (masked, sponge), its behaviour (sleepy i.e. slow moving), its coat of tiny brown hairs (wool) and its general looks (teddy bear; more about that later in this post). Sponge crab as name is a bit unlucky: the crab uses a range of animals and seaweeds to camouflage itself (see further on). Apart from its camouflage, the most conspicuous feature if you have a proper look at this crab, is its felt coat. Except from the conspicuous pink-red fingers of its claws (fig. 9), the eyes and the antennae, the crab is totally covered in minute brown hairs. So Felt, Velvet, Furry or Wool crab would do better.<br />
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Whenever I give a lecture about marine life, I get questions like: why that shape? why that colour? Most of the times my reply is: I do not know. But if you might ask: why do Sponge crabs have a felt coat, maybe I know one reason. I glanced through an appendix in Ingle (1996) with 'Symbionts and parasites' on shallow-water crabs. A lot of species of crab are encrusted with seaweeds, sponges, shells, barnacles, tunicates, bryozoans and calcareous worms. Especially older specimens because they mould less frequent and are less active. The overgrow of barnacles can be disastrous for crabs, because they also settle on eyes and mouthparts. But I could not find photo's of Sponge crabs overgrown by any kind of species. Then I realised that the felt coat of the Sponge crab protects it against the deposition of unwanted species! Fortunate, because the Sponge crab is quite slow and therefore could easily overgrow.<br />
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I mentioned the colour of the fingers (like nail-varnish as a few authors note), but they are not the only conspicuous thing: the claws are like pinking shears (fig. 9). Very handy for cutting a piece of sponge, seaweed or a colony of tunicates in the desired size.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx_Y8V1EEtMPOYRxLryb1BWE9FagojFWKcSKf80PHkabvY-4-agThh5E_wGgpH7Xq8jsILs248fUymKX95FTcgThlCHi5awbueeWe2iS616r2-1x1vqiPDH3lCVZmCC1TKrbwpfoIvpuw/s1600/Dromia+personata+-+Spongecrab+-+Wolkrab+07.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="984" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx_Y8V1EEtMPOYRxLryb1BWE9FagojFWKcSKf80PHkabvY-4-agThh5E_wGgpH7Xq8jsILs248fUymKX95FTcgThlCHi5awbueeWe2iS616r2-1x1vqiPDH3lCVZmCC1TKrbwpfoIvpuw/s640/Dromia+personata+-+Spongecrab+-+Wolkrab+07.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 10 Sponge crab, <i>Dromia personata</i> (NL: Wolkrab) trying to get a grip on its sponge cover.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Zeelandbrug, the Netherlands, 6-10-2016.</span><br />
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Another prominent feature I already mentioned are the two pairs of last legs (fig. 7), which are slightly displaced on the back. With these legs, equipped with tiny pincers (fig. 10) at the end, they hold onto the acquired camouflage.<br />
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As for size: a carapace width of 10 cm is already quite big, but <span style="font-family: inherit;">Luther & </span>Fiedler (1975) and Noël (1992) mention 13 cm. For a further description of the species I refer to Ingle (1980) and Adema (1990).<br />
<h2>
Camouflage and behaviour</h2>
So Sponge crabs do not attach organisms on their carapace, but carry them around. Quite different from decorator crabs like Leach's spider crab, <i>Inachus phalangium</i> (NL: Gladde sponspootkrab)(fig. 8), Long legged spider crab, <i>Macropodia rostrata</i> (NL: Gewone hooiwagenkrab) and the Spiny spider crab, <i>Maja brachydactyla</i> (NL: Grote spinkrab)(fig. 11 &12). They have crooked hairs on their back and legs to which they fix all kind of organisms with their claws, in some cases after first chewing the lower end of the organism to enable it to be more securely hooked to the hairs. They can reach almost any part of their body with their claws to attach sponges, seaweed etc. I expect the Sponge crab is not even able to cover the front part of its back with its claws.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGP3KV6jON8QdIWTbbAlQgqP-arcjDT7_MruDQH_g0W6qfsKUjTZ_YK0veZFRqSwsMvCc7k4xrMB1NGK53QmQfibJ6Da3Gv5zIfRAjYYGd2XqPFQ8_NrulIY48G92RT57nscd3_5uMOmk/s1600/Maja+brachydactyla+-+Spiny+spider+crab+-+Grote+spinkrab+01.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGP3KV6jON8QdIWTbbAlQgqP-arcjDT7_MruDQH_g0W6qfsKUjTZ_YK0veZFRqSwsMvCc7k4xrMB1NGK53QmQfibJ6Da3Gv5zIfRAjYYGd2XqPFQ8_NrulIY48G92RT57nscd3_5uMOmk/s640/Maja+brachydactyla+-+Spiny+spider+crab+-+Grote+spinkrab+01.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-style: normal;">fig. 11 Spiny spider crab, </span><i>Maja brachydactyla</i> (NL: Grote spinkrab), Porthkerris, United Kingdom, 12-9-2013. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6tezgdHpYuzDiVcbbgHPfGCEZScpuvo9vp1t0fEoJztAtyLA0Tp5lxkkyh9NmBL5tYybyjaAOMazMsg8WHYiz2xo2m4j1PKgm6gpjvHwF5A7Rzt8evwfwSeunNafe9uten67ki8Ek2s8/s1600/Maja+brachydactyla+-+Spiny+spider+crab+-+Grote+spinkrab+02.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="984" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6tezgdHpYuzDiVcbbgHPfGCEZScpuvo9vp1t0fEoJztAtyLA0Tp5lxkkyh9NmBL5tYybyjaAOMazMsg8WHYiz2xo2m4j1PKgm6gpjvHwF5A7Rzt8evwfwSeunNafe9uten67ki8Ek2s8/s640/Maja+brachydactyla+-+Spiny+spider+crab+-+Grote+spinkrab+02.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 12 Detail of the carapace of fig. 11 with the tiny hooks onto which the crab sticks all kind of things for camouflage.</span></div>
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As I already mentioned, Sponge crabs do not only carry a piece of sponge on their back for camouflage, but also seaweeds and animals like tunicates, corals, sea anemones and bryozoans. For a nice collection of photo's of Sponge crabs with all kind of camouflage, have a look at the page on <a href="http://doris.ffessm.fr/Especes/Dromia-personata-Dromie-333" target="_blank">DORIS</a>. In Poore (2004) I saw a photo of a an Australian species of Sponge crab carrying a tunicate at least eight times as large as the crab. Sauer (1977) notes that if you place a Sponge crab in an aquarium and remove its sponge, the crab will search for any kind of camouflage and once was seen holding a congener on its back!<br />
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Schmitt (1965) gives a lengthy but very interesting account of Sponge crabs and their cover or housing as he calls it: '... in need of housing very methodically goes about cutting out the necessary material from a convenient sheet of incrusting sponge, using its chelae (red. = claws) as a cutter. As the piece is freed somewhat and as soon as its edge can be raised, the crab gradually works himself under, cutting away till the whole piece is dislodged. ... Very often the case is too flat, and it never fits exactly to the surface of the crab's back. The crab corrects this by pressing the sponge tightly to its back and bending it out. ... <i>Dromia</i> gets so used to its own sponge case that it can usually pick it out from many other sponges.' Some authors mention that the sponge or tunicates will grow on and will adapt to the shape of the crab.<br />
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As you can read and see (fig. 13) in Schmitt (1965) attiring its sponge cover is not as easy as it looks. In the earlier mentioned <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IycUxOlh8tU" target="_blank">video footage</a> of a Sponge crab by Hans Vulink you can see one in action after its sponge cover was temporarily removed.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrJsoJbxdkpANgzFssg70pUR9tLNM_EA-BQ27mtvtFkYmjnAukU1qDM6CZJb908nQ5P-Qyi1BEn5OsMdfvtDHcVMVJ8AjCEcnYhq0bqUwVNk8kK4JZrYfCt7iOMadvnl23WeLuuB71yiM/s1600/Dromia+Schmitt+mv2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="826" data-original-width="1181" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrJsoJbxdkpANgzFssg70pUR9tLNM_EA-BQ27mtvtFkYmjnAukU1qDM6CZJb908nQ5P-Qyi1BEn5OsMdfvtDHcVMVJ8AjCEcnYhq0bqUwVNk8kK4JZrYfCt7iOMadvnl23WeLuuB71yiM/s400/Dromia+Schmitt+mv2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 13 The manner in which <i>Dromia</i> puts on its sponge coat (Schmitt (1965) figure after Dembowska).</span></div>
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Sauer (1977) and other authors note: 'The sponge serves as protection, however: no one has recorded an attack on the crab in its natural surroundings. Probably it is not an optical camouflage but a protection against tasting and probing predators like starfish or <i>Octopus</i>.'</div>
I think starfish and Octopus are bad examples. I have never seen or read about starfish hunting for crabs (at least not in European waters) and <i>Octopus</i> - noted as their main predators - have perfect eyesight. I think it is a bit of both worlds. Optical it will work against big fish and <i>Octopus'</i> in daylight. At night the shape and taste of sponge or other collected organisms will delude <i>Octopus'</i> probing tentacles and big alien Decapods.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit58hvklELMKTlS88Q6SYE1SigRhTLQ_HqCnW_OeDw6uCZr63CWQPfTIdtmyYAH6Ij_Qx5pKgBCYU5ftwtky8ssCgsLRDY3-1SWRrt_Upj4LjF7KAOOV7Nu0myP7NAhFHhgjbIAGBahW8/s1600/Dromia+personata+-+Spongecrab+-+Wolkrab+04.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit58hvklELMKTlS88Q6SYE1SigRhTLQ_HqCnW_OeDw6uCZr63CWQPfTIdtmyYAH6Ij_Qx5pKgBCYU5ftwtky8ssCgsLRDY3-1SWRrt_Upj4LjF7KAOOV7Nu0myP7NAhFHhgjbIAGBahW8/s640/Dromia+personata+-+Spongecrab+-+Wolkrab+04.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 14 Sponge crab, <i>Dromia personata</i> (NL: Wolkrab) trying to get a grip on its sponge cover.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Zeelandbrug, the Netherlands, 6-10-2016.</span></div>
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<h2>
<b>Aquarium and more behaviour</b></h2>
Riedl (1983) describes it as robust animal for an aquarium. Luther & Fiedler (1975) note that a Sponge crab can be a nuisance in an aquarium, because in its search for camouflage it rips sea anemones and starfish apart. On the web I found some information regarding <i>Dromia</i> and its camouflage behaviour at <a href="https://www.aquariumdomain.com/adSocial/index.php/sponge-crab/" target="_blank">AquariumDomain.com</a>: 'While Sponge crabs typically have sponges affixed to their backs, they will sometimes harvest tunicates or even coral polyps for camouflage. By doing this they may cause harm to some soft or polyp corals, but this usually helps propagate these corals throughout the aquarium, more than it does harm to them.'<br />
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Luther & Fiedler (1975) tell its main diet is seaweeds. As I have observed a lot of crabs in nature and at home in an aquarium, I doubt they are mainly vegetarian. However only based on aquarium practice, the same (unknown) author of AquariumDomain.com corroborates my point of view: 'As with most all crabs, the Sponge crab is a scavenger that will eat most any meaty food. The diet of the Sponge crab should include meaty foods such as frozen brine or mysis shrimp, mussels or pieces of fish. This species will also eat any foods that get by the fish in the aquarium, making them good for keeping the aquarium free of excess and decaying food stuffs.'<br />
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On the website of <a href="http://doris.ffessm.fr/Especes/Dromia-personata-Dromie-333" target="_blank">DORIS</a> and AquariumDomain.com Sponge crabs are described as (mostly) nocturnal. Rollin Verlinde in a (translated) reaction on the first discovery of the Sponge crab in the Netherlands on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/StAnemoonMOO/permalink/1123799571028898/" target="_blank">Facebook</a>: 'In Croatia I found several specimens during a night dive; in daytime not one!' Steven Campbell (pers. comm.) has the same experience while snorkeling in Croatia.<br />
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As you may have gathered: I did not collect a Sponge crab for my aquarium. Because they are rare and I want every diver the joy to find, observe and photograph this extraordinary crab.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE59qNrMHg0v92gHytyGnFvC-eVoxwzEabWehuiqXqEFM_a02AcIkp-ZZaL3VspsFPScqvnYo8hSz8fB0sAVLF6zuB4HAvOPQ9QBN7reTc9mgXjCGl1NJc-UkFHdPX9j112xu1bep7VQE/s1600/Porcellana+platycheles+-+Broad-clawed+porcelain+crab+-+Harige+porseleinkrab+ZL131030092v2.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE59qNrMHg0v92gHytyGnFvC-eVoxwzEabWehuiqXqEFM_a02AcIkp-ZZaL3VspsFPScqvnYo8hSz8fB0sAVLF6zuB4HAvOPQ9QBN7reTc9mgXjCGl1NJc-UkFHdPX9j112xu1bep7VQE/s640/Porcellana+platycheles+-+Broad-clawed+porcelain+crab+-+Harige+porseleinkrab+ZL131030092v2.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 15 Broad-clawed porcelain crab, <i>Porcellana platycheles</i> (NL: Harige porseleinkrab). Goese Sas, 30-10-2013.</span></div>
<h2>
Teddy bear</h2>
As you know by now, I like Sponge crabs a lot. I like its globose shape, its cuddly felt coat, its clumsy and Gorilla-like way of walking, its camouflaging behaviour and its grotesque appearance with the sponge on its back. What is not to like? It looks like a teddy bear.<br />
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Before I met the Sponge crab I called Hairy crabs, <i>Pilumnus hirtellus </i>(NL: Ruig krabbetje) teddy bear-like, also because they are hairy and have a globular shape. And in the category 'wooly/cuddly' there is another contestant: have a look at the Broad-clawed porcelain crab, <i>Porcellana platycheles </i>(NL: Harige porseleinkrab)(fig. 15).<br />
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But for me the Sponge crab really fits the bill and more people are like-minded. Weinberg (2015) mentions - as said - the name of Teddy bear crab. Reindert Nijland (co-author in Van Moorsel e.a., 2017) is cited online (<a href="https://resource.wur.nl/nl/wetenschap/show/Sponskrab-mogelijk-een-blijvertje.htm" target="_blank">Kleis, 2017</a>) about the 'teddy bear like' animal (translated). He also mentions a Dutch word in connection with the Sponge crab: 'aaibaarheidsgehalte', meaning it is highly suitable for petting!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy3wjxzDxOM5pB7jW7FgLPHvTM-C8jHkXvedCS9DWFO-vW1r1iohknLBhpZmYRrI9friSAQIgJ_DoDwvH7dOUKxVxqc1xZU28siWTVGrE6UwOFAIgKRczC0v2tCQUBakxSShQE_Wr7UMk/s1600/Dromia+personata+-+Spongecrab+-+Wolkrab+08.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy3wjxzDxOM5pB7jW7FgLPHvTM-C8jHkXvedCS9DWFO-vW1r1iohknLBhpZmYRrI9friSAQIgJ_DoDwvH7dOUKxVxqc1xZU28siWTVGrE6UwOFAIgKRczC0v2tCQUBakxSShQE_Wr7UMk/s640/Dromia+personata+-+Spongecrab+-+Wolkrab+08.JPG" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">fig. 16 Sponge crab, <i>Dromia personata</i> (NL: Wolkrab). Zeelandbrug, the Netherlands, 6-10-2016.</span></div>
<h2>
Acknowledgements</h2>
I want to thank Floris Bennema and Godfried van Moorsel for publishing their initial find and accompanied by Reindert Nijland for their article in Marine Biodiversity Records. Furthermore I thank Steven Campbell for providing the records of Sponge crabs in the collection of the Natuur Historisch Museum Rotterdam and other information about its distribution.<br />
I thank Glen Biscop, Rob Bol, Martin Gruson, Paul & Maria Engels, Maurits van Kosteren, Marianne Ligthart, Ronald de Meijer, Lilian Schoonderwoerd, Lennard Vercouteren, Stefan Verheyen, Carl Verlinde, Marco Vinke, Astrid Vis, Kiki Vleeshouwers, Hans Vulink, Kris'na Wouters and René van Zweeden for sharing their records and in some cases photographs and video's. Finally I thank Steven Wouters for providing water temperatures of the Oosterschelde for the period 2001-2017.<br />
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<h2>
Literature & weblinks</h2>
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<ul>
<li>Adema, J.P.H.M., 1990. De krabben van Nederland en België. ISBN 9073239028.</li>
<li>AquariumDomain.com (Anonymous). Aquarium Hobby Online Resource and Social Networking Community for both Freshwater and Marine Aquarium Hobbyists. Click <a href="https://www.aquariumdomain.com/adSocial/index.php/sponge-crab/" target="_blank">here</a>.</li>
<li>Bennema, F., 16-8-2016. Facebook post ANEMOON of the first discovery of the Sponge crab in the Netherlands. Click <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/StAnemoonMOO/permalink/1123799571028898/" target="_blank">here</a>.</li>
<li>Bourdon, R., 1965. Inventaire de la Faune Marine de Roscoff. Décapodes - Stomatopodes. éditions de la Station Biologique de Roscoff.</li>
<li>DORIS, Données d'Observations pour la Reconnaissance et l'Identification de la faune et la flore Subaquatiques. Click <a href="http://doris.ffessm.fr/Especes/Dromia-personata-Dromie-333" target="_blank">here</a>.</li>
<li>Falciai, L. & R. Minervini, 1992. Guide des homards, crabes, langoustes, crevettes et autres crustacés décapodes d'Europe ('Guida dei Crostacei Decapodi d'Europa'). ISBN 260300994X.</li>
<li>Henkel, D. & D. Janussen, 2014. Redescription and new records of Celtodoryx ciocalyptoides (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) - A sponge invader in the north east Atlantic Ocean of Asian origin? Click <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231998921_Redescription_and_new_records_of_Celtodoryx_ciocalyptoides_Demospongiae_Poecilosclerida_-_A_sponge_invader_in_the_north_east_Atlantic_Ocean_of_Asian_origin" target="_blank">here</a> for a PDF.</li>
<li>Holthuis, L.B., G.R. Heerebout & J.P.H.M. Adema, 1986. De Nederlandse Decapoda. Wetenschappelijke Mededelingen KNNV, nr. 179. ISBN 9050110037.</li>
<li>Ingle, R.W., 1980. British Crabs. ISBN 100198585039.</li>
<li>Ingle, R.W., 1996. Shallow-water crabs. ISBN 1851532587.</li>
<li>Kleis, R., 2017. Sponskrab mogelijk een blijvertje. Resource, WUR magazine. Click <a href="https://resource.wur.nl/nl/wetenschap/show/Sponskrab-mogelijk-een-blijvertje.htm" target="_blank">here</a>.</li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Luther</span>, W. & Fiedler, K., 1975. Handboek voor de Onderwaterfauna in het Middellandse Zeegebied. ISBN 9060103580.</li>
<li>Moorsel, G.W.N.M. van, F.P. Bennema & R. Nijland, 2017. First records of the sponge crab <i>Dromia personata</i> (Brachyura) in the Netherlands and its historical findings in the North Sea. Marine Biodiversity Records 10: 28. Click <a href="https://mbr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41200-017-0129-7" target="_blank">here</a> for a PDF.</li>
<li>Natuurhistorisch, Het. Natural History Museum Rotterdam. Specimen catalog number NMR993700000426. Click <a href="http://datasets.nlbif.nl/nmr/index.php?lang=en" target="_blank">here</a> to search in their online collection database.</li>
<li>Noël, P.Y., 1992. Clé Prélimaire d'identification des Crustacea Decapoda de France et des principales autres espèces d'Europe. ISBN 286515077.</li>
<li>Pérez, J.A.G., 1995. Catálogo de los Crustáceos Decápodos de Las Islas Canarias. ISBN 8492063122.</li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Poore</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">, G.C.B., 2004. Marine Decapod Crustacea of Southern Australia. ISBN 0643069062.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Riedl,</span> R., 1983. Fauna und Flora des Mittelmeeres. ISBN 3490234189.</li>
<li>Sauer, F., 1977. Strand en kust. ISBN 9003919305.</li>
<li>Schmitt, W.L., 1965. Crustaceans (p144-147). ISBN 10: 0715360590.</li>
<li>Verlinde, R. 25-8-2016. Facebook post ANEMOON of the first discovery of the Sponge crab in the Netherlands. Click <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/StAnemoonMOO/permalink/1134314519977403/" target="_blank">here</a>.</li>
<li>Vinke, M. 25-8-2016. Facebook post ANEMOON of the discovery of the Sponge crab at Goese Sas. Click <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/StAnemoonMOO/permalink/1134314519977403/" target="_blank">here</a>.</li>
<li>Vis, A. 30-7-2017. Facebook post ANEMOON of the discovery of the Sponge crab with Dead Man's Fingers on its back. Click <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/StAnemoonMOO/permalink/1581148825293968/" target="_blank">here</a>.</li>
<li>Vulink, H., 2016. Video of Sponge crab (walking and putting on its sponge). Click <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IycUxOlh8tU" target="_blank">here</a>.</li>
<li>Weinberg, S., 2015. Découvrir la vie sous-marine Méditerranée. ISBN 9782741705338.</li>
<li>Wolff, T., 2002. Two crabs, <i>Dromia personata</i> and <i>Paramola cuvieri</i>, new to Denmark, a crab under possible expansion towards Denmark and the mudshrimp <i>Axius nodulosus</i>, Thalassinidea. Flora og Fauna. December; 1084: 87-94.</li>
<li>Zariquiey Álvarez, R., 1968. Crustáceos Decápodos ibéricos Click <a href="https://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/10992/10992.pdf" target="_blank">here</a> for a PDF.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-17044826888724265402017-10-20T09:59:00.002+02:002018-01-26T20:33:49.630+01:00Caprella equilibra en Caprella scaura: twee nieuwe spookkreeften in Nederland<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9sn7YQ5mFXAdcb4vsOsiKh_mNc75KbRkDw1GQHq81w5BmeTECovCMxsHz3bozbZ2c83DbTQkTwbLwGMCcVhrC8hpuWvw6978YqS3vKcQ5oRXBaqAqmCtxP6gT6dD2IolpcBhaPC38hvY/s1600/Caprella+equilibra+-+bruingevlekte+spookkreeft+%2528male%2529-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="744" data-original-width="984" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9sn7YQ5mFXAdcb4vsOsiKh_mNc75KbRkDw1GQHq81w5BmeTECovCMxsHz3bozbZ2c83DbTQkTwbLwGMCcVhrC8hpuWvw6978YqS3vKcQ5oRXBaqAqmCtxP6gT6dD2IolpcBhaPC38hvY/s640/Caprella+equilibra+-+bruingevlekte+spookkreeft+%2528male%2529-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Detail van de Bruingevlekte spookkreeft, <i>Caprella equilibra, </i>mannetje<i>. </i>Borssele, Nederland, 30-8-2015 (in vitro).</span></div>
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Dit blogbericht is een uitgebreide versie van een bericht op NatureToday van 22 oktober 2017, waarin wordt gemeld dat Nederland twee soorten spookkreeften rijker is geworden. De Bruingevlekte spookkreeft, <i>Caprella equilibra</i> en de Gehoornde spookkreeft, <i>Caprella scaura</i>, werden ontdekt bij de electriciteitscentrale van Borssele. Naar aanleiding daarvan heb ik in een apart bericht (klik <a href="https://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2017/10/spookkreeften-determinatietabel.html" target="_blank">hier</a>) een determinatietabel van alle in Nederland voorkomende spookkreeften samengesteld en een voorstel gedaan tot naamgeving van die soorten die nog geen Nederlandse naam hebben.<br />
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<b style="color: #6aa84f;">Summary:</b><span style="color: #6aa84f;"> Two new species of ghost shrimp were observed in the Netherlands: </span><i style="color: #6aa84f;">Caprella equilibra</i><span style="color: #6aa84f;"> and </span><i style="color: #6aa84f;">Caprella scaura. Capella equilibra</i><span style="color: #6aa84f;"> was observed for the first time on 30 August 2015 at the power plant of Borssele near the Westerschelde. Since 2017 we know for certain a population exists. We ignore a single observation of specimens washed ashore on a buoy in 2006, because they probably originated from the Channel (France or UK). While searching for </span><i style="color: #6aa84f;">C. equilibra</i><span style="color: #6aa84f;"> another new species for the Netherlands was discovered at the same location: </span><i style="color: #6aa84f;">Caprella scaura</i><span style="color: #6aa84f;">. The recent colonization may have been facilitated by relatively warmer winters and an increase in the number of stepping stones, especially buoys, off the coast.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaF3uwwm_hCgsMJ01Tqs1cql-c8cVOWMj-0VDVXYE43kQdyfykBgAnrR7232pP4Sebh_22E1llaPJm114QUglvE-Q5ddcbaf7I5CcBReYdRUB8Kfy-1uHJEBL6w_RDbfTutZz1EOxdEsI/s1600/Caprella+equilibra+-+bruingevlekte+spookkreeft+%2528male%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="580" data-original-width="984" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaF3uwwm_hCgsMJ01Tqs1cql-c8cVOWMj-0VDVXYE43kQdyfykBgAnrR7232pP4Sebh_22E1llaPJm114QUglvE-Q5ddcbaf7I5CcBReYdRUB8Kfy-1uHJEBL6w_RDbfTutZz1EOxdEsI/s640/Caprella+equilibra+-+bruingevlekte+spookkreeft+%2528male%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Bruingevlekte spookkreeft, </span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Caprella equilibra, </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">mannetje</span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">. </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Borssele, Nederland, 30-8-2015 (in vitro).</span></div>
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<b>Inleiding</b><br />
Foto’s zijn een prachtig medium om soorten op naam te brengen. Maar niet altijd en niet altijd eenvoudig, omdat soortspecifieke kenmerken meestal niet (bewust) gefotografeerd zijn. Zo vond ik op 30 augustus 2015 bij een excursie van de Strandwerkgroep Waterweg-Noord in de afvoergoot van het filter van de koelwaterinlaat van de electriciteitscentrale van Borssele een spookkreeft. Ik heb het (net overleden) dier thuis gefotografeerd en dacht - hoewel niet helemaal overtuigd van de determinatie - dat het ging om het Wandelend geraamte, <i>Caprella linearis</i>. Marco Faasse kon er bij consultatie op dat moment niet meer van maken, omdat op de foto niet alle kenmerken te zien zijn. Op 21 februari 2016 plaatste ik de foto op de <a href="https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10205040161957792&set=pcb.985804668161723&type=3&theater" target="_blank">Facebookpagina van Stichting ANEMOON</a>.<br />
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Een klein jaar later bleek het toch om een andere soort te gaan. Aäron Fabrice van de <a href="http://www.strandwerkgroep.be/" target="_blank">Belgische Strandwerkgroep</a> had namelijk foto’s van een andere soort gemaakt - met alle kenmerkende details - en die leken sterk op het exemplaar van Borssele. Het bleek in beide gevallen te gaan om <i>Caprella equilibra</i>. Deze soort heeft nog geen Nederlandse naam. Voorgesteld wordt het dier Bruingevlekte spookkreeft te noemen.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEE6ubiXq_6nrU7B4Ilbp_f_YWLqWsLw3fy1BDqZ8hsh219vYwOxaITfqYjEJ_aJFjPU8UdlRINQ0CXURkNCXypoKPGuIcFUWR0yr87_CTviPAHpguP_vszJb_ROI2zCkypLhEhqN6Kp4/s1600/afvoergoot+koelwaterinlaat+Borssele.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="618" data-original-width="984" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEE6ubiXq_6nrU7B4Ilbp_f_YWLqWsLw3fy1BDqZ8hsh219vYwOxaITfqYjEJ_aJFjPU8UdlRINQ0CXURkNCXypoKPGuIcFUWR0yr87_CTviPAHpguP_vszJb_ROI2zCkypLhEhqN6Kp4/s640/afvoergoot+koelwaterinlaat+Borssele.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Locatie van de afvoergoot van de koelwaterinlaat van Borssele.</span></div>
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<b>Verspreiding van de Bruingevlekte spookkreeft</b><br />
De Bruingevlekte spookkreeft is oorspronkelijk beschreven van South Carolina aan de Atlantische kust van Noord-Amerika. De soort komt tegenwoordig wereldwijd voor, vooral in warmere zeeën (o.a. McCain 1968). In Europa was deze soort bekend van de Atlantische kust, onder andere van Noorwegen, Zweden, de Britse eilanden en van de Middellandse Zee (McCain, 1968). Deze spookkreeft was wel bekend van de Franse Kanaalkust (Dauvin, 1999), maar van de twee noordelijkste departementen van Frankrijk (Müller, 2004), België en Nederland waren tot voor kort geen populaties bekend.<br />
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Op 18 oktober 2003 vond Marco Faasse de Bruingevlekte spookkreeft op een ponton in Duinkerke, niet ver van de grens met België, in het Bassin de Commerce. Op 6 november 2006 werd de soort gevonden tussen het zeewier <i>Asparagopsis armata</i> op een aangespoelde boei op het strand tussen Egmond en Castricum (de Ruijter, 2007), maar aangespoeld zijn ze ten dode opgeschreven. Op 12 november 2007 vond Francis Kerckhof de soort op een boei, afkomstig van een mosselkweekproject voor de kust bij Nieuwpoort en later onder andere op 19 november 2014 op een boei voor de haven van Zeebrugge (Kerckhof, 2016). Daarna volgde de al genoemde vondst op 30 augustus 2015.<br />
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Hoewel de laatst genoemde vondst een sterke aanwijzing was voor het voorkomen in Nederland, was het nog geen bewijs: het dier zou in theorie met zeestromingen in de Westerschelde en de koelwaterinlaat van de centrale gekomen kunnen zijn. Op 1 januari 2017 vond Brian Pater echter opnieuw een exemplaar van de Bruingevlekte spookkreeft op dezelfde locatie. Deze vondst haalde op <a href="https://www.pzc.nl/zeeuws-nieuws/spookkreeft-ontdekt-bij-borssele~a3359e8e/" target="_blank">13 september 2017 de PZC</a> (Provinciale Zeeuwse Courant) en later een bericht bij de <a href="https://nos.nl/artikel/2194431-vier-millimeter-groot-maar-nederland-heeft-er-een-nieuw-diertje-bij.html" target="_blank">NOS</a>. Inmiddels zijn al meerdere exemplaren van het dier in de omgeving van Borssele gevonden; het voorkomen van een populatie bij Borssele staat nu wel vast.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVuLwrogO4f8fuxKAVnryEBYqjbnXfqp2hGamabhJaM-MDfNEiEFQIxWIIiMId5vjFWMD-RkDkZT7YobZpzWEtIeQbwib2tmuXdlurA9h_QgLiAB5KhQzx35wHsYZ4Jb8rXW-zVDm3Q2I/s1600/foto+1+Cscaura+M+Faasse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="722" data-original-width="984" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVuLwrogO4f8fuxKAVnryEBYqjbnXfqp2hGamabhJaM-MDfNEiEFQIxWIIiMId5vjFWMD-RkDkZT7YobZpzWEtIeQbwib2tmuXdlurA9h_QgLiAB5KhQzx35wHsYZ4Jb8rXW-zVDm3Q2I/s640/foto+1+Cscaura+M+Faasse.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Gehoornde spookkreeft, <i>Caprella scaura, </i>mannetje.<i> </i>Borssele, Nederland, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">8-9-2017 </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(in vitro). Foto: © Marco Faasse</span></div>
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<b>Nog een nieuwe soort: de Gehoornde spookkreeft</b><br />
Op 21 januari 2017 vond Marco Faasse nog een nieuwe soort bij Borssele: <i><a href="http://www.nederlandsesoorten.nl/content/het-spookkreeftje-caprella-scaura-nieuw-voor-noordwest-europa" target="_blank">Caprella scaura</a></i> (Faasse, 2017). Ook dit dier heeft nog geen Nederlandse naam. Voorgesteld wordt het dier Gehoornde spookkreeft te noemen.<br />
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Deze vondst bleek de eerste waarneming in Noordwest-Europa te zijn. De Gehoornde spookkreeft is bekend van verscheidene gebieden in de wereld met warm-gematigd zeewater. In 1994 werd deze spookkreeft voor het eerst gevonden in de Middellandse Zee en ze zijn inmiddels ook aangetroffen aan de westkust van Portugal en op de Canarische Eilanden.<br />
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<b>Opmars</b><br />
Wat op een opmars vanuit het zuiden lijkt, kan samenhangen met de relatief milde winters van de laatste jaren. Een andere factor is het ‘stepping-stone’- effect, een makkelijkere verspreiding door de toename van hard substraat in de Noordzee, ook na terugval naar het zuiden na een wat strengere winter. De vraag is of beide soorten zich in de toekomst in Noordwest-Europa veel verder kunnen verspreiden, omdat de watertemperatuur daarvoor waarschijnlijk te laag is.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlKi0Chy-pFnm1WX2s9Av29bNLaS9CW1LLCo79kDbmtuds3dbcvXZ_5OKs2caChJHVtbfjKEEqhGEgAKGYWunM7fSahQmjkU7gbtPPboCssNCnK9Noh3BH8hhkMPJW2zvJbatv8NawAJI/s1600/Phtisica+marina+-+teringlijdertje+ZL161010024-bewerkt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="656" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlKi0Chy-pFnm1WX2s9Av29bNLaS9CW1LLCo79kDbmtuds3dbcvXZ_5OKs2caChJHVtbfjKEEqhGEgAKGYWunM7fSahQmjkU7gbtPPboCssNCnK9Noh3BH8hhkMPJW2zvJbatv8NawAJI/s1600/Phtisica+marina+-+teringlijdertje+ZL161010024-bewerkt.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">'Alien' uiterlijk: een 6 mm groot Teringlijdertje, <i>Phtisica marina, </i>mannetje<i>.</i> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Zeelandbrug, Nederland, 6-10-2016 (in vitro).</span></div>
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<b>Vorm en biotoop</b></div>
Spookkreeften zijn minder angstwekkend dan de naam en hun ‘alien’ uiterlijk doen vermoeden: ze worden niet groter dan enkele millimeters tot een paar centimeter. Ze hebben een langgerekte, als het ware uitgemergelde, lichaamsbouw. Vanwege dat uiterlijk zijn verschillende soorten spookkreeften in Nederland van fraaie namen voorzien als hongerlijdertje, teringlijdertje en wandelend geraamte. Ze lijken - ook qua gewoonten - wat op bidsprinkhanen. Spookkreeften houden zich met de achterpootjes vast aan een stevige ondergrond en vangen met de sprieten en schaarpoten allerlei voedsel.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj97wtHO-GvD9Nd7Iar7X0tPGd0jf1epcwpO6sWMmqIs6l-8zhIuxXeuiIvBu05bq05E90-DlvNMrJvgq90tKGgZij5UfVPMKHP3oFsGs9nJhUK7UqyFkN8F-FtKmhQLCarNvg2_6zVgL4/s1600/Caprella+mutica+-+Japanese+skeleton+shrimp+-+harige+spookkreeft+ZL150808139.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj97wtHO-GvD9Nd7Iar7X0tPGd0jf1epcwpO6sWMmqIs6l-8zhIuxXeuiIvBu05bq05E90-DlvNMrJvgq90tKGgZij5UfVPMKHP3oFsGs9nJhUK7UqyFkN8F-FtKmhQLCarNvg2_6zVgL4/s640/Caprella+mutica+-+Japanese+skeleton+shrimp+-+harige+spookkreeft+ZL150808139.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Zoals je ze vaak dicht op elkaar kunt vinden op pontons en andere drijvend materiaal: </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">honderden Harige spookkreeften, <i>Caprella mutica. </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Preekhilpolder, Nederland, 8-8-2015.</span></div>
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Spookkreeften komen vooral voor in ondiep water - soms in gigantische aantallen - met name op door de mens aangebrachte ondergrond, zoals windmolenpalen, steigers en pontons. Er is dus een grote kans dat ze in havens op scheepswanden terechtkomen en zo naar andere delen van de wereld getransporteerd worden. Zo kwam waarschijnlijk de Harige spookkreeft, <i>Caprella mutica</i> uit Japan en omstreken in 1993 in Nederland terecht. Die soort komt nu in vrijwel alle werelddelen voor en is in Nederland de meest algemene spookkreeft.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQqTy2Eukws2fRKNDRmd4f0qyoweO6yUI9REBH_lwzOXoNeW3sAIDWWjx8zFPbAi4gZJi3sELcFMnVON1U6J_7wyjrsXGXf9yC-6zwb7VqOTMIAtoOdaW3xr_6pwctyK28YJLs7mfOvSU/s1600/Caprella+mutica+-+Japanese+skeleton+shrimp+-+harig+spookkreeftje+ZL0012v2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="656" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQqTy2Eukws2fRKNDRmd4f0qyoweO6yUI9REBH_lwzOXoNeW3sAIDWWjx8zFPbAi4gZJi3sELcFMnVON1U6J_7wyjrsXGXf9yC-6zwb7VqOTMIAtoOdaW3xr_6pwctyK28YJLs7mfOvSU/s1600/Caprella+mutica+-+Japanese+skeleton+shrimp+-+harig+spookkreeftje+ZL0012v2.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Harige spookkreeft, <i>Caprella mutica,</i> mannetje. Deze exoot is de meest algemene spookkreeft van Nederland. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Wemeldinge, 3-7-2010.</span></div>
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<b>Determinatie van de twee nieuwe soorten</b><br />
Je hebt of uitstekende ogen of een loupe nodig (of beide!) om de verschillen tussen de spookkreeften te kunnen onderscheiden.<br />
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De Bruingevlekte spookkreeft valt op door een vlekkerige bruine tekening. Het meest typerende kenmerk is een puntige stekel midden tussen de aanhechtingen van beide grote schaarpoten (zwarte pijl op foto onder). In sommige populaties buiten Europa is die stekel kleiner of afwezig.
De korte basis van de schaarpoten, korter dan de lengte van het tweede
lichaamssegment, is dan een onderscheidend kenmerk (McCain, 1968). Er kan verder
een tand aan beide zijden aan de voorzijde van één van de segmenten (de coxa) van de schaarpoten
aanwezig zijn (rode pijlen op foto onder), maar het is niet bekend of dit een
exclusief kenmerk is.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijmmbH6nRM-oKTNX0793m5inK6k9EAdlIAv3tRKfJY7qjKpjxnk7Zmuo2lTGZqT7bmy911B_hfAV_KCQt5gxUr8MF0uJKXH_opwCUcXlGi1d56zIL60pI1JChUDQCEyEO_-Fi2EnH4DKo/s1600/Cequilibra_stekel+M+Faasse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="792" data-original-width="984" height="514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijmmbH6nRM-oKTNX0793m5inK6k9EAdlIAv3tRKfJY7qjKpjxnk7Zmuo2lTGZqT7bmy911B_hfAV_KCQt5gxUr8MF0uJKXH_opwCUcXlGi1d56zIL60pI1JChUDQCEyEO_-Fi2EnH4DKo/s640/Cequilibra_stekel+M+Faasse.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Kenmerkende stekels op de Bruingevlekte spookkreeft, <i>Caprella equilibra. </i>Nederland (in vitro). Foto: © Marco Faasse</span><br />
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De Gehoornde spookkreeft kenmerkt zich door een scherpe, naar voren staande hoorn op de kop, direct achter het oog (foto onder). </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEsYUOncO49m22BO3ZV131EvT3o1BSVhHhOMG8n0lumZbB4qtCuCfzbI9hvNfyUGzD5wYaSlap2_EhxNBhyphenhyphen93IWh8dA0Zj4VuxVHAAROobpwyNWPw7-qyugB1WF0-o8ju-IDzRRJQLnT4/s1600/foto+3+Cscaura+M+Faasse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="759" data-original-width="984" height="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEsYUOncO49m22BO3ZV131EvT3o1BSVhHhOMG8n0lumZbB4qtCuCfzbI9hvNfyUGzD5wYaSlap2_EhxNBhyphenhyphen93IWh8dA0Zj4VuxVHAAROobpwyNWPw7-qyugB1WF0-o8ju-IDzRRJQLnT4/s640/foto+3+Cscaura+M+Faasse.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Detail van de Gehoornde spookkreeft, <i>Caprella scaura, </i>mannetje, met de scherpe, naar voren staande hoorn op de kop<i>.</i> Borssele, Nederland, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">8-9-2017</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (in vitro). Foto: © Marco Faasse</span><br />
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<b>Determinatie van alle in Nederland gevonden spookkreeften</b><br />
Voor het determineren van alle in Nederland gevonden spookkreeften kun je onder meer gebruik maken van de volgende publicaties:<br />
<ul>
<li>Stock, J.H., 1955. Nederlandse spookkreeftjes. SWG-tabellenserie 14. In de determinatietabel van Stock ontbreken uiteraard de Gehoornde en de Harige spookkreeften als exoten. De Bruingevlekte spookkreeft staat er wel in als 'Nog nooit in Nederland gevonden, doch - althans adventief - te verwachten'.</li>
<li>Guerra-García, J.M., 2014. Caprellidea. Identification guide to British caprellids. In deze uitstekende tabel van (alleen) de Caprellidae staat de Gedoornde spookkreeft niet, maar de Harige en Gedoornde wel (klik <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269465420_Caprellidea_Identification_Guide_to_British_caprellids_v32NMBAQC_2012_taxonomic_worshop_Dove_Marine_Laboratory" target="_blank">hier</a> om de tabel als PDF te downloaden). </li>
<li>Moorsel, G.W.N.M. van, M.A. Faasse & W. Lengkeek (2014). Het spookkreeftje Caprella tuberculata Guérin, 1836 op een wrak in Nederland. Het Zeepaard. Hierin staat een determinatietabel voor de vier soorten spookkreeften die tot en met 2014 autochtoon voorkomend in Nederlandse wateren waren aangetroffen (klik <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Godfried_Van_Moorsel2/publication/290997388_Het_spookkreeftje_Caprella_tuberculata_Guerin_1836_op_een_wrak_in_Nederland_The_skeleton_shrimp_Caprella_tuberculata_Guerin_1836_on_a_wreck_in_the_Nederlands/links/569d634408ae00e5c98ed247/Het-spookkreeftje-Caprella-tuberculata-Guerin-1836-op-een-wrak-in-Nederland-The-skeleton-shrimp-Caprella-tuberculata-Guerin-1836-on-a-wreck-in-the-Nederlands.pdf" target="_blank">hier</a> om de tabel als PDF te downloaden).</li>
<li>In een apart blogbericht heb ik een eenvoudige determinatietabel van alle in Nederland gevonden spookkreeften gemaakt. Ga naar het vorige bericht of klik <a href="https://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2017/10/spookkreeften-determinatietabel.html" target="_blank">hier</a>.</li>
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<b>Dankwoord</b><br />
Dank aan Marco Faasse voor alle hulp bij o.a. de determinatie en voor zijn foto’s, Aäron Fabrice voor zijn commentaar op de foto in het Facebookbericht en de aanzet tot verdere zoektochten, David Fenwick voor het beschikbaar stellen van een aantal foto's, Brian Pater voor het melden van zijn waarneming en Rien de Ruiter voor het aanleveren van de gegevens uit het CS van de Strandwerkgemeenschap. <br />
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<b>Literatuur en weblinks</b><br />
<ul>
<li>Barnes, R.D., 1968. Invertebrate zoology. </li>
<li>Bate, C.S. & J.O. Westwood, 1868. A history of the British sessile-eyed Crustacea Vol. II. John van Voorst, London.</li>
<li>Calman, W. T., 1911. Life of Crustacea, New York, the MacMillan Company. Klik <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FMIB_47697_Two_species_of_Caprellidae.jpeg" target="_blank">hier</a>.</li>
<li>Dauvin J.-C., 1999. Mise àjour de la liste des espèces d’amphipodes (Crustacea: Peracarida) présents en Manche. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 40, 165–183.</li>
<li>Faasse, M.A., 2017. The first record of the skeleton shrimp <i>Caprella scaura</i> in northwestern Europe (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen 48: 75-78.</li>
<li>Fenwick, D. Aphotomarine. <i>Caprella cf. acanthifera, C. penantis </i>&<i> C. tuberculata</i> (afbeeldingen). Klik <a href="http://www.aphotomarine.com/sitemap_photographic_categories.html" target="_blank">hier</a>.</li>
<li>Guerra-Garcıa, J.M., 2006. <i>Caprella penantis</i> Leach, 1814 and <i>Caprella dilatata</i> Kroyer, 1843 (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from the Strait of Gibraltar: a molecular approach to explore intra- and interspecific variation. Marine Biology Research, 2006; 2: 100108. Klik <a href="https://personal.us.es/jmguerra/pdfs/pdf57.pdf" target="_blank">hier</a> om PDF te downloaden.</li>
<li>Guerra-García, J.M., 2014. Caprellidea. Identification guide to British caprellids. NMBAQC workshop 2012, 17 pp. Klik <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269465420_Caprellidea_Identification_Guide_to_British_caprellids_v32NMBAQC_2012_taxonomic_worshop_Dove_Marine_Laboratory" target="_blank">hier</a> om PDF te downloaden. </li>
<li>Hayward, P.J. and J.S. Ryland, 2017. Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe.</li>
<li>Hillewaert, H. Wikipedia - Hongerlijdertje - <i>Pariambus typicus</i> (afbeeldingen). Klik <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongerlijdertje" target="_blank">hier</a>.</li>
<li>Kerckhof, F., 2016. Waarnemingen van het spookkreeftje <i>Caprella equilibra</i> Say, 1818 van de Belgische kust. De Strandvlo 36(4): 116-122.</li>
<li>McCain, J.C., 1968. The Caprellidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda) of the Western North Atlantic. Bulletin United States National Museum 278: 1-145.</li>
<li>Moorsel, G.W.N.M. van, M.A. Faasse & W. Lengkeek (2014). Het spookkreeftje <i>Caprella tuberculata</i> Guérin, 1836 op een wrak in Nederland. Het Zeepaard 74(2): 24-28. Klik <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Godfried_Van_Moorsel2/publication/290997388_Het_spookkreeftje_Caprella_tuberculata_Guerin_1836_op_een_wrak_in_Nederland_The_skeleton_shrimp_Caprella_tuberculata_Guerin_1836_on_a_wreck_in_the_Nederlands/links/569d634408ae00e5c98ed247/Het-spookkreeftje-Caprella-tuberculata-Guerin-1836-op-een-wrak-in-Nederland-The-skeleton-shrimp-Caprella-tuberculata-Guerin-1836-on-a-wreck-in-the-Nederlands.pdf" target="_blank">hier</a> om PDF te downloaden. </li>
<li>Müller, Y., 2004. Faune et flore du Nord, Pas de Calais et de la Belgique, inventaire. Commision Régionale de Biologie Region Nord Pas de Calais, France, 307 pp.</li>
<li>Nederlands Soortenregister, 2017. Melding op website. Klik <a href="http://www.nederlandsesoorten.nl/content/het-spookkreeftje-caprella-scaura-nieuw-voor-noordwest-europa" target="_blank">hier</a>.</li>
<li>NOS, 2017. Vier millimeter groot, maar Nederland heeft er een nieuw diertje bij. Klik <a href="https://nos.nl/artikel/2194431-vier-millimeter-groot-maar-nederland-heeft-er-een-nieuw-diertje-bij.html" target="_blank">hier</a>.</li>
<li>Otten, M.J., 2016. Melding op Facebook 21-2-2016 met commentaar Aäron Fabrice. Klik <a href="https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10205040161957792&set=pcb.985804668161723&type=3&theater" target="_blank">hier</a>.</li>
<li>PZC, 2017. Spookkreeft ontdekt bij Borssele. Klik <a href="https://www.pzc.nl/zeeuws-nieuws/spookkreeft-ontdekt-bij-borssele~a3359e8e/" target="_blank">hier</a>. </li>
<li>Ruijter, R. de, 2007. Het CS-verslag. Het Zeepaard 67(1): 2-6.</li>
<li>Sars, G. O., 1895. An account of the Crustacea of Norway, with short descriptions and figures of all the species. Klik <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=caprella+acanthifera&title=Special:Search&profile=default&fulltext=1&searchToken=5l56kh35rmyjie333guet53ak#/media/File:An_account_of_the_Crustacea_of_Norway_(Pl._239)_(6812299411).jpg" target="_blank">hier</a>.</li>
<li>Stock, J.H., 1955. Nederlandse spookkreeftjes. SWG-tabellenserie 14. KNNV & NJN, 12 pp.</li>
</ul>
Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-44727961192810497642017-10-20T09:46:00.002+02:002022-11-20T12:35:31.690+01:00Spookkreeften Determinatietabel - Identification key to Dutch ghost shrimps<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhucPamZEWQT83EhLCtFpv-pnoK8eztgpqZr1YHhIniPlWktQg9u5ZpVeimIuKHErfV3o8MEW9cS7HGz4LiIFcVT3rBXa58vUbNFsIxNqRWIrtmqAzROvqxAfCKmXSmwFRPuoPuhTM0-_Y/s1600/montage+kop2K2.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="511" data-original-width="1378" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhucPamZEWQT83EhLCtFpv-pnoK8eztgpqZr1YHhIniPlWktQg9u5ZpVeimIuKHErfV3o8MEW9cS7HGz4LiIFcVT3rBXa58vUbNFsIxNqRWIrtmqAzROvqxAfCKmXSmwFRPuoPuhTM0-_Y/s640/montage+kop2K2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In dit bericht is een determinatietabel samengesteld van alle in Nederland voorkomende spookkreeften. De tabel is gemaakt naar aanleiding van de vondst van twee nieuwe soorten spookkreeften. Zie daarvoor het volgende bericht of klik <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2017/10/caprella-equilibra-en-caprella-scaura.html" target="_blank">hier</a>. In dat bericht vind je ook een overzicht van (determinatie)literatuur en websites, inclusief een aantal weblinks naar te downloaden PDF's met een determinatietabel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>Soortenoverzicht </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Voor een aantal soorten bestaat nog geen Nederlandse naam. Om voor alle soorten in een Nederlandse naam te voorzien, worden hieronder namen voorgesteld, die in onderstaand overzicht en determinatietabel zijn opgenomen.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";">In Nederland voorkomende spookkreeften met (deels voorgestelde) Nederlandse naam:</span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;"><i>Caprella cf. acanthifera</i>*<i>: </i></span></span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">Schedelspookkreeft (voorgesteld)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">Caprella equilibra:</span></i><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;"> Bruingevlekte spookkreeft (voorgesteld)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">Caprella linearis:</span></i><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;"> Wandelend geraamte <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">Caprella mutica:</span></i><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;"> Harige spookkreeft<span style="color: #666666;"> (voorheen <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">C. macho</i>, Machospookkreeft)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">Caprella penantis:</span></i><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;"> Puntkopspookkreeft (voorgesteld) <span style="color: #666666;">(voorheen <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">C. acutifrons</i>)</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">Caprella scaura: </span></i><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">Gehoornde spookkreeft (voorgesteld)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">Caprella septentrionalis: </span></i><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">Noordelijke spookkreeft (voorgesteld)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">Caprella tuberculata:</span></i><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;"> Knobbelspookkreeft (voorgesteld)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">Pariambus typicus:</span></i><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;"> Hongerlijdertje<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">Phtisica marina:</span></i><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;"> Teringlijdertje<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">Pseudoprotella phasma: </span></i><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">Gestekelde spookkreeft<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">(voorgesteld)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -18pt;">* Volgens Guerra García (zie David Fenwick op <a href="http://www.aphotomarine.com/amphipod_caprella_acanthifera.html" target="_blank">Aphotomarine.com</a>) - een autoriteit op het gebied van spookkreeften - is <i>Caprella acanthifera</i> in feite een complex van verschillende soorten. Daar moet dus nog het nodige wetenschappelijke onderzoek naar plaatsvinden. Om die reden wordt de soort hier aangeduid als <i>Caprella cf. acanthifera</i>.</span><br />
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hieronder volgt een simpele determinatietabel van de hierboven genoemde soorten. </span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Aangetekend moet worden dat mannetjes en vrouwtjes behoorlijk kunnen verschillen (fig. 1) en er binnen één soort nogal wat variatie in vorm en lengte kan zijn. Daarbij zijn juveniele exemplaren en vrouwtjes als soort vaak moeilijk uit elkaar te houden. </span><br />
<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbtlIVIchycsGGMJ4at-kS0WpgtUNu31OrxWpeapWj1F1yWaEFbOXum0KXlOWcji9QudCQj_TIYtAKmJxVfn2A87lyPu1Udzg_73yb9yNK6nst0VWJkJPig4tl6EftjUlVpIHH_tdntn8/s1600/Caprella+mutica+-+Japanese+skeleton+shrimp+-+harig+spookkreeftje+ZL9991.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="984" height="435" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbtlIVIchycsGGMJ4at-kS0WpgtUNu31OrxWpeapWj1F1yWaEFbOXum0KXlOWcji9QudCQj_TIYtAKmJxVfn2A87lyPu1Udzg_73yb9yNK6nst0VWJkJPig4tl6EftjUlVpIHH_tdntn8/s640/Caprella+mutica+-+Japanese+skeleton+shrimp+-+harig+spookkreeftje+ZL9991.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 1 Het verschil in uiterlijk en grootte tussen mannetjes (rechts) en vrouwtjes (links) van </span><i style="font-family: calibri;">Caprella mutica,</i><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Harige spookkreeft, is aanzienlijk. Wemeldinge, Nederland, 3-7-2010.</span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ook bij mannetjes kan het lastig zijn. Stock (1955) schrijft in zijn determinatietabel bij </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Caprella septentrionalis</span></i><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> bijvoorbeeld 'Slechts uitgegroeide mannetjes zijn met zekerheid op naam te brengen'. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Bij twijfel is het nalezen van alle kenmerken noodzakelijk in literatuur of op websites. Tenslotte zou je ook een nieuwe soort kunnen vinden, zoals onlangs </span><i style="font-family: Calibri;">Caprella andreae </i><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(niet in deze tabel)</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> door onze zuiderburen</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">!</span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Meer informatie vind je door bij 'Verdere omschrijving' <span style="color: #3d85c6;">hier</span> aan te klikken. Verdere referenties vind je zoals al aangegeven in het volgende blogbericht.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEt0zsspYQIYZYohsdL86gwRqpPz1P7qpynk2XfjO5vvrKfT4SqcUSUW8Xi9XhxIl98wxq9cUpTsRURLAdHv8Fnrt_MfxWXS9TYbDap3ai6A6DfOV_ouka0gWTy4BJrTw5Fnzw6KPkK0A/s1600/Phtisica+overzicht+NW.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="437" data-original-width="984" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEt0zsspYQIYZYohsdL86gwRqpPz1P7qpynk2XfjO5vvrKfT4SqcUSUW8Xi9XhxIl98wxq9cUpTsRURLAdHv8Fnrt_MfxWXS9TYbDap3ai6A6DfOV_ouka0gWTy4BJrTw5Fnzw6KPkK0A/s640/Phtisica+overzicht+NW.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">fig. 2 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Afbeelding met kenmerken genoemd in de tabel</span><br />
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Determinatietabel</span></b><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> (M = mannetje, V = vrouwtje):</span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>1a.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7 paar goed ontwikkelde poten en 3 paar kieuwen <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lengte: M tot 25 mm, V 5 - 16 mm<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kleur: doorschijnend bleekwit tot effen bruin met wat rode of bruine vlekken <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Voorkomen: algemeen<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><b>Phtisica marina</b></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Verdere omschrijving: klik </span><span lang="NL"><a href="http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=crustacea&menuentry=soorten&id=247&tab=beschrijving" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">hier</span></a></span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Minngs"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> (fig. 2 & 3) </span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(Teringlijdertje)</span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>1b.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b> </b> </span>maximaal 5 paar goed ontwikkelde poten - p3 en p4 ontbreken (nagenoeg) -</span><br />
<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> en 2 paar kieuwen<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>- 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>2a.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<sup>e</sup> paar poten gereduceerd tot een stompje <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lengte: M tot 7 mm, V 3 - 6 mm<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kleur: doorschijnend bleekgeel tot licht bruin</span><br />
<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Voorkomen: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">algemeen op veel locaties met een zandbodem<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>Pariambus typicus</b></span></i></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Verdere omschrijving: klik </span><span lang="NL"><a href="http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=crustacea&menuentry=soorten&id=246&tab=beschrijving" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">hier</span></a></span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Minngs"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> (fig. 4a & b) </span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(Hongerlijdertje)</span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>2b.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b> </b> </span>5<sup>e</sup> paar poten goed ontwikkeld en in vorm vergelijkbaar met </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">6</span><sup style="font-family: Calibri;">e</sup><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> en 7</span><sup style="font-family: Calibri;">e</sup><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> paar poten</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> - 3 </span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>3a.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>scherpe, naar voren staande stekel op de kop <i>achter</i> het oog <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>- 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>3b.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>geen scherpe, naar voren staande stekel op de kop <i>achter</i> het oog<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>- 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>4a.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b> </b> </span></span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Minngs"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">scherpe naar voren staande stekels op </span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">segment 1 en 2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lengte: M tot 25 mm, V tot 20 mm<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kleur: doorschijnend bleekgroen, op de 2e poot wat rode vlekjes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Voorkomen: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">alleen buiten de kust<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>Pseudoprotella phasma</b></span></i><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Verdere omschrijving: klik </span><span lang="NL"><a href="http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=crustacea&menuentry=soorten&id=248&tab=beschrijving" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">hier</span></a></span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Minngs"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> (fig. 5a - c) </span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(Gestekelde spookkreeft)</span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>4b.</b> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>alleen </span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Minngs"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">scherpe naar voren staande stekel op de kop <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lengte: M 14 - 34 mm, V tot 14 mm<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kleur: bruinrood</span><br />
<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Voorkomen: vooralsnog zeldzaam, Borssele >10 ex.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><i><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Minngs"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>Caprella scaura</b></span></i></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Verdere omschrijving: klik </span><span lang="NL"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1439609205000784" target="_blank">hier</a> (</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 6a & b</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">) </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(Gehoornde spookkreeft)</span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>5a.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>stekel midden tussen de aanhechtingen van de grote schaarpoten<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lengte: M tot 23 mm, V tot 12 mm<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><br />
<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">Kleur: doorschijnend met vlekkerige bruin-oranje tekening </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Voorkomen: vooralsnog zeldzaam, Borssele >10 ex.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b><i><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Minngs"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Caprella</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> equilibra</span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Verdere omschrijving: klik </span><span lang="NL"><a href="http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=crustacea&menuentry=soorten&id=241&tab=beschrijving" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">hier</span></a></span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 7a & b)</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(Bruingevlekte spookkreeft)</span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>5b.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>geen stekel tussen schaarpoten, lichaam zonder vlekkerige <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">bruin-oranje tekening<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>- 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>6a.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tand aan voorzijde kop, alle segmenten plomp<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lengte: M 12 - 18 mm, V 7 - 10 mm<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kleur: doorschijnend rood, groen of bruin met gele of groene vlekken</span><br />
<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Voorkomen: zeldzaam, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">alleen aangespoeld<span style="color: blue;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>Caprella penantis</b></span></i></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Verdere omschrijving: klik <u><a href="https://personal.us.es/jmguerra/pdfs/pdf57.pdf" target="_blank">hier</a></u> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> (fig. 8a - c) </span></span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Minngs"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(Puntkopspookkreeft)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>6b.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b> </b> </span>geen tand aan voorzijde kop<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>- 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>7a.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kop duidelijk schedelvormig, onderzijde 2<sup>e</sup> antenne met zeer korte haartjes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lengte: M tot 13 mm, V tot 8 mm<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kleur: variabel: o.a. doorschijnend geelgroen, rood of oranje met zwarte vlekjes</span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Voorkomen: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tamelijk zeldzaam op verscheidene locaties rond <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Oosterscheldemonding<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b><i><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Minngs"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Caprella</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> cf. acanthifera</span></i></b><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Verdere omschrijving: klik </span><span lang="NL"><a href="http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=crustacea&id=240&menuentry=soorten" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">hier</span></a></span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> (fig. 9a - c) </span>(Schedelspookkreeft)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>7b.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kop niet duidelijk schedelvormig, bij M onderzijde 2<sup>e</sup> antenne met lange haren </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">- 8</span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>8a.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>segmenten met grote gepaarde knobbels maar niet in segment 1 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">bij M, </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";"> segment 3 en 4 niet meer dan 2x zo lang als hoog</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lengte: M tot 15 mm, V tot 6 mm</span><br />
<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">Kleur: doorschijnend met verspreid rode vlekjes en stippels </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Voorkomen: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">alleen op een wrak en aangespoeld<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b><i><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Minngs"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Caprella</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> tuberculata</span></i></b><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Verdere omschrijving: klik </span><span lang="NL"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=crustacea&menuentry=soorten&id=245&tab=beschrijving" target="_blank">hier</a> en <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Godfried_Van_Moorsel2/publication/290997388_Het_spookkreeftje_Caprella_tuberculata_Guerin_1836_op_een_wrak_in_Nederland_The_skeleton_shrimp_Caprella_tuberculata_Guerin_1836_on_a_wreck_in_the_Nederlands/links/569d634408ae00e5c98ed247/Het-spookkreeftje-Caprella-tuberculata-Guerin-1836-op-een-wrak-in-Nederland-The-skeleton-shrimp-Caprella-tuberculata-Guerin-1836-on-a-wreck-in-the-Nederlands.pdf" target="_blank">hier</a></span></span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Minngs"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> (fig. 10a - c) </span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(Knobbelspookkreeft)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>8b.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>segmenten glad of met stekels, haartjes of kleine knobbeltjes, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> segment 3 en 4 meer dan 2x zo lang als hoog<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> - 9</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>9a.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b> </b> </span>bruin, oranje tot rood van kleur (V vaak meer doorschijnend) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">en</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">M: segment 1 en 2 en schaarpoten sterk behaard, segment 3 t/m 7 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> met flinke rugstekels, kieuwen langwerpig <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">V: rode stippen op broedbuidel, lichaam niet </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">behaard </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Lengte: M </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">24 - 35 mm</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">, V </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">11 - 15 mm</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Voorkomen: masssaal</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><i style="font-family: calibri;"><b>Caprella mutica</b></i></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Verdere omschrijving: klik </span><span lang="NL"><a href="http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=crustacea&menuentry=soorten&id=243&tab=beschrijving" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">hier</span></a></span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> (als <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">C. macho</i>) en </span><span lang="NL"><a href="http://www.anemoon.org/flora-en-fauna/soorteninformatie/soorten/id/326/harig%20spookkreeftje" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">hier</span></a></span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Minngs"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> (fig. 1 & 11a - c) </span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(Harige spookkreeft)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>9b.</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>anders van kleur <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">en</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">M: geen behaarde segmenten en rugstekels - indien aanwezig - klein<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">V: zonder rode stippen op broedbuidel<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>- 10 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>10a.</b> M: kieuwen ovaal (alleen uitgegroeide M zijn te onderscheiden van <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><i> C. septentrionalis</i>)</span></span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> V en juvenielen: vrijwel niet van <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">C.</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">septentrionalis </i>te onderscheiden<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Lengte: M 12 - 20 mm, V 4 - 14 mm<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Kleur: variabel: doorschijnend oranje, rose, wijnrood en<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>geel <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Voorkomen: vroeger zeer algemeen, maar </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">op de kust tamelijk <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> zeldzaam geworden</span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><i><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri";"><b>Caprella linearis</b></span></i></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Verdere omschrijving: klik </span><span lang="NL"><a href="http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=crustacea&menuentry=soorten&id=242&tab=beschrijving" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">hier</span></a></span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Minngs"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> (fig. 12) </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(Wandelend geraamte)</span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><b>10b.</b> M: kieuwen rond (alleen uitgegroeide M zijn te onderscheiden van <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> C. linearis)</span></i><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> V en juvenielen: vrijwel niet van <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">C.</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">linearis </i>te onderscheiden<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Lengte: M 15 - 30 mm, V 8 - 19 mm<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Kleur: variabel: o.a. doorschijnend bleekgroen, rood, met vlekken en stippen</span><br />
<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Voorkomen: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">zeer zeldzaam</i>, 1 ex. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">aangespoeld op Terschelling</span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Verdere omschrijving: klik </span><span lang="NL"><a href="http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=crustacea&menuentry=soorten&id=244&tab=beschrijving" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">hier</span></a></span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Minngs"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> (fig. 13) </span><i style="font-family: calibri;"><b>Caprella septentrionalis</b></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (Noordelijke spookkreeft)</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: calibri;">Figuren </b><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><i style="font-family: calibri;">(klik op de figuur voor weergave in een groter formaat)</i><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvVKAeNlKcsjLRAKfZeqYWX4FTSVC_rHExg-7ZvVSWT_8V5jzZVR5_OLZ4KyW3WJPUm2ZYJ-3fXFRpzi4M85vTEHPYt_4aPRyJpKd7maJl4glf539YzVCaUXGLVrTzO2k16elEpTOOc2Y/s1600/Phtisica+marina+-+teringlijdertje+ZL161012234v2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvVKAeNlKcsjLRAKfZeqYWX4FTSVC_rHExg-7ZvVSWT_8V5jzZVR5_OLZ4KyW3WJPUm2ZYJ-3fXFRpzi4M85vTEHPYt_4aPRyJpKd7maJl4glf539YzVCaUXGLVrTzO2k16elEpTOOc2Y/s400/Phtisica+marina+-+teringlijdertje+ZL161012234v2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">fig. 3 <i>Phtisica marina,</i> Teringlijdertje, mannetje. Zeelandbrug, Nederland, 6-10-2016 (in vitro).</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRVVkUm5uQOdqh8UrMC5694DMqMVIoKHsn0NYJp50uzt316wLJXmns2D2kqli01U_Jyx7-ZPKZ9lM_KfkvTS6cNnWt0pxdPOwBp-E_CIGpYOtZOcW4SjwqqgeaH9x6vUWGfwsMttPEq98/s1600/Pariambus_typicus_%2528male%2529.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1181" data-original-width="886" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRVVkUm5uQOdqh8UrMC5694DMqMVIoKHsn0NYJp50uzt316wLJXmns2D2kqli01U_Jyx7-ZPKZ9lM_KfkvTS6cNnWt0pxdPOwBp-E_CIGpYOtZOcW4SjwqqgeaH9x6vUWGfwsMttPEq98/s400/Pariambus_typicus_%2528male%2529.JPG" width="300" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 4a </span><i style="font-family: calibri; text-indent: -24px;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">Pariambus typicus,</span></i><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -24px;"> Hongerlijdertje</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">, mannetje. Belgisch deel van de Noordzee, 24-6-2011 (in vitro). Foto: </span><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongerlijdertje" style="font-family: calibri;" target="_blank">© Hans Hillewaert</a><span style="font-family: "calibri";">.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRUPHl_mjj1b3H9rLxSeekvWr8NBk4uxezXhsORbUV4LPBfiiSEqZ8lOVK27PoYWXBbg4-xlOMzEV5YgrmOPJe3py378gafQ57uqlxgbsqq6wn2GF5W4OfnWp664zMv8xz8lq2rC13gsY/s1600/Pariambus_typicus_female.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="886" data-original-width="1181" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRUPHl_mjj1b3H9rLxSeekvWr8NBk4uxezXhsORbUV4LPBfiiSEqZ8lOVK27PoYWXBbg4-xlOMzEV5YgrmOPJe3py378gafQ57uqlxgbsqq6wn2GF5W4OfnWp664zMv8xz8lq2rC13gsY/s400/Pariambus_typicus_female.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">fig. 4b <i style="font-family: -webkit-standard; text-indent: -24px;"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">Pariambus typicus,</span></i><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -24px;"> Hongerlijdertje</span>, vrouwtje. Belgisch deel van de Noordzee, 24-6-2011 (in vitro). Foto: <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongerlijdertje" target="_blank">© Hans Hillewaert</a>.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZtEpbOtIhBw6oYeRCrEhRzXjwF2_OTELEbcCMJguVm7oEu-pHfw64oHx-xA_z-ageE68l8LLF14IFRGkNvEvwsMunyjlLKqIkcvpjOykdW8XGvwnnmIiHmHYHOg1FGNTVIGin0kzHeiQ/s1600/Pseudoprotella+phasma.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="603" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZtEpbOtIhBw6oYeRCrEhRzXjwF2_OTELEbcCMJguVm7oEu-pHfw64oHx-xA_z-ageE68l8LLF14IFRGkNvEvwsMunyjlLKqIkcvpjOykdW8XGvwnnmIiHmHYHOg1FGNTVIGin0kzHeiQ/s320/Pseudoprotella+phasma.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 5a <i>Pseudoprotella phasma</i>, Gestekelde spookkreeft, vrouwtje. Uit Stock (1955). </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu-IBdhvGaPjroO-Rq92XoC5xnRI0rBxBoZdWkIftkGKFOoBJ5fMY37lDX0c8kRb5tDILDCG7rt5NO6xOfM2zvssnpHNkTfSm2PISDLIBXDFxZ8-yoFazX8xkL7EJvtBR3AD7vKVBSqu8/s1600/Pseudoprotella+phasma+-+Gestekelde+spookkreeft.jpg" style="clear: left; font-family: -webkit-standard; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="942" data-original-width="984" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu-IBdhvGaPjroO-Rq92XoC5xnRI0rBxBoZdWkIftkGKFOoBJ5fMY37lDX0c8kRb5tDILDCG7rt5NO6xOfM2zvssnpHNkTfSm2PISDLIBXDFxZ8-yoFazX8xkL7EJvtBR3AD7vKVBSqu8/s320/Pseudoprotella+phasma+-+Gestekelde+spookkreeft.jpg" width="320" /></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 5b <i>Pseudoprotella phasma</i>, Gestekelde spookkreeft, vrouwtje. Wrak 2803, Doggersbank, Noordzee, 8-9-2015. Foto: © Arjan Gittenberger. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcm-_vd97D15rL2JQb8zGz6RmL_hr8whyphenhyphenN9fUfc0Vi9RZevMfV-DKDCz-TfawmLrJvdQ1Ls6vA6g_QQiw0JoQW0yWKQ2XLYgiREOfQU6RWIskb1pbDJjlt2r-Ep8q7VG8S90BmoJ-Str8/s1600/Pseudoprotella+phasma+-+Gestekelde+spookkreeft+D.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="879" data-original-width="984" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcm-_vd97D15rL2JQb8zGz6RmL_hr8whyphenhyphenN9fUfc0Vi9RZevMfV-DKDCz-TfawmLrJvdQ1Ls6vA6g_QQiw0JoQW0yWKQ2XLYgiREOfQU6RWIskb1pbDJjlt2r-Ep8q7VG8S90BmoJ-Str8/s320/Pseudoprotella+phasma+-+Gestekelde+spookkreeft+D.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 5c </span><i style="font-family: calibri;">Pseudoprotella phasma</i><span style="font-family: "calibri";">, Gestekelde spookkreeft, vrouwtje. Detail met stekels op segment 1 en 2 (rode streepjes). Wrak 2803, Doggersbank, Noordzee, 8-9-2015. Foto: © Arjan Gittenberger. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirr8ERP5q2CjuPp88fHY-zhSGSlsD0MI403KjIYzSyBZNb2XYLoiUIv2Efz30YUOR3YLledhXL2RfZYAf9RVBXPY112nF_0oeDgOrVFKmqjdTpIf559TWKCxpC9_poSxQG6Q7Tl37io-Y/s1600/foto+1+Cscaura+M+Faasse.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="722" data-original-width="984" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirr8ERP5q2CjuPp88fHY-zhSGSlsD0MI403KjIYzSyBZNb2XYLoiUIv2Efz30YUOR3YLledhXL2RfZYAf9RVBXPY112nF_0oeDgOrVFKmqjdTpIf559TWKCxpC9_poSxQG6Q7Tl37io-Y/s400/foto+1+Cscaura+M+Faasse.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 6a </span><i style="font-family: calibri;">Caprella scaura</i><span style="font-family: "calibri";">, Gehoornde spookkreeft, mannetje. Borssele, Nederland, 8-9-2017 (in vitro). Foto: © Marco Faasse.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3sHtgV1NFkhyphenhyphenTWEra_HGSlSR3TRGXIIAeG5XJbxGgdFTms3TZK2X-CfNQ5V2Yl3KKhlWNlkWJpNPJnmsI_M5CihyphenhyphensMnTvyjHPE-NJUORHzXkC2tFR369aTnjLFOAA4pZGLbRRu_9QIGI/s1600/foto+3+Cscaura+M+Faasse.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="759" data-original-width="984" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3sHtgV1NFkhyphenhyphenTWEra_HGSlSR3TRGXIIAeG5XJbxGgdFTms3TZK2X-CfNQ5V2Yl3KKhlWNlkWJpNPJnmsI_M5CihyphenhyphensMnTvyjHPE-NJUORHzXkC2tFR369aTnjLFOAA4pZGLbRRu_9QIGI/s400/foto+3+Cscaura+M+Faasse.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 6b </span><i style="font-family: calibri;">Caprella scaura</i><span style="font-family: "calibri";">, Gehoornde spookkreeft, mannetje. Borssele, Nederland, 8-9-2017 (in vitro). Foto: © Marco Faasse.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2eJcwY0TX29LAatFaVyD2jZlWzenh2T5h8vrhGKcAA1NV4GWHk1eGbMltidjtg6bcOQlJjCsOw38EJBIbdso79kzPp2YKOQi1OWfk2fLDEANlmuTsFd3qRlg-AYcYM1mF5lxMy5MmnXg/s1600/Caprella+equilibra+-+bruingevlekte+spookkreeft+%2528male%2529.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="580" data-original-width="984" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2eJcwY0TX29LAatFaVyD2jZlWzenh2T5h8vrhGKcAA1NV4GWHk1eGbMltidjtg6bcOQlJjCsOw38EJBIbdso79kzPp2YKOQi1OWfk2fLDEANlmuTsFd3qRlg-AYcYM1mF5lxMy5MmnXg/s400/Caprella+equilibra+-+bruingevlekte+spookkreeft+%2528male%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 7a </span><i style="font-family: calibri;">Caprella equilibra,</i><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Bruingevlekte spookkreeft, mannetje. Borssele, Nederland, 30-8-2015 (in vitro).</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKnAOwgiCAydb9yL9vFUDBwSAYCQ5A8H0oKxHuEXEAWuosdqRYJFCQt8kFqSjRflv-qkjswOq7195xqCs1OK3bLW3i4kJyNc1apQejL4yrzEJLYIHeiddLoj4GpDpz6XIBoOfxAylwEdU/s1600/Cequilibra_stekel+M+Faasse.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="792" data-original-width="984" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKnAOwgiCAydb9yL9vFUDBwSAYCQ5A8H0oKxHuEXEAWuosdqRYJFCQt8kFqSjRflv-qkjswOq7195xqCs1OK3bLW3i4kJyNc1apQejL4yrzEJLYIHeiddLoj4GpDpz6XIBoOfxAylwEdU/s320/Cequilibra_stekel+M+Faasse.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 7b Kenmerkende stekels van </span><i style="font-family: calibri;">Caprella equilibra</i><span style="font-family: "calibri";">, Bruingevlekte spookkreeft: puntige stekel midden tussen de aanhechtingen van beide grote schaarpoten (zwarte pijl) en tand aan de voorzijde van de coxa van de schaarpoten (rode pijlen). Nederland (in vitro). Foto: © Marco Faasse.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHl4DNuaghyphenhyphenc7CXXgaPy0_mBRFgNF5NCIFuwcZiMU0tPdyNOfOddk3IHqYIUfJd9Bttg0W9qUelkJbtxmo2UGhNC-JeEy5JTcJytPsYy_AeNcqdLJz9KetjOEBWSWHggRTCkrotI_oyYg/s1600/Caprella+penantis230v2.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHl4DNuaghyphenhyphenc7CXXgaPy0_mBRFgNF5NCIFuwcZiMU0tPdyNOfOddk3IHqYIUfJd9Bttg0W9qUelkJbtxmo2UGhNC-JeEy5JTcJytPsYy_AeNcqdLJz9KetjOEBWSWHggRTCkrotI_oyYg/s400/Caprella+penantis230v2.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 8a </span><i style="font-family: calibri;">Caprella penantis,</i><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Puntkopspookkreeft, vrouwtje</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">. Smeaton's Pier, St. Ives, Verenigd Koninkrijk,</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">18-2-2015 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(in vitro)</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Foto: <a href="http://www.aphotomarine.com/amphipod_caprella_penantis.html" target="_blank">© David Fenwick</a>.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSBqtywvrhP9My04p_8KfIPXLghqwt5XRUoRRC-1vAK7A5U1ja6erzKIs3yM53ROdGmVnC3au_UOtTeJYPdbx7wkzBjug13vHqusnGQutsbQHsvQ0b8tofqbJfG0qdK_wNltXPqLF2XyY/s1600/Caprella+penantis318v2.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="783" data-original-width="984" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSBqtywvrhP9My04p_8KfIPXLghqwt5XRUoRRC-1vAK7A5U1ja6erzKIs3yM53ROdGmVnC3au_UOtTeJYPdbx7wkzBjug13vHqusnGQutsbQHsvQ0b8tofqbJfG0qdK_wNltXPqLF2XyY/s320/Caprella+penantis318v2.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 8b </span><i style="font-family: calibri;">Caprella penantis,</i><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Puntkopspookkreeft, mannetje: detail met tand (punt) op kop</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">. Challaborough, South Devon, Verenigd Koninkrijk, 26-9-2015 (in vitro). Foto: <a href="http://www.aphotomarine.com/amphipod_caprella_penantis.html" target="_blank">© </a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="http://www.aphotomarine.com/amphipod_caprella_penantis.html" target="_blank">David Fenwick</a>.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVvBw0Eh0woG_88teNrb9s8C_cjur2W50CY6WLClbVJusONA3EZVtY-LDAR4EVxVGCib5MEPqy0znitaewSw8v_0MM-ysL_4flRZQsRR7nRlXlo2iv8y1tRPLq8PkhU0lnPWA4YajOXY8/s1600/Caprella+acanthifera+-+female.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="984" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVvBw0Eh0woG_88teNrb9s8C_cjur2W50CY6WLClbVJusONA3EZVtY-LDAR4EVxVGCib5MEPqy0znitaewSw8v_0MM-ysL_4flRZQsRR7nRlXlo2iv8y1tRPLq8PkhU0lnPWA4YajOXY8/s400/Caprella+acanthifera+-+female.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 9a </span><i style="font-family: calibri;">Caprella cf. acanthifera,</i><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Schedelspookkreeft, vrouwtje. Uit Sars (1895).</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTwPZrhVtpaTH9s9CWq7rKI2Uh0hvKlMpgbLfHRqo9o_RvotxrIvBZ8w1jBWGvst0v9dovBgWUWy2eCrJX_gj9Fa-2EGq0PtCO84rwzG11CJ9Iv07skPii2MkL-MlIn_R9Jl_eIXZjJCg/s1600/Caprella+acanthifera324v2.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTwPZrhVtpaTH9s9CWq7rKI2Uh0hvKlMpgbLfHRqo9o_RvotxrIvBZ8w1jBWGvst0v9dovBgWUWy2eCrJX_gj9Fa-2EGq0PtCO84rwzG11CJ9Iv07skPii2MkL-MlIn_R9Jl_eIXZjJCg/s400/Caprella+acanthifera324v2.JPG" width="400" /></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 9b </span><i style="font-family: calibri;">Caprella cf. acanthifera,</i><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Schedelspookkreeft, mannetje. Battery Rocks, Penzance, Verenigd Koninkrijk, 23-6-2017 (in vitro). Foto: </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="http://www.aphotomarine.com/amphipod_caprella_penantis.html" target="_blank">© </a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="http://www.aphotomarine.com/amphipod_caprella_acanthifera.html" target="_blank">David Fenwick</a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxjn6_j91ZIWrIv5pUqqRsmC4ibbBsem7Zt4yhyFzysZNmBb5oBMLs2xnFUTmoTuVHoOwIp01Rezc9dpdPiLZrWxHMGskGKwcC9QDf-iol8NSQXAsm2Ypn1RFkZa_582pNWXNd6buyoZQ/s1600/Caprella+acanthifera170v2.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="656" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxjn6_j91ZIWrIv5pUqqRsmC4ibbBsem7Zt4yhyFzysZNmBb5oBMLs2xnFUTmoTuVHoOwIp01Rezc9dpdPiLZrWxHMGskGKwcC9QDf-iol8NSQXAsm2Ypn1RFkZa_582pNWXNd6buyoZQ/s400/Caprella+acanthifera170v2.JPG" width="266" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 9c </span><i style="font-family: calibri;">Caprella cf. acanthifera,</i><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Schedelspookkreeft, mannetje. Chimney Rocks, Penzance, Verenigd Koninkrijk, 11-6-2014 (in vitro). Foto: </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="http://www.aphotomarine.com/amphipod_caprella_penantis.html" target="_blank">© </a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="http://www.aphotomarine.com/amphipod_caprella_acanthifera.html" target="_blank">David Fenwick</a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_HYQWNZKwUr1twSPtVLcuv6wBohwYsrR9LpHyspKtjocfAaXF5EtFe70V_ElRMEYihuZ3_4t8lypCxercqRyJWV7bz4ZhB9zxQqcmqTCNgoOyIYQxOVnd5cZOEW2RAdxqrqcmxqg1KSY/s1600/Caprella+tuberculata.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="615" data-original-width="984" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_HYQWNZKwUr1twSPtVLcuv6wBohwYsrR9LpHyspKtjocfAaXF5EtFe70V_ElRMEYihuZ3_4t8lypCxercqRyJWV7bz4ZhB9zxQqcmqTCNgoOyIYQxOVnd5cZOEW2RAdxqrqcmxqg1KSY/s400/Caprella+tuberculata.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 10a <i>Caprella tuberculata,</i> Knobbelspookkreeft, vrouwtje links en mannetje rechts. Uit Bate & Westwood (1868). </span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6RlWhpCoY_UY2Vo_NNy1a7tcH7vzGC0qnr3otEOnDtV2Scivdw1Rn1OG0677Rx40Z89t4glQexPGlh1dQGN7zEjh1UahW9TK-vqUyp0XN1fkF0nINn87oT2YuZuVM0kJP7OYIpdJg5i8/s1600/Caprella+tuberculata697v2.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6RlWhpCoY_UY2Vo_NNy1a7tcH7vzGC0qnr3otEOnDtV2Scivdw1Rn1OG0677Rx40Z89t4glQexPGlh1dQGN7zEjh1UahW9TK-vqUyp0XN1fkF0nINn87oT2YuZuVM0kJP7OYIpdJg5i8/s400/Caprella+tuberculata697v2.JPG" width="400" /></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 10b </span><i style="font-family: calibri;">Caprella tuberculata,</i><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Knobbelspookkreeft, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">mannetje. Sennen Cove, Cornwall, Verenigd Koninkrijk, 24-5-2016 (in vitro). Foto: </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="http://www.aphotomarine.com/amphipod_caprella_penantis.html" target="_blank">© </a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="http://www.aphotomarine.com/amphipod_caprella_tuberculata.html" target="_blank">David Fenwick</a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCB11-fTbkVlHlDlhXe-XVT1eGzkqY2kX61bt4Yd8yDkBPfbuH2_icrQiLDBHngyGkO1h__ffSdXtc-kyeEUP4HaKxYKM8-zQM0uDVZ1_cdMu3l1LaYC__MUC9680QgToXyS7lK39BaA0/s1600/Caprella+tuberculata790v2.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="984" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCB11-fTbkVlHlDlhXe-XVT1eGzkqY2kX61bt4Yd8yDkBPfbuH2_icrQiLDBHngyGkO1h__ffSdXtc-kyeEUP4HaKxYKM8-zQM0uDVZ1_cdMu3l1LaYC__MUC9680QgToXyS7lK39BaA0/s400/Caprella+tuberculata790v2.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 10c <i>Caprella tuberculata,</i> Knobbelspookkreeft, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">mannetje: detail met knobbels. Gevonden op een krabbenfuik op 30-40m diep ten zuiden van de Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall, Verenigd Koninkrijk, 17-7-2017 (in vitro). Foto: </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="http://www.aphotomarine.com/amphipod_caprella_penantis.html" target="_blank">© </a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><a href="http://www.aphotomarine.com/amphipod_caprella_tuberculata.html" target="_blank">David Fenwick</a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8j0bxQwHeNIlpo9YjAcKt82TNn_AFhUEbHTOOLlkLK8jpOiR21cJHnd1csGdkBuqnlAv0-S-lFTsNxTtAwljfgJyWsXvIPK7L1eDLhyNdsvcEHhefWyshRFvOjidTfUi7j1hY2z8Kdy8/s1600/Caprella+mutica+-+Japanese+skeleton+shrimp+-+harig+spookkreeftje.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="656" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8j0bxQwHeNIlpo9YjAcKt82TNn_AFhUEbHTOOLlkLK8jpOiR21cJHnd1csGdkBuqnlAv0-S-lFTsNxTtAwljfgJyWsXvIPK7L1eDLhyNdsvcEHhefWyshRFvOjidTfUi7j1hY2z8Kdy8/s400/Caprella+mutica+-+Japanese+skeleton+shrimp+-+harig+spookkreeftje.JPG" width="266" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 11a </span><i style="font-family: calibri;">Caprella mutica,</i><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Harige spookkreeft, mannetje. Wemeldinge, Nederland, 3-7-2010.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQCxd6VIPl1_lb-Cr4wUZrRz8Jx7Da0xpt3XOD6nWwDtxG79UvRz7pGcEGKMWSOO4b22-TPWbvTMWPwzh11flxoVXs1L40GoAerFCypFr_1kBzqLVnEzoQSO4yrygtg7c_3noAAVmS58s/s1600/Caprella+mutica+-+Japanese+skeleton+shrimp+-+harig+spookkreeftje+ZL0019.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="984" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQCxd6VIPl1_lb-Cr4wUZrRz8Jx7Da0xpt3XOD6nWwDtxG79UvRz7pGcEGKMWSOO4b22-TPWbvTMWPwzh11flxoVXs1L40GoAerFCypFr_1kBzqLVnEzoQSO4yrygtg7c_3noAAVmS58s/s320/Caprella+mutica+-+Japanese+skeleton+shrimp+-+harig+spookkreeftje+ZL0019.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 11b </span><i style="font-family: calibri;">Caprella mutica,</i><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Harige spookkreeft, vrouwtje met broedbuidel. Wemeldinge, Nederland, 3-7-2010.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9eJaB6YwJ8KnTXjcEMKW4rg6IiUqspppqHWbux4wAVeAyWHq7tEG9VEGYJfka96CXuVYJO2QrHImDBAMJQCTijWkfPbS_GicNM3Nu4Y1gnQpdq-WJkH5JvhQM1nt9WlVgAyaXmVuR564/s1600/Caprella+mutica+-+Japanese+skeleton+shrimp+-+harig+spookkreeftje+ZL9951.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="656" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9eJaB6YwJ8KnTXjcEMKW4rg6IiUqspppqHWbux4wAVeAyWHq7tEG9VEGYJfka96CXuVYJO2QrHImDBAMJQCTijWkfPbS_GicNM3Nu4Y1gnQpdq-WJkH5JvhQM1nt9WlVgAyaXmVuR564/s400/Caprella+mutica+-+Japanese+skeleton+shrimp+-+harig+spookkreeftje+ZL9951.jpg" width="266" /></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 11c </span><i style="font-family: calibri;">Caprella mutica,</i><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> Harige spookkreeft, mannetje: detail met stekels en haren. Wemeldinge, Nederland, 3-7-2010.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3FrRsTSOzcIcfCtzt37oKQFy1-VyOa8ko5xQUkdXAF1FjEIBSa6sAgc3eIFMxvCcH-lC8iV6K_rDCEuL_Znyzlsm93yxL68Q2apZJHYOsPTBotyiDnRcZxUr-l3pd0o7mBhZVpZFnq2g/s1600/Caprella+linearis+female-2.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="361" data-original-width="984" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3FrRsTSOzcIcfCtzt37oKQFy1-VyOa8ko5xQUkdXAF1FjEIBSa6sAgc3eIFMxvCcH-lC8iV6K_rDCEuL_Znyzlsm93yxL68Q2apZJHYOsPTBotyiDnRcZxUr-l3pd0o7mBhZVpZFnq2g/s640/Caprella+linearis+female-2.JPG" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "calibri";">fig. 12 </span><i style="font-family: calibri;">Caprella linearis</i><span style="font-family: "calibri";">, Wandelend geraamte, vrouwtje. Uit Calman (1911). </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAk9ILnglQ7-2FWuGCDdaCfX61V5o47-VQVb7Uk4cUPA1va1m5tLZIIWUUfLm4NjL461OlzHuNAKjCSUOHUK7DuXXPtZT3KoQWfZUwXfxbPMVyya7BYaW72H_Ia16pWRKKRfuE5gFUC-I/s1600/Caprella+septentrionalis.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="520" data-original-width="630" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAk9ILnglQ7-2FWuGCDdaCfX61V5o47-VQVb7Uk4cUPA1va1m5tLZIIWUUfLm4NjL461OlzHuNAKjCSUOHUK7DuXXPtZT3KoQWfZUwXfxbPMVyya7BYaW72H_Ia16pWRKKRfuE5gFUC-I/s320/Caprella+septentrionalis.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">fig. 13 <i>Caprella septentrionalis</i>, Noordelijke spookkreeft, mannetje. Detail: sterk vergrote 2e schaarpoot. Uit Stock (1955). </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";">Commentaar en aanvullingen op deze tabel zijn van harte welkom! Je kunt die mailen naar </span><a href="mailto:mick@nieuwewendingproducties.nl" style="font-family: calibri;">mick@nieuwewendingproducties.nl</a><span style="font-family: "calibri";">.</span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: NL; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">De tabel is op 28-1-2018 en eerdere data aangepast. De figuurnummering is gewijzigd, figuren zijn vervangen en toegevoegd. Ook is de tekst van de kleuren van de soorten deels gewijzigd. </span></span><br />
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Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-10035990509810710772017-04-22T22:00:00.000+02:002019-04-09T09:01:02.821+02:00Eerste autochtone vondst van de gladde kiezelkrab - Ebalia tumefacta - in het Nederlands kustgebied<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-ETJAsK0WpkqRilN6oIoISJ2jrZQOrPlYqjo5LK0T2LFeZBZ7uA1NWl0isBxrUqovUxRbWrCOv8vUjvstmdMl7vdlbxxtUbj9lrnheCuooAQ9wO6ABgseg-79_ITIlPKTx5DjFZhvR2o/s1600/Ebalia+tumefacta+-+Bryers+nut+crab+-+gladde+kiezelkrab.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-ETJAsK0WpkqRilN6oIoISJ2jrZQOrPlYqjo5LK0T2LFeZBZ7uA1NWl0isBxrUqovUxRbWrCOv8vUjvstmdMl7vdlbxxtUbj9lrnheCuooAQ9wO6ABgseg-79_ITIlPKTx5DjFZhvR2o/s640/Ebalia+tumefacta+-+Bryers+nut+crab+-+gladde+kiezelkrab.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Gladde kiezelkrab, <i>Ebalia tumefacta</i> (EN: Bryer's nut crab), Den Osse - Nieuwe Kerkweg, Nederland, 20-3-2017 (in vitro).</span></div>
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<span style="color: #6aa84f;"><b style="color: #3d85c6;">Summary:</b><span style="color: #3d85c6;"> On 20 March this year I found a Bryer's nut crab, </span><i style="color: #3d85c6;">Ebalia tumefacta</i><span style="color: #3d85c6;"> while diving in the Grevelingenmeer </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">in the Netherlands at 13 meters depth. It is the first record of the species as native. All past records regard specimens that were washed ashore, bycatch on fishing vessels or specimens dredged at the North Sea for scientific research.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This is a post in Dutch. I have listed names in English, if available, beneath the photo's as (EN:..). And of course you can use Google translator.</span></span><br />
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Op 20 maart vond ik al duikend in het Grevelingenmeer bij Den Osse - Nieuwe Kerkweg op een diepte van 13 meter een zeer bijzonder krabbetje: de gladde kiezelkrab, <i>Ebalia tumefacta</i>. Voor zover bekend is deze krabbensoort niet eerder autochtoon in ons kustgebied aangetroffen.</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhulxXZslsAJYXBQJeagMysimEPJiT31qdB_ptqh77uUa8HKaA2i2a03OjTLfHax2eG4iChZXHRcqJzLjctggapAvifXTbMNvwDq3Ya2Nz44JiChr05hrc6_5bXGaDYChxk8EybMMrXWQg/s1600/Ebalia+tumefacta+-+Bryers+nut+crab+-+gladde+kiezelkrab-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhulxXZslsAJYXBQJeagMysimEPJiT31qdB_ptqh77uUa8HKaA2i2a03OjTLfHax2eG4iChZXHRcqJzLjctggapAvifXTbMNvwDq3Ya2Nz44JiChr05hrc6_5bXGaDYChxk8EybMMrXWQg/s640/Ebalia+tumefacta+-+Bryers+nut+crab+-+gladde+kiezelkrab-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Gladde kiezelkrab, <i>Ebalia tumefacta</i> (EN: Bryer's nut crab) op de slib-zandbodem </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">van Den Osse - Nieuwe Kerkweg, Nederland, 20-3-2017.</span></div>
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<b>De vondst</b><br />
Je moet soms ook een beetje geluk hebben. Omdat het windkracht 6 uit het zuidwesten was en de Zoetersbout waar we oorspronkelijk wilden gaan duiken, nogal troebel oogde, besloten we naar Den Osse - Nieuwe Kerkweg te gaan. Ik wilde daar op zoek gaan naar onder andere de pluimworm, <i>Pherusa plumosa</i> (klik <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2016/10/pherusa-plumosa-short-study-of-plume.html" target="_blank">hier</a> voor mijn bericht over die worm). Zouden die zich, na het afsterven in september 2016 vanwege zuurstofgebrek, opnieuw gevestigd hebben? De wormen vond ik niet, maar in plaats daarvan wel een klein krabbetje, dat ik herkende van plaatjes en van meldingen als zeldzame strandvondst.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjSWdOc8pJ2R21PzfxlzkfMyfUQUD6nDC9TEUA7yxMTH5DjZfsJvmM0Vzpk8ET0AsorkSVve4a5XvMOcZ2c1KtkV0OVeZ9T1R7sw7jlaOU3vAhBPY7wlN2m9qxu2eYWGgzzU8PTdPMVHQ/s1600/Ebalia+tumefacta+-+Bryers+nut+crab+-+gladde+kiezelkrab-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjSWdOc8pJ2R21PzfxlzkfMyfUQUD6nDC9TEUA7yxMTH5DjZfsJvmM0Vzpk8ET0AsorkSVve4a5XvMOcZ2c1KtkV0OVeZ9T1R7sw7jlaOU3vAhBPY7wlN2m9qxu2eYWGgzzU8PTdPMVHQ/s640/Ebalia+tumefacta+-+Bryers+nut+crab+-+gladde+kiezelkrab-4.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Onderzijde van de gladde kiezelkrab, <i>Ebalia tumefacta</i> (EN: Bryer's nut crab), </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Den Osse - Nieuwe Kerkweg, Nederland, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">20-3-2017 (in vitro).</span></div>
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<b>Vorm</b><br />
De gladde kiezelkrab is een kleine krabbensoort: 10 mm is de maximale grootte voor een mannetje (gemeten naar de breedte van het rugschild). Het nu gevonden mannetje is een fractie kleiner: 9,8 mm breed en 9 mm lang. Het vrouwtje, dat in tegenstelling tot de meeste andere krabbensoorten iets groter wordt dan het mannetje, kan tot 13 mm breed worden. Zo op het eerste gezicht lijkt het krabbetje ruitvormig, maar als je beter kijkt is het rugschild meer achthoekig.<br />
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Waar het vrouwtje vrij glad oogt – vandaar 'gladde' in de naam – is het oppervlak van het mannetje korrelig (zie onder andere foto boven).<br />
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Op de foto's kun je ook zien dat het staartstuk (abdomen) van het vrouwtje (foto onder) zoals gewoonlijk groter is dan dat van het mannetje (foto boven). Daardoor kan zij in verhouding meer eitjes vasthouden onder haar staartstuk.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi03nWYrCf98HOMAohM3DeGhM7RfSkjpXJeFmqYVdkDT4KZnMWvH1VZ0RcAaJxcxdeEaK5yl8h_kRezowaGLhe2kLn7AgOZTD8P5eQxzzEEi6O-ppZGnmrprcn4Vx07rHbGnMSWjlANVP8/s1600/Ebalia+tumefacta+-+female+M.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi03nWYrCf98HOMAohM3DeGhM7RfSkjpXJeFmqYVdkDT4KZnMWvH1VZ0RcAaJxcxdeEaK5yl8h_kRezowaGLhe2kLn7AgOZTD8P5eQxzzEEi6O-ppZGnmrprcn4Vx07rHbGnMSWjlANVP8/s640/Ebalia+tumefacta+-+female+M.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Boven- en onderzijde van een vrouwtje van de gladde kiezelkrab, <i>Ebalia tumefacta</i> (EN: Bryer's nut crab), </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Texel, tussen strandpaal 12.3 en 9, Nederland, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">26-7-2003 (in vitro). Foto: © Rien de Ruijter</span></div>
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Het rugschild is opmerkelijk gebocheld, zoals op de foto hieronder goed is te zien. De plaats en de vorm van de bochels zijn determinatiekenmerken, evenals het feit dat het rugschild bij deze soort iets breder dan lang is in vergelijking met de andere uit het Noordzeegebied bekende <i>Ebalia</i>-soorten. In het boek 'De Krabben van Nederland en België' van Hans Adema (1991) worden de bochels 'verhevenheden' genoemd en bij mannetjes 'iets meer op wratten gelijkend'. Hoewel ik het lastig vind om uiterlijke kenmerken te omschrijven, lijkt gebocheld mij toch meer van toepassing. De <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasimodo_(personage)" target="_blank">quasimodo</a> kiezelkrab zou als Nederlandse naam niet misstaan, maar dat geldt eigenlijk voor veel soorten kiezelkrabben.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6au0Vkkiexf_qayvNx4c1vsjiFcpHfqh1pJFnL_EKEXaaf8yadQeV2kuPSTCSrAf2jJhC4ZY-PtkyHGHEcTT5T43-noz_9MTf7iJeWf2jSt08eYsaBKkXBq8qWV0w7GZ9MFitAz_Sj1A/s1600/Ebalia+tumefacta+-+Bryers+nut+crab+-+gladde+kiezelkrab-8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6au0Vkkiexf_qayvNx4c1vsjiFcpHfqh1pJFnL_EKEXaaf8yadQeV2kuPSTCSrAf2jJhC4ZY-PtkyHGHEcTT5T43-noz_9MTf7iJeWf2jSt08eYsaBKkXBq8qWV0w7GZ9MFitAz_Sj1A/s640/Ebalia+tumefacta+-+Bryers+nut+crab+-+gladde+kiezelkrab-8.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Het rugschild van de gladde kiezelkrab, <i>Ebalia tumefacta</i> (EN: Bryer's nut crab) is opmerkelijk gebocheld,</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Den Osse - Nieuwe Kerkweg, Nederland, 20-3-2017 (in vitro).</span></div>
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<b>Kleur</b><br />
Adema (1991) omschrijft de kleur van gladde kiezelkrabben als 'roodachtig, vlees- of crèmekleurig, met rode vlekken; soms is het rugschild geheel gemarmerd'. Opmerkelijk zijn de zwarte vlekjes op het gevonden exemplaar, met name rondom de 'kop' en op de kaakpoten (foto onder). Die doen sterk denken aan de vlekjes waarmee de zuiderzeekrab, <i>Rhithropanopeus harrisii</i> bezaaid is. Adema (1991) schrijft daarover dat het gaat om eencellige algen en dat ze ontbreken op de vingers (de uiteinden van de schaarpoten) door veel gebruik. Dat zou ook kunnen kloppen bij dit krabbetje: met name aan de achter-onderzijde, ontbreken ze (zie de eerdere foto van de onderzijde van het krabbetje). Dat is de plaats waar het dier met name in aanraking komt met de bodem als hij zit en bij het ingraven en waar het dus makkelijker slijt.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9tz3cBez38PFLqea0NwHqJnxCfAT8MPUt7HIMIFVZmApt-kA29KzAyebOFJSYJGSGLcdLbgu9OtwXcZ8EeCgfwD10iqPZ11iUIL72kKH9fTnWBNWp7kqpv2ZE0TdLK-uNM7Y8zQ9vziA/s1600/Ebalia+tumefacta+-+Bryers+nut+crab+-+gladde+kiezelkrab+ZL170322251-bewerkt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9tz3cBez38PFLqea0NwHqJnxCfAT8MPUt7HIMIFVZmApt-kA29KzAyebOFJSYJGSGLcdLbgu9OtwXcZ8EeCgfwD10iqPZ11iUIL72kKH9fTnWBNWp7kqpv2ZE0TdLK-uNM7Y8zQ9vziA/s640/Ebalia+tumefacta+-+Bryers+nut+crab+-+gladde+kiezelkrab+ZL170322251-bewerkt.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">De zwarte vlekjes op de 'kop' van de gladde kiezelkrab, <i>Ebalia tumefacta</i> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(EN: Bryer's nut crab) zijn</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">waarschijnlijk eencellige algen</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Den Osse - Nieuwe Kerkweg, Nederland, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">20-3-2017 (in vitro).</span></div>
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<b>Biotoop</b><br />
Ik vond het krabbetje overdag zittend op de bodem op een diepte van 13 meter. In de literatuur (o.a. Adema, 1991) wordt gemeld dat hij leeft op harde bodems met stenen, schelpgruis, kiezel, grof zand en in mindere mate op fijner zand, modder en klei. In dit geval was het meer een slib- dan zandbodem en al helemaal geen schelpgruis dat uit grovere stukjes bestaat. Dat was maar goed ook, want zelfs als hij zich niet had ingegraven, had ik hem door zijn beperkte afmetingen, vorm en kleur – als kiezeltje – waarschijnlijk niet gevonden tussen schelpgruis. Wat betreft de diepte, komt de soort voor van de getijdenzone tot een diepte van 155 meter; in de zuidelijke Noordzee op diepten van 20 tot 40 meter (Adema, 1991). <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq-mjU84N37ze3FgYNgOafnlHhwE_1-E8YYYnqPC__AiuLROW_2nC4zZB4pa3y8MGVX4abp71qZWSvvMZChknh5jQV9-d98eS3A_XPp0zd07R5lANCVYGFeGFIopTMwQetL4vR_D_i5so/s1600/Ebalia+tumefacta+-+Bryers+nut+crab+-+gladde+kiezelkrab-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq-mjU84N37ze3FgYNgOafnlHhwE_1-E8YYYnqPC__AiuLROW_2nC4zZB4pa3y8MGVX4abp71qZWSvvMZChknh5jQV9-d98eS3A_XPp0zd07R5lANCVYGFeGFIopTMwQetL4vR_D_i5so/s640/Ebalia+tumefacta+-+Bryers+nut+crab+-+gladde+kiezelkrab-3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Ondanks al het licht dat ik op hem richtte, groef hij zich niet in. Opmerkelijk voor een nachtdier. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Gladde kiezelkrab, <i>Ebalia tumefacta</i> (EN: Bryer's nut crab), Den Osse - Nieuwe Kerkweg, Nederland, 20-3-2017. </span></div>
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<b>Gedrag</b><br />
Er blijkt weinig over het gedrag van kiezelkrabben bekend. In de literatuur wordt vermeld dat het om een nachtdier gaat. Gezien het formaat en daarmee hun kwetsbaarheid, ligt een nachtelijk leven ook voor de hand. Opmerkelijk is dat het krabbetje zich niet had ingegraven (tijdstip vondst rond 14.00 uur). Daarbij was hij niet schuchter: ondanks al het licht dat op hem was gericht, bleef hij rustig zitten. Van marien bioloog Marco Faasse ontving ik een email, waarin hij liet weten dat hij een keer duikend in Schotland een gladde kiezelkrab had gevonden: ook overdag en op een soortgelijke bodem.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1XeWFFkZlY6KXycLx_ZNXBz66CZjdMGHgF7og7RlQngKpCd6PxhH56TEQ0sLrDBORCvumPLyy5eMpnZSioLO6mk4_CjK5o5l85yhvkzF2NhKndiUxn8WBkczu-S_pQn2vSIKVsEYG5vY/s1600/Beggiatoa+species+-+schimmel+bacterie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1XeWFFkZlY6KXycLx_ZNXBz66CZjdMGHgF7og7RlQngKpCd6PxhH56TEQ0sLrDBORCvumPLyy5eMpnZSioLO6mk4_CjK5o5l85yhvkzF2NhKndiUxn8WBkczu-S_pQn2vSIKVsEYG5vY/s640/Beggiatoa+species+-+schimmel+bacterie.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Beggiatoa-</i>zwavelbacteriën, de witte draden, Dreischor-Gemaal, Nederland, 15-8-2016.</span></div>
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Gerard Heerebout deed naar aanleiding van een artikel van Riedel (2014) de suggestie dat het krabbetje mogelijk vanwege zuurstofgebrek bovenop de bodem is gaan zitten. Wat de reden ook mag zijn dat hij zich onbeschermd op de bodem bevond, het kan haast niet vanwege zuurstofgebrek zijn: het water was 8º (koud water is zuurstofrijker), er was op dat moment nog geen spronglaag (zie verderop) en er was nog geen 'schimmel', <i>Beggiatoa-</i>zwavelbacteriën (foto boven) op de bodem te zien. Daarbij blijkt het dier zich - in ieder geval in gevangenschap - niet diep in te graven; de voorzijde van zijn ‘kop’ steekt net iets boven het zand uit.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje134Cq2hiVX0W3r0ftsWNyGN8cnacyez6yYxMXTaycWJlUXbK5R1NQONUQzkI7qpRea3W7JqVk2GQ3PMrrj9jmqID45l6YVBm1Vl01E-cyil3HcAYk8LhEH1_p3V0W4Rws11dL5M81vc/s1600/Polydora+species.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje134Cq2hiVX0W3r0ftsWNyGN8cnacyez6yYxMXTaycWJlUXbK5R1NQONUQzkI7qpRea3W7JqVk2GQ3PMrrj9jmqID45l6YVBm1Vl01E-cyil3HcAYk8LhEH1_p3V0W4Rws11dL5M81vc/s640/Polydora+species.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Gat in de bodem waarbij de zeer dunne kokers van slikkokerwormen (<i>Polydora-</i>soorten) zichtbaar zijn,</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Den Osse - Nieuwe Kerkweg, Nederland, 20-3-2017. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">NB. het ingegraven krabbetje is niet de gladde kiezelkrab, maar de penseelkrab, <i>Hemigrapsus takanoi. </i></span></div>
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<b>Voedsel</b><br />
Op de plaats waar het krabbetje zich bevond, zag ik veel buizen van wormen, met name van Slikkokerwormen - ook Tweedraadkokerwormen genoemd - <i>Polydora</i>-soorten (foto boven). Zeer waarschijnlijk staan die hier op zijn menu. Bij het fotograferen van het krabbetje in een cuvette, heb ik hem slingerwormen, <i>Tubifex</i>, een zoetwatersoort voorgezet. In eerste instantie had hij geen interesse, maar na een paar minuten begon hij daar toch van te eten (foto onder).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg9bTl1RGw9kUMZoMKkXGlxaXhB56MiS7HIk5Zi0ZGwqli6uAYMJxMfMQf1u3FgXwuJswo40aQoZxkA_pjmc9zDkZ2e7O7RIQBqliyeT5Vr3q5GvtT8imT1pQU6l64201MacXf8tZGxLg/s1600/Ebalia+tumefacta+-+Bryers+nut+crab+-+gladde+kiezelkrab+ZL170322239-bewerkt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg9bTl1RGw9kUMZoMKkXGlxaXhB56MiS7HIk5Zi0ZGwqli6uAYMJxMfMQf1u3FgXwuJswo40aQoZxkA_pjmc9zDkZ2e7O7RIQBqliyeT5Vr3q5GvtT8imT1pQU6l64201MacXf8tZGxLg/s640/Ebalia+tumefacta+-+Bryers+nut+crab+-+gladde+kiezelkrab+ZL170322239-bewerkt.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">De gladde kiezelkrab, <i>Ebalia tumefacta</i> (EN: Bryer's nut crab) verorbert een slingerworm <i>(Tubifex)</i>, </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Den Osse - Nieuwe Kerkweg, Nederland, 20-3-2017 (in vitro).</span></div>
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Sinds 19 april eet hij ook van kleine stukjes mosselvlees, <i>Mytilus edulis</i> die ik pal voor zijn kaakpoten leg; hij pakt het zelf niet actief aan met zijn schaarpoten. Hij eet er gulzig van: wolkjes eiwitresten van door zijn kaakpoten fijngehakt mosselvlees worden door hem weggeblazen. In de bodem van het Grevelingenmeer gaan ook kleine tweekleppige schelpen schuil, zoals de glanzende dunschaal, <i>Abra nitida</i>, die in monsters op die diepte zijn gevonden en daar regelmatig als doublet - dat wil zeggen leeg maar met de schelpklepjes nog aan elkaar vast - op de bodem te vinden zijn (foto onder). Het is dan ook aannemelijk dat tweekleppigen op het menu staan.<br />
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In Riedel (2014) wordt van de ruwe kiezelkrab, <i>Ebalia tuberosa</i> (daarover later meer) gemeld, dat de soort leeft van kleine wormen <i>(Annelida) </i>en kreeftachtigen, maar ook van (bijna) dode organismen. <br />
Het gevonden krabbetje at tot op heden niet van stukjes vis, garnaal en aasgarnaal.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8tt1qXYBkkIlHtZrVtP9VI2njwKBUogn7P54bst3VFV5M8YdkmcVzd5CtP0JwFGnw5lVupm_5OQvEfa6QREqZaik1Ly6vYWNZjfOTOsH2uCb3r4Sf7y-HvVfkj8HY1SwB6RW0Lem8HV4/s1600/Abra+nitida+-+glanzende+dunschaal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8tt1qXYBkkIlHtZrVtP9VI2njwKBUogn7P54bst3VFV5M8YdkmcVzd5CtP0JwFGnw5lVupm_5OQvEfa6QREqZaik1Ly6vYWNZjfOTOsH2uCb3r4Sf7y-HvVfkj8HY1SwB6RW0Lem8HV4/s640/Abra+nitida+-+glanzende+dunschaal.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Doublet van de </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Vensterglasschelp, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Theora lubrica - </i><strike>Glanzende dunschaal, <i>Abra nitida</i></strike>, </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Dreischor-Gemaal, Nederland, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">15-8-2016 (zie rectificatie onderaan dit bericht)</span><br />
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<b>In vitro</b></div>
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In gevangenschap is het krabbetje in het algemeen erg inactief. Bij het fotograferen op 21 maart was hij nog redelijk actief. Op 22 maart bij het fotograferen in een cuvette was hij zeer actief; hij leek zich daarin op zijn gemak te voelen. Zoals gemeld at hij die dag van <i>Tubifex</i> en ook heeft hij zich toen zeker 15 minuten bezig gehouden met poetsen. Met zijn schaarpoten maakte hij zijn kaakpoten, ogen en antennes schoon (foto's onder) en priegelde hij met zijn looppoten langs zijn lijf. Dat was leuk om te observeren! Bij het eten van stukjes mosselvlees zijn alleen zijn kaakpoten zichtbaar actief.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaeq1ZL00kN9ep_ddVFiD3hLDC5Olrsk2A0w6O29IdTtQ9Kx1p8PpCNOH0GH971Ebx8S8NlIQUg2bbY-gr_Rq91JWVXW5AOq0OkKcq5f3sjv5ZaKkOguk1zRuN_lHwFxOMfSmDi7z2Xw0/s1600/Ebalia+tumefacta+-+Bryers+nut+crab+-+gladde+kiezelkrab+ZL170322180-bewerkt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaeq1ZL00kN9ep_ddVFiD3hLDC5Olrsk2A0w6O29IdTtQ9Kx1p8PpCNOH0GH971Ebx8S8NlIQUg2bbY-gr_Rq91JWVXW5AOq0OkKcq5f3sjv5ZaKkOguk1zRuN_lHwFxOMfSmDi7z2Xw0/s640/Ebalia+tumefacta+-+Bryers+nut+crab+-+gladde+kiezelkrab+ZL170322180-bewerkt.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">De gladde kiezelkrab, <i>Ebalia tumefacta</i> (EN: Bryer's nut crab) poetst met zijn schaarpoten zijn kaakpoten, </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Den Osse - Nieuwe Kerkweg, Nederland, 20-3-2017 (in vitro).</span></div>
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Sindsdien zit hij - afgezien van het eten van mosselvlees (zie Voedsel) - dagenlang ingegraven. Hij verblijft in een koelkast in een glazen schaal met een laag water van circa 2 cm en een laag zand-schelpgruis waarin hij zich helemaal kan ingraven. De watertemperatuur is 13º. Elke dag wordt circa 80% van het water ververst. De schaal kantel ik zo nu en dan, zodat het water niet zuurstofloos raakt. Als het krabbetje door de waterbeweging bovenop het zand komt te liggen of als ik hem uit het zand heb gehaald om hem wat te eten te geven, graaft hij zich vaak pas na zo'n 10 minuten in. </div>
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Zoals ook in de literatuur wordt beschreven, trekt hij zijn poten stijf tegen zijn onderlijf aan en drukt zich tegen de bodem, als hij wordt verstoord. Als aanvulling daarop: komt hij ondersteboven te liggen, dan blijft hij eerst even met zijn poten tegen zijn lijf - als voor dood - liggen.<br />
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Vanaf eind april is hij actiever geworden en loopt hij regelmatig rond (in het donker want geen licht in de koelkast). Binnenkort verhuist hij naar een andere koelkast, waar wel licht en beluchting zal zijn. Het licht zal dan zo'n 14 uur aan staan. Ik ben benieuwd of hij straks ook in het licht of alleen in het donker actief blijft.<br />
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Adema (1991) haalt een interessante studie aan naar de voortplanting van de ruwe kiezelkrab. Het volgende zal naar ik aanneem ook van toepassing zijn op de gladde kiezelkrab: 'Bij deze soort is de vervelling waarbij de dieren sexueel volwassen worden, de zogenaamde puberteitsvervelling, de laatste. Na deze vervelling konden enkele dieren nog twee jaar in een aquarium in leven gehouden worden.' <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWnumDShpgDei_rJfbA7bX7r1v-iROUCgxTE_VXgxv_hhaO_uZYmIFTZh0VmqvGMz-gx9V1XAAWB_eiP_V0UgLG5qDVGMmFCVARiopXs_gcUC7JcMK57-EAKkEcYfcHUUpEfUFBt_f7NY/s1600/Ebalia+tumefacta+-+Bryers+nut+crab+-+gladde+kiezelkrab+ZL170322192-fi-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWnumDShpgDei_rJfbA7bX7r1v-iROUCgxTE_VXgxv_hhaO_uZYmIFTZh0VmqvGMz-gx9V1XAAWB_eiP_V0UgLG5qDVGMmFCVARiopXs_gcUC7JcMK57-EAKkEcYfcHUUpEfUFBt_f7NY/s640/Ebalia+tumefacta+-+Bryers+nut+crab+-+gladde+kiezelkrab+ZL170322192-fi-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">De gladde kiezelkrab, <i>Ebalia tumefacta</i> (EN: Bryer's nut crab) poetst zijn antennes, </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Den Osse - Nieuwe Kerkweg, Nederland, 20-3-2017 (in vitro).</span></div>
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<b>Verspreiding en meldingen</b><br />
Gladde kiezelkrabben zijn – voor zover bekend – tot nu toe niet in onze kustwateren gevonden door duikers. Wel is de soort bekend uit dieper water in de Noordzee; aangetroffen tijdens vangtochten voor wetenschappelijk onderzoek en als bijvangst van de visserij. Daarnaast is de soort ook bekend uit aanspoelsel aan de Noordzeekust. De soort komt verder voor van Zuid-Noorwegen tot Noordwest-Afrika en in de Egeïsche Zee (Türkay, 2015), maar niet in de rest van de Middellandse Zee. Op internet vond ik wel een foto van een gladde kiezelkrab op <a href="http://www.natuurlijkmooi.net/adriatische_zee/krabben_en_kreeften/ebalia_tumefacta.htm" target="_blank">Natuurlijk mooi</a> van Anne Frijsinger en Mat Vestjens uit de Adriatische Zee, maar waarschijnlijk is dat <i>Ebalia edwardsii</i>, een andere soort kiezelkrab.<br />
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In Adema (1982 & 1991) wordt gemeld dat bij onderzoek door het <a href="https://www.nioz.nl/en" target="_blank">NIOZ</a> (Nederlands Instituut voor het Onderzoek der Zee) tussen 1972 en 1976, waarbij met een fijnmazig net werd gevist, de soort algemeen werd aangetroffen in de zuidelijke Noordzee. Ook in 2016 werd de gladde kiezelkrab bij dergelijke vangtochten in de Noordzee gevonden (pers. meded. Marco Faasse).<br />
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Bij visserij wordt het dier zelden gevangen, vanwege de in verhouding te grote maaswijdte van de netten. Aangespoeld is het krabbetje zeldzaam. In het <a href="http://www.strandwerkgemeenschap.nl/CS.html" target="_blank">Centraal Systeem van de Strandwerkgemeenschap</a> - waar net als bij <a href="http://www.anemoon.org/projecten/strand-smp-kor/aanspoelsel-smp" target="_blank">Stg. ANEMOON</a> vondsten worden gemeld en geregistreerd – zijn 23 exemplaren gemeld, waarvan 19(!) exemplaren in 1953, het jaar van de Watersnoodramp. Bij Stg. ANEMOON is één melding gedaan. Alle meldingen zijn van de Noordzeekust van Scheveningen tot Texel. Van geen van de exemplaren wordt vermeld of het om een vrouwtje of een mannetje gaat. Maar op de foto van het enige exemplaar dat levend is aangespoeld op Texel in 2003 (zie eerder in dit bericht de foto van een vrouwtje met boven- en onderaanzicht van Rien de Ruijter), blijkt het om een vrouwtje te gaan. Zie hieronder een overzicht van de meldingen van de gladde kiezelkrab.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKYqZMLlcUQUcY_Sll4MHtn4w8V-3iDel-ase_zyFraInx2Zy-FBKQWBE7JM3qZ6DC8qsB2MH4apOxh1PwNKa2hoGLzPzF2aWbP8QJuSjYcIKqIFkVM5wwaA7V6Q5Z0JTU_vACxVDgxQg/s1600/vondsten+Ebalia+tumefacta.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKYqZMLlcUQUcY_Sll4MHtn4w8V-3iDel-ase_zyFraInx2Zy-FBKQWBE7JM3qZ6DC8qsB2MH4apOxh1PwNKa2hoGLzPzF2aWbP8QJuSjYcIKqIFkVM5wwaA7V6Q5Z0JTU_vACxVDgxQg/s640/vondsten+Ebalia+tumefacta.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Het is bij zulke kleine aantallen vondsten al erg bijzonder om als duiker een kiezelkrab te vinden. Het Grevelingenmeer als vindplaats is al helemaal uitzonderlijk. Het gaat tenslotte om een soort die leeft in de Noordzee en de hoeveelheid zout water die door de inlaat van de Brouwersdam binnenkomt, is zeer beperkt. De gevonden gladde kiezelkrab moet hier als vrijzwemmende larve terecht gekomen zijn; hij kan onmogelijk vanuit de Noordzee naar de vindplaats zijn gelopen. De kans dat zich in het Grevelingenmeer een populatie heeft ontwikkeld of gaat ontwikkelen, is jammer genoeg niet erg groot: de afgelopen jaren sterft laat in de zomer alles beneden een diepte van circa 10 meter af, vanwege een spronglaag die het water beneden die diepte zuurstofloos maakt (zie een <a href="https://www.naturetoday.com/intl/nl/nature-reports/message/?msg=18226" target="_blank">NatureToday-bericht van 4-8-2013</a> daarover).</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4IGrNHmhyphenhyphennzGBbWq8ylRC_TEsHQhQ0hso1eh-qgtUb2niBrzukjQnv4kLfOfYxmPsZoRmLuURq2I-8V8JD54ly1di6setNn6_dRlxL9DjLlq4N_h9rVLufnHF0V2L5pS-VZm8V0AY49Y/s1600/Ebalia+tuberosa-M.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4IGrNHmhyphenhyphennzGBbWq8ylRC_TEsHQhQ0hso1eh-qgtUb2niBrzukjQnv4kLfOfYxmPsZoRmLuURq2I-8V8JD54ly1di6setNn6_dRlxL9DjLlq4N_h9rVLufnHF0V2L5pS-VZm8V0AY49Y/s640/Ebalia+tuberosa-M.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Boven- en onderzijde van ruwe kiezelkrab, <i>Ebalia tuberosa</i> (EN: Pennant's nut crab), Olifantsputje bij ‘de Hammen’ ter hoogte van de Flaauwers Inlaag, Kor & Bot-tocht, Nederland, 5-9-2015 (foto: © Freddy van Nieulande) </span></div>
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<b>Soortgenoten</b><br />
Je zou eerder een vondst van de gladde kiezelkrab in de Oosterschelde verwachten; via Neeltje Jans stromen dagelijks miljoenen liters zeewater heen en weer. In het boek ‘Zeefauna in Zeeland deel 2: Kreeften, krabben en garnalen’ van Leewis e.a. (2010) wordt wel ‘een enkele vondst uit de Oosterscheldemond’ gemeld van de verwante ruwe kiezelkrab, <i>Ebalia tuberosa</i>. Het gaat daarbij waarschijnlijk om de vondst van 11 september 1999 van een levend exemplaar dat is opgevist bij een ‘Kor en Bot-tocht’ in de Oosterschelde in de omgeving van de Flaauwers Inlaag op 50 meter diepte. Op 5 september 2015 zijn op die locatie nog twee ruwe kiezelkrabben opgevist (foto boven). En zeker het vermelden waard: er is op 23-10-1999 door duikers een ruwe kiezelkrab aangetroffen bij een mosselkwekerij in Bruinisse! Zie hieronder een overzicht van de meldingen van de ruwe kiezelkrab.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfcR80htkFgCJluO8JfYSG5vvDeTRAeQKDII9dNH7YrloqlaxBA5NauEX7649I2F8aEDSmufAsrDkwqrjh5KGCe3TdAtxiVWPUOW06BkzsdpJRKSmjiJ9-1Nmpey2SZ7HCjViDiwsyQ38/s1600/vondstenoverz+Ebalia+tuberosa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfcR80htkFgCJluO8JfYSG5vvDeTRAeQKDII9dNH7YrloqlaxBA5NauEX7649I2F8aEDSmufAsrDkwqrjh5KGCe3TdAtxiVWPUOW06BkzsdpJRKSmjiJ9-1Nmpey2SZ7HCjViDiwsyQ38/s640/vondstenoverz+Ebalia+tuberosa.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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Overigens is er nog een derde soort kiezelkrab bekend van de Nederlandse kust: de kleine kiezelkrab, <i>Ebalia cranchii.</i><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBnySKGEtET91OcVlGNvHWiEYiJKsEHcTaYOn4B9lqqJY2BZrr3phWsPg41XJlQVD56QNsPxFpw_vXxMA09T-UQJYFWW4ytEzcDJdWBT5lZR2HWD7d2QLm8PZxRnx9mnayA7iwhJ-NiKc/s1600/Ebalia+cranchii+-+samen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBnySKGEtET91OcVlGNvHWiEYiJKsEHcTaYOn4B9lqqJY2BZrr3phWsPg41XJlQVD56QNsPxFpw_vXxMA09T-UQJYFWW4ytEzcDJdWBT5lZR2HWD7d2QLm8PZxRnx9mnayA7iwhJ-NiKc/s640/Ebalia+cranchii+-+samen.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Kleine kiezelkrab, <i>Ebalia cranchii </i>(EN: Cranch's nut crab), beide IJmuiden vissershaven, </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Nederland, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">links: 15-11-2003, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">rechts: 4-6-2005 (foto's: © Rien de Ruijter)</span><br />
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Daarvan zijn bij het Centraal Systeem en Stg. ANEMOON in totaal zeven (dode) exemplaren gemeld, waarvan twee op het dek van een vissersboot (foto onder), vier aangespoeld en één als vangst op de Noordzee. Zie hieronder een overzicht van de meldingen van de kleine kiezelkrab.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh33bOYraBZl8heci724aaoJqaacmk2x7XW-Dhr_9hfQCfb3vcZ3CuunWmQBytMjAZrLh3cgvHfFcNcqfQ8fb95vplR799lTnJn0WhjcxcbmmxALv42_cIjLd5dyTzPFGu-PwGdsTb_Zx4/s1600/vondstenoverz+Ebalia+cranchii.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh33bOYraBZl8heci724aaoJqaacmk2x7XW-Dhr_9hfQCfb3vcZ3CuunWmQBytMjAZrLh3cgvHfFcNcqfQ8fb95vplR799lTnJn0WhjcxcbmmxALv42_cIjLd5dyTzPFGu-PwGdsTb_Zx4/s640/vondstenoverz+Ebalia+cranchii.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
Het is jammer dat veel van de meldingen van vondsten van deze toch zeldzame krabben tamelijk onvolledig zijn. Was het dier levend of dood? Een mannetje of een vrouwtje? Dat laatste is aan zowel het rugschuld als aan het staartstuk goed te zien. In dat verband: het is opmerkelijk dat ook bij tekeningen en foto's in wetenschappelijke publicaties dat laatste vaak niet wordt gemeld!</div>
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<b>Grevelingenmeer</b><br />
Hoewel de Oosterschelde soortenrijker is en daarmee voor veel duikers - ook voor mij - favoriet, blijkt opnieuw dat je ook in het Grevelingenmeer bijzondere soorten kunt vinden! Zie het <a href="https://www.naturetoday.com/intl/nl/nature-reports/message/?msg=23386" target="_blank">NatureToday bericht</a> over de groene rolsprietslak, <i>Placida dendritica</i> en mijn <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2016/10/" target="_blank">blogbericht over de pluimworm,</a> <i>Pherusa plumosa</i>. Het is te hopen dat er een grotere doorlaat komt in de Brouwersdam en daarmee meer stroming, zodat de genoemde spronglaag achterwege blijft en het leven beneden de 10 meter intact blijft. Dan zouden we in de toekomst misschien regelmatig kunnen genieten van gladde kiezelkrabben.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuyHJ8HOrOjh_IK6Dsa3BCWFhXSekMclPds3nI-KlFiCnhUOmCNpOSoFFzJS9u4Nz6IC4P7jvL7Qlx57xoc9KN_wgxxowm4lgy2_1Q1qHbJV_lDzOweMX4xn342DUcC60hP_WCYTQfiFE/s1600/Ebalia+tumefacta+-+Bryers+nut+crab+-+gladde+kiezelkrab-5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuyHJ8HOrOjh_IK6Dsa3BCWFhXSekMclPds3nI-KlFiCnhUOmCNpOSoFFzJS9u4Nz6IC4P7jvL7Qlx57xoc9KN_wgxxowm4lgy2_1Q1qHbJV_lDzOweMX4xn342DUcC60hP_WCYTQfiFE/s640/Ebalia+tumefacta+-+Bryers+nut+crab+-+gladde+kiezelkrab-5.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">De schaarpoten van de gladde kiezelkrab, <i>Ebalia tumefacta</i> (EN: Bryer's nut crab) in detail, </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Den Osse - Nieuwe Kerkweg, Nederland, 20-3-2017 (in vitro).</span><br />
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<b>Ten slotte</b><br />
Vaak wordt mij de vraag gesteld: hoe vind je zo’n klein dier en hoe weet je meteen dat het om iets bijzonders gaat? Het antwoord op de eerste vraag is: door intensief zoeken en goed – vaak van heel dichtbij - kijken en door te leren waar je bepaalde soorten kunt vinden. Daarbij is de kans groter dat je iets (bijzonders) vindt, als je vaak duikt, stenen keert of strandjut.<br />
Om eerlijk te zijn: meestal ga ik niet op zoek naar een specifieke soort. Ik ben geïnteresseerd in alle soorten zeefauna en -flora, dus goed kijken levert mij toch al vaak een bijzondere krab, worm, naaktslak of wat dan ook op. En zoals ik al schreef: je hebt ook een beetje geluk nodig.<br />
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Het antwoord op de tweede vraag is: regelmatig tekeningen en foto’s in boeken bekijken. Of het moderne equivalent: op internet bepaalde websites afstruinen en Facebook-groepen volgen van bijvoorbeeld <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/StAnemoonMOO/" target="_blank">Stg. ANEMOON</a> en <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/Crustacea/" target="_blank">Crustacea of the NE Atlantic & NW Europe</a>. Dan worden die soorten vanzelf in je geheugen geëtst, waardoor je een soort makkelijker als iets bijzonders herkent.<br />
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<b>Dieren verzamelen?</b><br />
Zoals je hebt gelezen en gezien, heb ik het krabbetje in gevangenschap gefotografeerd ('in vitro' bij de foto's betekent letterlijk vertaald 'achter glas', dus in gevangenschap in een glazen bak of schaaltje, zoals in een laboratorium) en dus verzameld. Ik heb als duiker een ontheffing om zeedieren en -wieren te verzamelen voor onderzoek en educatieve doeleinden. Overigens zet ik de meeste dieren bij een volgende duik weer terug in zee. Het is normaal gesproken niet de bedoeling dat je als duiker dieren verstoort, laat staan meeneemt.<br />
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<b>Meld jouw vondsten!</b><br />
Hierbij meteen een oproep om vondsten door te geven aan Stg. ANEMOON of de Strandwerkgemeenschap. Via het MOO-project (Monitoringproject Onderwater Oever) van Stg. ANEMOON kun je op een systematische manier meldingen doorgeven. Zoals op de website vermeld: ‘Op deze manier wordt inzicht verkregen in de verspreiding, trends en seizoenspatronen van ruim 150 karakteristieke soorten.’ Wil je daar niet aan meedoen, maar wil je wel bijzondere vondsten doorgeven, doe dat dan bij het genoemde CS van de Strandwerkgemeenschap. </div>
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<b>Dank</b></div>
Met dank aan Adriaan Gmelig Meyling (Stg. ANEMOON), Rien de Ruijter (Strandwerkgemeenschap), Gerard Heerebout, Marco Faasse, Herman Nijhuis en Freddy van Nieulande voor het verstrekken van informatie en foto’s. En Inge en Rykel de Bruyne voor hun commentaar op en verbetering van mijn ingekorte tekst op het gelijknamige NatureToday-bericht.<br />
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<b>Rectificatie</b><br />
In een publicatie in Basteria (Faasse et al., 2019) blijkt de gefotografeerde tweekleppige in dit bericht niet de Glanzende dunschaal, <i>Abra nitida</i> te zijn, maar de Vensterglasschelp, <i>Theora lubrica, </i>een exoot uit het westelijk deel van de Stille Oceaan.<br />
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<b>Literatuur en internet</b><br />
<ul>
<li>Adema, J.P.H.M., F. Creutzberg & G.J. van Noort, 1982. Notes on the occurrence of some poorly known decapoda (crustacea) in the southern North sea. Zoölogische Bijdragen 28. <a href="http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/148553" target="_blank">Dit artikel is als PDF beschikbaar.</a> </li>
<li>Adema, J.P.H.M., 1991. De krabben van Nederland en België. ISBN 9073239028.</li>
<li>ANEMOON, Stichting: <a href="http://www.anemoon.org/">http://www.anemoon.org</a> & Facebook: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/StAnemoonMOO/">https://www.facebook.com/groups/StAnemoonMOO/</a></li>
<li>Crustacea of the NE Atlantic & NW Europe, Facebook: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/Crustacea/">https://www.facebook.com/groups/Crustacea/</a></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "minionpro";">Faasse, M.A., Gheerardyn, H., Morys, C., Haa- ren, T. van, Ysebaert, T. & Nijland, R., 2019. The non-indigenous window shell </span><span style="font-family: "minionpro"; font-style: italic;">Theora lubrica </span><span style="font-family: "minionpro";">Gould, 1861 (Bivalvia: Cardiida: Semelidae) in the delta area of the Netherlands. – Basteria, 83 (1-3): 52-58. </span></li>
<li>Leewis, R., G. Heerebout & C. Jacobusse, 2010. Zeefauna in Zeeland deel 2. Kreeften, krabben en garnalen. ISBN 9789490592028.</li>
<li>National Biodiversity Network (GB): over verspreiding, diepte, zoutgehalte en watertemperatuur: <a href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000175057">https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000175057</a>.</li>
<li>Nature Today, 2013. Grevelingenmeer is onder 16 meter diepte helemaal dood: <a href="https://www.naturetoday.com/intl/nl/nature-reports/message/?msg=18226">https://www.naturetoday.com/intl/nl/nature-reports/message/?msg=18226</a></li>
<li>Nature Today, 2017. Zeldzame Groene rolsprietslakken duiken op in Grevelingenmeer: <a href="https://www.naturetoday.com/intl/nl/nature-reports/message/?msg=23386">https://www.naturetoday.com/intl/nl/nature-reports/message/?msg=23386</a></li>
<li>Natuurlijkmooinet: <a href="http://www.natuurlijkmooi.net/adriatische_zee/krabben_en_kreeften/ebalia_tumefacta.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">http://www.natuurlijkmooi.net/adriatische_zee/krabben_en_kreeften/ebalia_tumefacta.htm</span></a></li>
<li>Otten, M.J., 2016. Pherusa plumosa - a short study of the plume worm: <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2016/10/pherusa-plumosa-short-study-of-plume.html">http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2016/10/pherusa-plumosa-short-study-of-plume.html</a></li>
<li>Riedel, B. e.a., 2014. Effect of hypoxia and anoxia on invertebrate behaviour. Biogeosciences, 11. <a href="http://www.biogeosciences.net/11/1491/2014/bg-11-1491-2014.pdf" target="_blank">Dit artikel is als PDF beschikbaar.</a></li>
<li>Slieker, F.J.A., 1999. Een bijzonder krabbetje uit de Oosterschelde. Straatgras, vol 11, p. 54. Het Natuurhistorisch (voorheen Natuurmuseum Rotterdam). <a href="http://natuurtijdschriften.nl/download?type=document;docid=538063" target="_blank">Dit artikel is als PDF beschikbaar.</a> </li>
<li>Strandwerkgemeenschap: <a href="http://www.strandwerkgemeenschap.nl/CS.html">http://www.strandwerkgemeenschap.nl/CS.html</a></li>
<li>Türkay, M., 2015. Personal Decapoda distribution Database for Europe. <a href="https://doi.org/10.14284/205">https://doi.org/10.14284/205</a>.</li>
<li>WoRMS: <a href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=107302">http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=107302</a>.</li>
</ul>
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<i>Dit bericht is herzien op 9-4-2019.</i></div>
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Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-12387803819699222102016-11-03T17:04:00.003+01:002023-11-10T15:05:51.894+01:00A sea with plenty of fish? - 29 fishes in a sardine tin<div style="text-align: left;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHM5Ma_yMFrLxkdU-luulUIgiJtP-pfqNPG_BVCMiniBwcD7TizHRXw6YF3W3tnSjl9AT7FCJ1kQ7YWB2RvIUrMZkAQQYEyp1Rf0n1Px6UTo-gR0UVLR0SG8vxlIcHwC_F9AxsZXlOiYI/s1600/Een+zee+vol+vis%253F-2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHM5Ma_yMFrLxkdU-luulUIgiJtP-pfqNPG_BVCMiniBwcD7TizHRXw6YF3W3tnSjl9AT7FCJ1kQ7YWB2RvIUrMZkAQQYEyp1Rf0n1Px6UTo-gR0UVLR0SG8vxlIcHwC_F9AxsZXlOiYI/s640/Een+zee+vol+vis%253F-2.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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As member of the '<a href="https://www.maassluisekunstenaars.nl/kunstenaars/" target="_blank">Artists of Maassluis</a>' (Maassluis is my hometown in the Netherlands) I was asked to make an object for a group exhibition called 'Het Goud van Maassluis' (meaning the gold of Maassluis) for the <a href="https://www.museummaassluis.nl" target="_blank">Museum Maassluis</a>. All artist were asked to search for an object in the historical collection of the museum to draw his or her inspiration from.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji8Z_1vxq1d3EM60OLJD_P21N2r4z-AC-oja0QQuhQzSOpKSLYlKXcShfkbwxORPtxyL8bCByj8L9BIiUlyf8krr8b-19lX2Gx17N_wkweAYWgHMJhqnmmRYq0cpG-vQAmjnVRfnWy6XU/s1600/three+fishes.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji8Z_1vxq1d3EM60OLJD_P21N2r4z-AC-oja0QQuhQzSOpKSLYlKXcShfkbwxORPtxyL8bCByj8L9BIiUlyf8krr8b-19lX2Gx17N_wkweAYWgHMJhqnmmRYq0cpG-vQAmjnVRfnWy6XU/s640/three+fishes.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
I found a rubber stamp with three herring like fish with the text: 'Three Fishes - <a href="http://www.geschiedenisvanvlaardingen.nl/verhalen/diversen/de-firma-wouter-sterk-jbzn-te-vlaardingen" target="_blank">Wouter Sterk Jbzn. N.V. Vlaardingen-Holland</a>'. It was used for stamping their name and logo on (herring) barrels, as is still noticeable for the red ink. Wouter Sterk was a 'kuiperij en haringhandel', which means 'fabrication of barrels and herring trade'.<br />
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I was attracted by the stamp for a few reasons. First because of the ‘gold’ theme of the exposition. For centuries fishery was the main source of income in Maassluis. Fishing boats went to sea to catch (primarily) herring, but also salmon, cod and haddock. At that time a large part of the population was at work in the fishing industry (catching and processing) and related trade and branches, like factories for the production of barrels, sailcloth and rope. It is ‘old money’: around 1950 all companies related to the fishing industry had left Maassluis.<br />
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Second: the rubber stamp originated from Vlaardingen, the town where I was born and raised (just 5 km from my hometown) and I feel a kind of nostalgic connection to the town. The firm Wouter Sterk still exist as part of a bigger company and is located in Scheveningen, another old fishing port.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgetXV-xpWHZP3a7Yp_wpRkrKEs7Z8Qqi77LVtv4YGf950ht5MUpvSDbgSrQ1gL-n-xiYsD5vbOO_EmLrP7qpLdpycKqqPslxcgz4ZeXARBPW7fm9VCjWa9WXdcx7u54K22rhACPMDrKd4/s1600/Een+zee+vol+vis%253F.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgetXV-xpWHZP3a7Yp_wpRkrKEs7Z8Qqi77LVtv4YGf950ht5MUpvSDbgSrQ1gL-n-xiYsD5vbOO_EmLrP7qpLdpycKqqPslxcgz4ZeXARBPW7fm9VCjWa9WXdcx7u54K22rhACPMDrKd4/s640/Een+zee+vol+vis%253F.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">A sea with plenty of fish? as part of the 'history room' of Museum Maassluis from April to July 2016.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The third reason is obvious: I love all things connected to marine biology.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Fourth reason: I am very worried about the extinction of fish by overfishing and pollution of the seas and oceans. Hence the title of this work: A sea with plenty of fish?</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEGho-AkhK8hqtZZW1XiPXBqtT3-HMI-xNpviSzCuzVC3K6SBkoALDO6Qw8aP8KecC1mPYPhHeQj3yg-JgyjZTqPMbPe9MOXoM9ljlY-Lwbbx9ktg14pvysyXy6u6Zwl2Yn2J7FJnjrts/s1600/sardine+tin.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEGho-AkhK8hqtZZW1XiPXBqtT3-HMI-xNpviSzCuzVC3K6SBkoALDO6Qw8aP8KecC1mPYPhHeQj3yg-JgyjZTqPMbPe9MOXoM9ljlY-Lwbbx9ktg14pvysyXy6u6Zwl2Yn2J7FJnjrts/s640/sardine+tin.jpg" width="344" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The complete sardine tin with a nice illustration on top. She is holding the same sardine tin in her hand (known as '<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droste_effect" target="_blank">Droste-effect</a>').</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">And so I fantasized and made my work of art: a fish collection in a sardine tin. Apart from the numbers 5, 14, 24, 27 and 29 (see below), which are taken in front of an (mostly my) aquarium, I photographed the fishes while diving. I put all these fish in a sardine tin, which I bought years ago in the fishing port of Saint-Guénolé, Brittany, France. </span><br />
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I had my illustration high-gloss printed on aluminium ('HD metal') in the size 90 x 60 cm. Usually I do not fancy high gloss, but in this case (to be honest with most underwater photography) it looks stunning! It makes it look very clear and brilliant.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNpUkGljoB3pSRz8dDOP7VQ244yzKZbbUpHVelUXbyZpCA1s-O348ZNjdVE5sClbz8EuJQjSlDxrhQKQ0WuSRCUFDVXxSIHPAB9G64-D2OMk8rQvwmDvo_7MKPtk_otHzw8pVzVbRd-K4/s1600/visblikje+layover+soorten+K.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNpUkGljoB3pSRz8dDOP7VQ244yzKZbbUpHVelUXbyZpCA1s-O348ZNjdVE5sClbz8EuJQjSlDxrhQKQ0WuSRCUFDVXxSIHPAB9G64-D2OMk8rQvwmDvo_7MKPtk_otHzw8pVzVbRd-K4/s640/visblikje+layover+soorten+K.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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As you would expect of me: all fish should be named. But before I tell you which is one, I let you figure it out. Hereafter I list all the names of the 29 species in order of the scientific name and the English and Dutch names whenever available. Consulting a book or website is not prohibited!<i style="font-family: inherit;"></i><br />
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<i style="font-family: inherit;">Belone belone - </i><span style="font-family: inherit;">garfish - NL: geep</span></div>
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<i>Centrolabrus exoletus</i> - rock cook - NL: roze lipvis</div>
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<i>Chelon labrosus</i> - thick-lipped grey mullet - NL: diklipharder<br />
<i>Chromis limbata</i> - Azores chromis - NL: Atlantische monniksvis</div>
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<i>Ctenolabrus rupestris</i> - goldsinny - NL: kliplipvis</div>
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<i>Diplodus vulgaris</i> - common two-banded seabream - NL: geringde zeebrasem<br />
<i>Gobius cobitis</i> - giant goby - NL: reuzengrondel</div>
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<i>Hexagrammos decagrammus</i> - kelp greenling</div>
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<i>Hydrolagus colliei</i> - spotted ratfish - NL: gestippelde draakvis</div>
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<i>Labrus bergylta</i> - ballan wrasse - NL: gevlekte lipvis</div>
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<i>Mola mola</i> - ocean sunfish - NL: maanvis</div>
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<i>Mullus surmuletus</i> - striped red mullet - NL: mul</div>
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<i>Myoxocephalus scorpius</i> - short-spined sea scorpion - NL: gewone zeedonderpad</div>
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<i>Parophrys vetulus</i> - english sole</div>
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<i>Pollachius pollachius</i> - pollack - NL: pollak</div>
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<i>Scorpaena porcus</i> - black scorpionfish - NL: bruine schorpioenvis</div>
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<i>Scorpaena scrofa</i> - red scorpionfish - NL: oranje schorpioenvis</div>
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<i>Sebastes caurinus</i> - copper rockfish</div>
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<i>Serranus cabrilla</i> - comber - NL: tandbaars<br />
<i>Sphoeroides marmoratus</i> - guinean puffer - NL: bruine kogelvis</div>
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<i>Symphodus melops</i> - corkwing wrasse - NL: zwartooglipvis</div>
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<i>Symphodus ocellatus</i> - ocellated wrasse - NL: oogvleklipvis</div>
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<i>Symphodus roissali</i> - five-spotted wrasse - NL: vijfvleklipvis</div>
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<i>Symphodus tinca</i> - peacock wrasse - NL: pauwlipvis</div>
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<i>Syngnathus acus</i> - greater pipefish - NL: grote zeenaald<br />
<i>Thalassoma pavo</i> - ornate wrasse - NL: pauwgirelle<br />
<i>Trachinus draco</i> - greater weever - NL: grote pieterman<br />
<i>Xyrichtys novacula</i> - pearly razorfish - NL: parel scheermeslipvis</div>
<i>Zeus faber</i> - John dory - NL: zonnevis<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYOU0t0CsWifSHkuabid5Wz9vBq0BxG2OR-dWxv2VdxtagLJgqUv30_z5rALeKbhtF9oQ93hr_R6TcNc1McCgRuiv_KaOq9t1ka_ZNWfXGi_icdHZggRY5Mst0vNBppdsQYXq-g4V_mTk/s1600/visblikje+13.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYOU0t0CsWifSHkuabid5Wz9vBq0BxG2OR-dWxv2VdxtagLJgqUv30_z5rALeKbhtF9oQ93hr_R6TcNc1McCgRuiv_KaOq9t1ka_ZNWfXGi_icdHZggRY5Mst0vNBppdsQYXq-g4V_mTk/s640/visblikje+13.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Are you done? You want to check out if you are right? Then here are the numbers, names and places where I took the photo. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNpUkGljoB3pSRz8dDOP7VQ244yzKZbbUpHVelUXbyZpCA1s-O348ZNjdVE5sClbz8EuJQjSlDxrhQKQ0WuSRCUFDVXxSIHPAB9G64-D2OMk8rQvwmDvo_7MKPtk_otHzw8pVzVbRd-K4/s1600/visblikje+layover+soorten+K.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNpUkGljoB3pSRz8dDOP7VQ244yzKZbbUpHVelUXbyZpCA1s-O348ZNjdVE5sClbz8EuJQjSlDxrhQKQ0WuSRCUFDVXxSIHPAB9G64-D2OMk8rQvwmDvo_7MKPtk_otHzw8pVzVbRd-K4/s640/visblikje+layover+soorten+K.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<ol>
<li><i>Chromis limbata</i> - Azores chromis - NL: Atlantische monniksvis (Playa Chica, Puerto del Carmen, Lanzarote)</li>
<li><i>Symphodus tinca</i> - peacock wrasse - NL: pauwlipvis (Tamariu, Spain)</li>
<li><i>Symphodus ocellatus</i> - ocellated wrasse - NL: oogvleklipvis (Tamariu, Spain)</li>
<li><i>Symphodus roissali</i> - five-spotted wrasse - NL: vijfvleklipvis (Tamariu, Spain)</li>
<li><i>Chelon labrosus</i> - thick-lipped grey mullet - NL: diklipharder (aquarium, the Netherlands)</li>
<li><i>Hydrolagus colliei</i> - spotted ratfish - NL: gestippelde draakvis (Rockbay, Canada)</li>
<li><i>Trachinus draco</i> - greater weever - NL: grote pieterman (Tamariu, Spain)</li>
<li><i>Sphoeroides marmoratus</i> - guinean puffer - NL: bruine kogelvis (Playa Chica, Puerto del Carmen, Lanzarote)</li>
<li><i>Xyrichtys novacula</i> - pearly razorfish - NL: parel scheermeslipvis (Playa Chica, Puerto del Carmen, Lanzarote)</li>
<li><i>Diplodus vulgaris</i> - common two-banded seabream - NL: geringde zeebrasem (Tamariu, Spain)</li>
<li><i>Syngnathus acus</i> - greater pipefish - NL: grote zeenaald (Porthkerris, United Kingdom)</li>
<li><i>Scorpaena scrofa</i> - red scorpionfish - NL: oranje schorpioenvis (Tamariu, Spain)</li>
<li><i>Zeus faber</i> - John dory - NL: zonnevis (Porthkerris, United Kingdom)</li>
<li><i>Mola mola</i> - ocean sunfish - NL: maanvis (aquarium, Lissabon, Portugal)</li>
<li><i>Labrus bergylta</i> - ballan wrasse - NL: gevlekte lipvis (Porthkerris, United Kingdom)</li>
<li><i>Scorpaena porcus</i> - black scorpionfish - NL: bruine schorpioenvis (Tamariu, Spain)</li>
<li><i>Serranus cabrilla</i> - comber - NL: tandbaars (Tamariu, Spain)</li>
<li><i>Sebastes caurinus</i> - copper rockfish (Rockbay, Canada)</li>
<li><i>Myoxocephalus scorpius</i> - short-spined sea scorpion - NL: gewone zeedonderpad (Tetjes, the Netherlands)</li>
<li><i>Hexagrammos decagrammus</i> - kelp greenling (Rockbay, Canada)</li>
<li><i>Mullus surmuletus</i> - striped red mullet - NL: mul (Tamariu, Spain)</li>
<li><i>Ctenolabrus rupestris</i> - goldsinny - NL: kliplipvis (Porthkerris, United Kingdom)</li>
<li><i>Parophrys vetulus</i> - English sole (Rockbay, Canada)</li>
<li><i>Pollachius pollachius</i> - pollack - NL: pollak (aquarium, the Netherlands)</li>
<li><i>Belone belone </i>- garfish - NL: geep (Playa Chica, Puerto del Carmen, Lanzarote)</li>
<li><i>Centrolabrus exoletus</i> - rock cook - NL: roze lipvis (Porthkerris, United Kingdom)</li>
<li><i>Gobius cobitis</i> - giant goby - NL: reuzengrondel (Kerpape, France)</li>
<li><i>Thalassoma pavo</i> - ornate wrasse - NL: pauwgirelle (Playa Chica, Puerto del Carmen, Lanzarote)</li>
<li><i>Symphodus melops</i> - corkwing wrasse - NL: zwartooglipvis (Kattendijke, the Netherlands)</li>
</ol>
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And how many did you guess right? All? Then you must be an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyology" target="_blank">ichthyologist</a>!<br />
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Maybe you are thinking: I want to see the whole fish, not just their head. Be assured: I will publish them all in posts in the future!</div>
Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-61501175079040223932016-10-04T21:13:00.000+02:002016-10-24T17:07:19.330+02:00Pherusa plumosa - a short study of the plume worm<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM8JQRBX1Jc_NG2BiSFSiwtsuINO_-Vn_cco9KnMa7XRfrguxn1PgavloVNtuwlxA5SGfX1SjF-LDqEPZ3hrV649AJi3r2MFwoE4mOUfVIJMAtQyIPTBbIjK4Evn30hpGDUMYfWUJU1Bg/s1600/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM8JQRBX1Jc_NG2BiSFSiwtsuINO_-Vn_cco9KnMa7XRfrguxn1PgavloVNtuwlxA5SGfX1SjF-LDqEPZ3hrV649AJi3r2MFwoE4mOUfVIJMAtQyIPTBbIjK4Evn30hpGDUMYfWUJU1Bg/s640/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++001.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Plume worm, <i>Pherusa plumosa</i> (NL: pluimworm) seen from below, Dreischor-Gemaal, the Netherlands, 15-8-2016 (in vitro).</span> </div>
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Have a look at the photo below. At first sight you can mistake this animal in situ for a sea anemone. But as you can see in the photo above, it must be something else. It has bristles, two different kind of tentacles, eyes (the two black dots at the base of the tentacles) and a warty, wormlike body. Certain sea anemones have different kind of tentacles and are wormlike. For instance Cerianthidae, like the tube-dwelling anemone, <i><a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2014/07/colourful-sea-anemones-and-other.html" target="_blank">Pachycerianthus fimbriatus</a></i>. But as far as I know, sea anemones never have bristles nor eyes.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl4O5ahOIyf2DRusN7oUaYofbgeMsQdKiUxls9UlT1bbdsOiT5GCLld8SW4ajNpEM2kl9GVqDpwdgpHvNtg75zsWHBxOAPW0Jr8nrHLxzOdm5apv7__LJt0AXatBW2_Ok7ZUJq5rWdpj0/s1600/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl4O5ahOIyf2DRusN7oUaYofbgeMsQdKiUxls9UlT1bbdsOiT5GCLld8SW4ajNpEM2kl9GVqDpwdgpHvNtg75zsWHBxOAPW0Jr8nrHLxzOdm5apv7__LJt0AXatBW2_Ok7ZUJq5rWdpj0/s640/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++002.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Plume worm, <i>Pherusa plumosa</i> (NL: pluimworm), Dreischor-Gemaal, the Netherlands, 15-8-2016.</span></div>
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It is a bristle worm: <i>Pherusa plumosa</i>. It does not have a common name, so I propose 'plume worm'. Plume worm is also one of the common names of <i>Serpula vermicularis</i>, but that worm has a lot of common names as you can read in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpula_vermicularis" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a>. But Serpula's tentacles look like a fan, not as much a plume, so I am stealing it back. A common name is also lacking in Dutch and I propose 'pluimworm'.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN93mShEkkkM2plHpvnzhPjQYJWRawiY1kKr05ZdzGYMeSnL3RzhWXsJVVxBOX3leuAQmqI2G9WPAtuaVAlh6nzUod-zgEKGsxRkSPE-fkAQ3j9iNwDAsta0zEVjiphLlYi8DbSMjlzeo/s1600/Pherusa+plumosa+%2526+Sagartia+troglodytes++003.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN93mShEkkkM2plHpvnzhPjQYJWRawiY1kKr05ZdzGYMeSnL3RzhWXsJVVxBOX3leuAQmqI2G9WPAtuaVAlh6nzUod-zgEKGsxRkSPE-fkAQ3j9iNwDAsta0zEVjiphLlYi8DbSMjlzeo/s640/Pherusa+plumosa+%2526+Sagartia+troglodytes++003.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Plume worm, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Pherusa plumosa</i> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(NL: pluimworm) and a very small specimen of the mud sagartia, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Sagartia troglodytes</i> (NL: slibanemoon), </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Dreischor-Gemaal, the Netherlands, 15-8-2016.</span></div>
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My attention was drawn by a post by Patrick Van Moer on the <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/StAnemoonMOO/?fref=ts" target="_blank">Facebook page</a> of <a href="http://www.anemoon.org/" target="_blank">Stichting ANEMOON</a> on 9 August this year. He showed a few beautiful worm species, which I had never seen before. As I became more interested in Polychaet worms (an under-appreciated class of animals) the last years, I went for a dive to Dreischor-Gemaal. Dreischor-Gemaal is a dive spot in the <a href="http://www.grevelingen.nl/content.asp?menu=1&page=337&lang=0" target="_blank">Grevelingen</a> in the Netherlands, a former estuary that has become a lake due to the Delta Works.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRsQwGd2N6bkDqEVq2ndACoQpUumumBijXUjCv5lVgwMMisO_tOh3EsJRfanEUo-rzKad_ZYKSKwAFtUmAsBJAQoXJk1rAPjsW9OAUH3-hsYZjH8UAuS_OHV_4CTZGw-jW3uHDYAcUg2w/s1600/Oxydromus+flexuosus+%2526+Pherusa+plumosa++004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRsQwGd2N6bkDqEVq2ndACoQpUumumBijXUjCv5lVgwMMisO_tOh3EsJRfanEUo-rzKad_ZYKSKwAFtUmAsBJAQoXJk1rAPjsW9OAUH3-hsYZjH8UAuS_OHV_4CTZGw-jW3uHDYAcUg2w/s640/Oxydromus+flexuosus+%2526+Pherusa+plumosa++004.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Plume worm, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Pherusa plumosa</i> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(NL: pluimworm) and <i>Oxydromus flexuosus</i> (NL: neonworm), Dreischor-Gemaal, the Netherlands, 15-8-2016.</span></div>
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At Dreischor-Gemaal the plume worm can be found from about 13 to 16 meter deep. A zone in the Grevelingen where few animals live, because when it gets warmer in summer it is almost depleted of oxygen.<br />
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The <a href="http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=macrobenthos_polychaeta&id=794&menuentry=soorten" target="_blank">Marine Species Identification Portal</a> mentions as habitat 'in the upper layers of the bottom; in sand or mud, eulittoral to bathyal.' Hayward and Ryland (1995; see <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/p/literature.html" target="_blank">Literature</a>) state: 'At low water in muddy rock-crevices, amongst mussels or under stones, also sublittoral on muddy bottoms.'<br />
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At that spot I also found a few other worm species in high numbers, like <i>Oxydromus flexuosus</i> (NL: neonworm). In one of my next posts I will publish photo's and information about these other species.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqcCq7J7X6RCnam2MbSzgxv7-VoONiuk33nse0yvgrKvbERIHbAS658gQZbdQ4uUSKYwoECgIhu6DwKyC5E-jBrTy1Fnbg4BBa9lIf0kb4hGNOnPZQY847M1JaTp-j0O6jmMOaqHNJMTc/s1600/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++005.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqcCq7J7X6RCnam2MbSzgxv7-VoONiuk33nse0yvgrKvbERIHbAS658gQZbdQ4uUSKYwoECgIhu6DwKyC5E-jBrTy1Fnbg4BBa9lIf0kb4hGNOnPZQY847M1JaTp-j0O6jmMOaqHNJMTc/s640/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++005.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Plume worm, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Pherusa plumosa</i> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(NL: pluimworm) seen from above, Dreischor-Gemaal, the Netherlands, 15-8-2016 (in vitro).</span></div>
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I collected one specimen for in vitro photo's (in vitro meaning in an artificial environment). Its length was 43 mm. At the Marine Species Identification Portal a length is mentioned of up to 60 mm for 70 segments. From the same website: 'Body long and cylindrical, covered with epidermal papillae which are better developed on the dorsal surface and around parapodia; often encrusted with sand-grains or mud.'<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ4uMxsO_XHytdibvCwNEn78NQb0J7jzlRjV3fiy1msGlrZMDrwDDBCywN_zrSBsPDUZYQWRNCIKdOG47XziWG_R0mASTPV95tw-6aXCBUC70mJImgWGyaBGHQzs3c3ddCd2bspi7T7NQ/s1600/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++006.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ4uMxsO_XHytdibvCwNEn78NQb0J7jzlRjV3fiy1msGlrZMDrwDDBCywN_zrSBsPDUZYQWRNCIKdOG47XziWG_R0mASTPV95tw-6aXCBUC70mJImgWGyaBGHQzs3c3ddCd2bspi7T7NQ/s640/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++006.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Tail of the plume worm, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Pherusa plumosa</i> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(NL: pluimworm) seen from above, Dreischor-Gemaal, the Netherlands, 15-8-2016 (in vitro).</span> </div>
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What about its distribution? Marine Species Identification Portal states: 'North Sea to Baltic Sea. Possibly whole northern hemisphere.' Indeed <a href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=130113" target="_blank">WoRMS</a> (World Register of Marine Species) states other places ('From other sources') in the northern hemisphere, so I googled for more. I found <a href="http://zipcodezoo.com/index.php/Main_Page" target="_blank">ZipcodeZoo</a>, an online natural history encyclopedia. This website provides very nice distribution maps. I have copy/pasted the map of <i>Pherusa plumosa</i>, but the species appears to be quite cosmopolitan in the northern hemisphere, so the red dots on the map are hardly discernible. Just have a look at the page ZipcodeZoo and click <a href="http://zipcodezoo.com/index.php/Pherusa_plumosa" target="_blank">here</a> (I chose a map with 'Styling: high contrast' and 'Point size: medium').<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNb7xS7yV_55bjdr1qTiFo77pheuQSNxqWdAtDT4zYlsuVXtxyUIZ-umJfhtDselEvvC-PPMQUYJh8Oh_UD5V7vlsrgBgcNssyFzH2nKXzM3ahL0Wn8AAgZC4JovGZk-BfapBUF0x93Yw/s1600/Pherusa+plumosa+distribution++001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNb7xS7yV_55bjdr1qTiFo77pheuQSNxqWdAtDT4zYlsuVXtxyUIZ-umJfhtDselEvvC-PPMQUYJh8Oh_UD5V7vlsrgBgcNssyFzH2nKXzM3ahL0Wn8AAgZC4JovGZk-BfapBUF0x93Yw/s640/Pherusa+plumosa+distribution++001.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Distribution of <i>Pherusa plumosa</i> (© ZipcodeZoo).</span></div>
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The distribution map is not flawless, because plume worms are not listed in the Netherlands. Marco Faasse wrote: 'I have found one specimen in the Oosterschelde; the species is also listed in reports of the <a href="https://nioo.knaw.nl/en" target="_blank">NIOO</a>.' It appears to be common in the Grevelingen (I found about 50 specimen in one dive), but only very recently. Ton van Haaren of <a href="http://www.eurofins.com/about-us/" target="_blank">Eurofins Aquasense</a> wrote: 'We collected benthos by means of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_corer" target="_blank">boxcorer</a> at 9 and 10 March 2016. In total 40 samples were taken at the Grevelingen (20 at the western and 20 at the eastern part). <i>Pherusa</i> was not found in any of these samples.'<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY2FEUzviZHiW945Y6HttkmQfuGh6krjoqMf37afaSclPejiUCCRcdeYlWgWAVi2EP21hilZMpS8OrY4BQgbRj_IxCSAbY7F6SK7MA26YajglSqlhYO4vc3X_0PAR4H-OUv6OV8hOAks8/s1600/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY2FEUzviZHiW945Y6HttkmQfuGh6krjoqMf37afaSclPejiUCCRcdeYlWgWAVi2EP21hilZMpS8OrY4BQgbRj_IxCSAbY7F6SK7MA26YajglSqlhYO4vc3X_0PAR4H-OUv6OV8hOAks8/s640/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++007.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Plume worm, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Pherusa plumosa</i> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(NL: pluimworm), Dreischor-Gemaal, the Netherlands, 15-8-2016.</span></div>
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Of course the tentacles are the most obvious (and beautiful) parts of the plume worm. They are not tentacles in a sense of an organ catching food or a sensory organ: the eight largest ones are its gills.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOPIw2vXyxFwwBJ-wE3MBJDm6-qyXUDuEGy7dEnp4fp70_AdpbAW2d7yU8iaBFto19j-JfkCHy6B-FtUJvLzG9c60xO4tCueBJPdyAc9wtZz1xJ-AdbVyiiXHcVEQqTaQxRwPaUqgFFhs/s1600/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++008.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOPIw2vXyxFwwBJ-wE3MBJDm6-qyXUDuEGy7dEnp4fp70_AdpbAW2d7yU8iaBFto19j-JfkCHy6B-FtUJvLzG9c60xO4tCueBJPdyAc9wtZz1xJ-AdbVyiiXHcVEQqTaQxRwPaUqgFFhs/s640/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++008.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Plume worm, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Pherusa plumosa</i> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(NL: pluimworm), Dreischor-Gemaal, the Netherlands, 15-8-2016.</span></div>
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It also has two tentacles for catching food, called palps. You can see them sticking outwards at the photo above, searching food. The plume worm is a surface deposit feeder.<br />
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On the next photo you can see how the palps differ from the gills. The palps are very flexible, unlike the gills which are quite swollen and inflexible, like a balloon. Where the gills are rounded, the palps have a fissure with lobes. Probably to make it more easy to catch and hold food particles.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr2KpuZt5LAE5An_O3Ao7qrVYTToKNnOiFSpHZFidLe7BwzSMK8D8s7vRx04H0VaQVEuyomLh4_M3YFsJBAf85DVQz6HoIbXq_aObe3Z9IgAqX04SSe7rHyMKiIwtHoZHegyiakgXEXVs/s1600/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++009.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr2KpuZt5LAE5An_O3Ao7qrVYTToKNnOiFSpHZFidLe7BwzSMK8D8s7vRx04H0VaQVEuyomLh4_M3YFsJBAf85DVQz6HoIbXq_aObe3Z9IgAqX04SSe7rHyMKiIwtHoZHegyiakgXEXVs/s640/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++009.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Front part of the plume worm, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Pherusa plumosa</i> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(NL: pluimworm) seen from below, Dreischor-Gemaal, the Netherlands, 15-8-2016 (in vitro).</span> </div>
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A lot of worms, especially worms with fan-like tentacles, easily withdraw when disturbed. It is not always obvious whether this is caused by light (my shadow, my pilot light and/or the modeling light of my strobes) or the displacement of water I cause as a diver. Anyway, while diving I reduced the light to one strobe modeling light. Fortunately the plume worms appeared to be not very jumpy. Even while taking in vitro photo's, laying totally 'naked' in a petri dish, it withdrew its tentacles only while flashing.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBO2o4ZNHGNO_o5UQaUK1IrGgVkFoTsQ9gEOfO-P2TfADh8wgsOqqW7hUtDBy1gkB8j8F4DO4ktktYPXZvwwXyEjlWvZQEyBcYnZIxohvSA2eP7iM-i2oY9l8DE5Cxc_uxIOxuaMXFJug/s1600/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++011.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBO2o4ZNHGNO_o5UQaUK1IrGgVkFoTsQ9gEOfO-P2TfADh8wgsOqqW7hUtDBy1gkB8j8F4DO4ktktYPXZvwwXyEjlWvZQEyBcYnZIxohvSA2eP7iM-i2oY9l8DE5Cxc_uxIOxuaMXFJug/s640/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++011.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Plume worm, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Pherusa plumosa</i> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(NL: pluimworm), Dreischor-Gemaal, the Netherlands, 15-8-2016.</span></div>
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On the photo above it looks as if the worm has retreated in the bottom, but it has only retracted its gills and palps. See also the next photo. After a few seconds the gills are reappearing (one has to breathe), followed by the two palps (one has to eat).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq-L8UFHqqdFczuqytSPbaaUINbXhjX9Q-VcGk2GWLJqAJv1mHfDDYxINT4g3IgB7HytEziSKr8HZjbDIOag6fgLwfbf3ev5bfYLU0Mbf0KFB81bd2acsAbiga2HUD2s0s5nvNVjfnqHY/s1600/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++010.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq-L8UFHqqdFczuqytSPbaaUINbXhjX9Q-VcGk2GWLJqAJv1mHfDDYxINT4g3IgB7HytEziSKr8HZjbDIOag6fgLwfbf3ev5bfYLU0Mbf0KFB81bd2acsAbiga2HUD2s0s5nvNVjfnqHY/s640/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++010.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Front part of the plume worm, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Pherusa plumosa</i> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(NL: pluimworm) seen from below with retracted gills and palps, Dreischor-Gemaal, the Netherlands, 15-8-2016 (in vitro).</span> </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqz5Kuw5pXpY0qegSaJqaN0-8DCzKRRLvwuFP_xfQzi60rO0_qRxZvfQRj3oACty4rkttGZPyE76W_eS2FC8bPlhlpiBnM7H3b6ZzfWLSNwnO_YvXevvM6m942ttzELhQZwQ_qbqppSUw/s1600/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++012.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqz5Kuw5pXpY0qegSaJqaN0-8DCzKRRLvwuFP_xfQzi60rO0_qRxZvfQRj3oACty4rkttGZPyE76W_eS2FC8bPlhlpiBnM7H3b6ZzfWLSNwnO_YvXevvM6m942ttzELhQZwQ_qbqppSUw/s640/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++012.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Side view of the front part of the plume worm, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Pherusa plumosa</i> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(NL: pluimworm), Dreischor-Gemaal, the Netherlands, 15-8-2016 (in vitro).</span></div>
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Later I realised that what I at first thought were 'tentacles' of a tube build of particles of sand and shell, like the tube of the sand mason, <i>Lanice conchilega</i> (NL: schelpkokerworm), were bristles of the plume worm.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgES_R4TbLEPWG-TBNQcmBkfhmgafi7pnRcyFDGZVsmF3tu5mNCmPA42g5BOp1B4uK4Y_SlowPaEm-KEEzzGH1QAWZAnjyjiHrgUdT8J1CfJOzh26KShk4wqiv61WWDoYCKVuqi_gn9pqk/s1600/Lanice+conchilega+-+sand+mason+-+schelpkokerworm++001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgES_R4TbLEPWG-TBNQcmBkfhmgafi7pnRcyFDGZVsmF3tu5mNCmPA42g5BOp1B4uK4Y_SlowPaEm-KEEzzGH1QAWZAnjyjiHrgUdT8J1CfJOzh26KShk4wqiv61WWDoYCKVuqi_gn9pqk/s640/Lanice+conchilega+-+sand+mason+-+schelpkokerworm++001.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Sand mason, <i>Lanice conchilega</i> (NL: schelpkokerworm) with its tube of particles of sand and shell, Digue Nord, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France, 24</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">-8-2014 (in vitro).</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifHN-oVc_VuUiuo4s4MQZ3xBXJTaF2FHMA-zNv6DM0ewrF7bZd2CthBzYARYZth2e3VGs7Yo9tykAiEprLLBeiVkaVkSmyWhBE-iPIQGZwACminvhUUAw7B5AEgtUFNXeuJf84QmxVAs0/s1600/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++013.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifHN-oVc_VuUiuo4s4MQZ3xBXJTaF2FHMA-zNv6DM0ewrF7bZd2CthBzYARYZth2e3VGs7Yo9tykAiEprLLBeiVkaVkSmyWhBE-iPIQGZwACminvhUUAw7B5AEgtUFNXeuJf84QmxVAs0/s640/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++013.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Bristles at the front part of the plume worm, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Pherusa plumosa</i> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(NL: pluimworm) seen from above, Dreischor-Gemaal, the Netherlands, 15-8-2016 (in vitro).</span> </div>
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They have long, iridescent, forwardly directed bristles on the first three body parts. I presume as a kind of protection of the gills and palps. I can imagine it is not nice to have a bite in something feeling like fishbones or cat's whiskers in your mouth!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguIn6cMI-wJSJo2RhmPe2E3p6NVt-FRoOBXGzS8olJ6Xi1fSlkBIw27taJRppGJhiWsUfAgfbgDDjBZERTKJ11_yGGun0VjKpbs5JWYHWX-YtiabfteRcwbDKXyqjY9JcMWQB4rr3hW3I/s1600/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++014.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguIn6cMI-wJSJo2RhmPe2E3p6NVt-FRoOBXGzS8olJ6Xi1fSlkBIw27taJRppGJhiWsUfAgfbgDDjBZERTKJ11_yGGun0VjKpbs5JWYHWX-YtiabfteRcwbDKXyqjY9JcMWQB4rr3hW3I/s640/Pherusa+plumosa+-+plume+worm+-+pluimworm++014.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Plume worm, <i>Pherusa plumosa</i> (NL: pluimworm), front part seen from below, Dreischor-Gemaal, the Netherlands, 15-8-2016 (in vitro).</span> </div>
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Once you throw a lot of light on animals like these and look at them in detail, you realize how colourful and beautiful they are. Well worth to preserve, so after a few days I released the protagonist in the sea.<br />
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I thank Marco Faasse for his (always very kind) help in identifying the worm and other information, Patrick Van Moer for sharing his photo's and information of this worm on Facebook and Ton van Haaren for information about the distribution of worms in the Grevelingen.Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-79071343297496991152016-08-21T19:50:00.004+02:002022-12-26T20:02:57.847+01:00Zoektocht naar het ideale gebied om stenen te keren - Search for first-rate sites for turning stones<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHgt_UxhaB7zebwAijzchCOhNj1_a1zyCHJTpLdaFeMXQDNQ7xY3Cut36rxQrolVEWEpuxZM7YCqeK4WAWL6wAp_VsinB9LqP2bT0vBg8sCL1-AGk9A7Z8tC2vdoabBlC1jRVClQ_DzB0/s1600/stenen+keren+2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHgt_UxhaB7zebwAijzchCOhNj1_a1zyCHJTpLdaFeMXQDNQ7xY3Cut36rxQrolVEWEpuxZM7YCqeK4WAWL6wAp_VsinB9LqP2bT0vBg8sCL1-AGk9A7Z8tC2vdoabBlC1jRVClQ_DzB0/s640/stenen+keren+2.jpg" width="576" /></a><br />
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<span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="color: #3d85c6; font-size: large;"><b>Search for first-rate sites for turning stones</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #3d85c6;">This is a post in Dutch. It is a transcript of an article I wrote for <i>Het Zeepaard </i>(76, no. 3, July 2016). <i>Het Zeepaard</i> (The Seahorse) is a journal of the <a href="http://www.strandwerkgemeenschap.nl/" target="_blank">Strandwerkgemeenschap</a> (literally: beach working community): a community of amateur and professional marine biologists and other enthusiasts. The Strandwerkgemeenschap was founded in 1941. This issue is a special publication to commemorate its 75 year jubilee. You can just have a look at the photo's; </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">I have listed names in English, if </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">available, beneath the photo's as (EN:..). And of course you can </span><span style="color: #3d85c6;">use Google translator (do not be surprised by its translation). </span></div>
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>Het Zeepaard</b></span><br />
In dit bericht heb ik een artikel verwerkt, dat ik heb geschreven voor <i>Het Zeepaard</i> (jaargang 76, no. 3, juli 2016). <i>Het Zeepaard </i>is het tijdschrift van de <a href="http://www.strandwerkgemeenschap.nl/" target="_blank">Strandwerkgemeenschap</a>: een vereniging van amateur en professioneel marien biologen en iedereen die geïnteresseerd is in mariene fauna en flora. De Strand- werkgemeenschap is opgericht in 1941. Vanwege het 75-jarige bestaan is een jubileumnummer uitgebracht, waarin dit artikel is gepubliceerd.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiat4zN3R45zI5xcuh2ZvzPg8iApo7E8pLt7OYug2A58RE8GAHtyQY_LezgBRxYg9sZKhlBL9sQi0fCdCh8JSk_unPX80tNQyipD7tQsfHOu16lbGkdRqeRcWoGwxjb4ejw2iwA7KFudfE/s1600/Zeepaard+kaft+jubnrK.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiat4zN3R45zI5xcuh2ZvzPg8iApo7E8pLt7OYug2A58RE8GAHtyQY_LezgBRxYg9sZKhlBL9sQi0fCdCh8JSk_unPX80tNQyipD7tQsfHOu16lbGkdRqeRcWoGwxjb4ejw2iwA7KFudfE/s400/Zeepaard+kaft+jubnrK.jpg" width="290" /></a><br />
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<span face=""verdana" , sans-serif" style="font-size: large;"><b>Zoektocht naar het ideale gebied om stenen te keren</b></span></div>
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Sinds ik 42 jaar geleden werd gegrepen door de mariene biologie, ben ik steeds op zoek geweest naar het ideale gebied bij laag water, waar je door stenen keren het grootst mogelijke aantal - en vooral zeldzame of bijzondere - soorten kunt vinden.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrWvLAcMb-k4yhRyfE9ptwxhJoOIjxLl1qAMV-rLqfERSFOmijHqN_Ou5UDfnQNgzYk_AZFdgtH6gmyVWGzS-0rAuaYMI3oYDVtZWDWOyvrFcd0y4jwrJN9rqWzLsjzwwXHm5e_UfKYTA/s1600/wakame.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrWvLAcMb-k4yhRyfE9ptwxhJoOIjxLl1qAMV-rLqfERSFOmijHqN_Ou5UDfnQNgzYk_AZFdgtH6gmyVWGzS-0rAuaYMI3oYDVtZWDWOyvrFcd0y4jwrJN9rqWzLsjzwwXHm5e_UfKYTA/s640/wakame.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 1. Excursie bij Kattendijke, Nederland, in het stroomgebied van de voormalige oesterputten, 19-3-2011.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: orange;">Stenen keren</span></b><br />
Als je nog nooit stenen hebt gekeerd, zul je je vast afvragen wat daarmee wordt bedoeld. Kortweg: je gaat bij laag water naar een rotsgebied om daar stenen om te keren om te zien wat er aan de onderkant en zijkant van die stenen leeft (fig. 1 en 2).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy8_8AyOFrePVJYTzhdhvM5XcW6TdgNojAry3ZpDT1pwzDmixg10ZXmC3nwcLlhl2uzbWiPHh950kNbtaCkeVeAtOh2nX6AnZSC0Ox5QqmlF47efY2zlgfFLAXkDXeI-WwIviyQXDrZP8/s1600/Didemnum+vexillum+-+druipzakpijp.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy8_8AyOFrePVJYTzhdhvM5XcW6TdgNojAry3ZpDT1pwzDmixg10ZXmC3nwcLlhl2uzbWiPHh950kNbtaCkeVeAtOh2nX6AnZSC0Ox5QqmlF47efY2zlgfFLAXkDXeI-WwIviyQXDrZP8/s640/Didemnum+vexillum+-+druipzakpijp.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 2. Gekeerde steen met druipzakpijp, <i>Didemnum vexillum</i> (EN: compound sea squirt), Neeltje Jans, Nederland, 15-7-2006.</span></div>
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Ook bovenop de stenen leven dieren en vooral wieren. Dieren zoals zeepokken, slakken zoals de gewone alikruik, <i>Littorina littorea</i> en de schaalhorenslak, <i>Patella vulgata</i> (fig. 3) en tweekleppigen zoals de mossel, <i>Mytilus edulis</i> en Japanse oester, <i>Crassostrea gigas</i> (fig. 33 en 34). En wieren zoals blaaswier, <i>Fucus vesiculosus</i>, zeesla, <i>Ulva</i> species en Iers mos, <i>Chondrus crispus. </i><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf8P6VmgdX0sp3lspZSspC_mYKkGz-Nr0XTCVbZUk6wDvfYJrUzrB_7j20j-ce0ew2MIgEsXlCzBtpiFI7M3y5s_v-x0OesQsfkMA5aR2kfO02EcmkcmJc9Tmye9W6DUrxIOLLI8h6h40/s1600/Patella+vulgata+-+common+limpet+-+schaalhorenslak.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf8P6VmgdX0sp3lspZSspC_mYKkGz-Nr0XTCVbZUk6wDvfYJrUzrB_7j20j-ce0ew2MIgEsXlCzBtpiFI7M3y5s_v-x0OesQsfkMA5aR2kfO02EcmkcmJc9Tmye9W6DUrxIOLLI8h6h40/s640/Patella+vulgata+-+common+limpet+-+schaalhorenslak.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 3. Schaalhorenslak, <i>Patella vulgata</i> (EN: common limpet), Ile Raguénez, Frankrijk, 14-5-2012.</span></div>
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Soorten die zich juist thuis voelen bovenop de stenen en veel licht nodig hebben of veel stroming en goed bestand zijn tegen uitdroging en/of zware golfslag. Maar afgezien van zeewieren en de hiervoor genoemde voorbeelden, zul je aan de onder- en zijkant van stenen veel meer soorten vinden. Deze dieren hebben een zekere bescherming nodig tegen uitdroging, regenwater, golfslag en roofvijanden en zoeken schaduw en een schuilplaats bij laag water. Stenen keren is net als cadeautjes uitpakken: het is altijd verrassend wat er in - in dit geval onder - zit!<br />
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<b><span style="color: orange;">Laag water</span></b><br />
Je kunt je makkelijk voorstellen dat een zeedier op zich een broertje dood heeft aan laag water. De meeste zeedieren hebben continu water om zich heen nodig om te ademen of te eten. Maar het getijdengebied, het gebied dat bij laag water droog valt, biedt klaarblijkelijk voor veel soorten zo’n voordeel op dat het zeer soortenrijk kan zijn: een goede plek om zich (al of niet permanent) vast te hechten, veel voedsel en extra bescherming voor het dier zelf en de eieren die het daar afzet. Het laag water wordt op de koop toe genomen. En sommige soorten hebben het laag water juist nodig omdat hun voedsel daarin gedijt.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgIc2N5KLimwMMtZouM3DwDD9-nCHhg_4dE9mzZZHUDlpeDx9m9HKHQmvj46_6RENGrKl6LrMb4oSPpVlKNP7_IaQTdIdqc0gjGRX5_k0At9Cao3rxJRbSmNAuMnm7SfJgQjKpvwI21mg/s1600/Ascophyllum+nodosum+-+knotted+wrack+-+knotswier.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgIc2N5KLimwMMtZouM3DwDD9-nCHhg_4dE9mzZZHUDlpeDx9m9HKHQmvj46_6RENGrKl6LrMb4oSPpVlKNP7_IaQTdIdqc0gjGRX5_k0At9Cao3rxJRbSmNAuMnm7SfJgQjKpvwI21mg/s640/Ascophyllum+nodosum+-+knotted+wrack+-+knotswier.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 4. Knotswier, <i>Ascophyllum nodosum</i> (EN: knotted wrack), Wemeldinge, Nederland, 3-7-2010.</span></div>
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Denk bijvoorbeeld aan de vlakke alikruik, <i>Littorina fabalis</i>, die leeft van zeewiersoorten als knotswier, <i>Ascophyllum </i><i>nodosum</i>, fig. 4 en het al genoemde blaaswier. Deze twee bruinwieren hebben juist eb en vloed nodig voor hun voortbestaan; staan ze permanent in zeewater, dan verslijmen ze binnen een paar dagen.<br />
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>Rotsgebied</b></span><br />
Ik heb het hiervoor over rotsgebied. Daar kun je in Nederland gevoeglijk het woord kunstmatig voor zetten, want wij hebben geen natuurlijke rotskust: we hebben het allemaal zelf aangelegd. Mocht je geen idee hebben waar ik op doel met onze rotskust, denk dan aan al onze stenen dijken, golfbrekers, pieren, havenhoofden en oesterputten.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-vFWxhpxutZlWIcwbNPBOMzyqfqG2tQqnP4GHX9IDW6lJnA9VrOX2gndWkYgP46ZcVdorHypBimE8QiamQqqqLJxyTwNqUN9s7ScNteEEoNIui4s8GJmCfFrFN8ITrQP3TaCia7DBD3E/s1600/Glasjesnol+-+excursiegangers.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-vFWxhpxutZlWIcwbNPBOMzyqfqG2tQqnP4GHX9IDW6lJnA9VrOX2gndWkYgP46ZcVdorHypBimE8QiamQqqqLJxyTwNqUN9s7ScNteEEoNIui4s8GJmCfFrFN8ITrQP3TaCia7DBD3E/s640/Glasjesnol+-+excursiegangers.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 5. Dijkgebied bij Glasjesnol: Nederlands kunstmatige rotskust, Nederland, 25-11-2006.</span></div>
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Waar deze vaste stenen bouwwerken zelf ook houvast en onderkomen bieden aan allerlei soorten, zijn het vooral de min of meer losse stenen onderaan en naast deze bouwwerken, die veel meer leven herbergen. Losse en dan vooral gestapelde stenen bieden domweg meer 'lebensraum' dan vaste stenen in een dijk. Daarbij zijn die stenen - in tegenstelling tot de moderne, vaste dijkstenen - verschillend van vorm en structuur. Dat blijkt in de praktijk voor soorten ook aantrekkelijker te zijn.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSRrLcSV2KcPosVDq8I9vkJjUNdCXhCF3PBRgYFUMkbkr4mODjxw4Z-GiHQCPqC5HMR-7DlFXQ8hw38Z2e1g0HIFyAbEkYWN1Gqj0PPTfqPdz_7benq3MvMp_sg0gKqlmnYb1-E7G2D9E/s1600/Botryllus+schlosseri+-+star+sea+squirt+-+gesterde+geleikorst.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSRrLcSV2KcPosVDq8I9vkJjUNdCXhCF3PBRgYFUMkbkr4mODjxw4Z-GiHQCPqC5HMR-7DlFXQ8hw38Z2e1g0HIFyAbEkYWN1Gqj0PPTfqPdz_7benq3MvMp_sg0gKqlmnYb1-E7G2D9E/s640/Botryllus+schlosseri+-+star+sea+squirt+-+gesterde+geleikorst.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 6. Gesterde geleikorst, <i>Botryllus schlosseri</i> (EN: star sea squirt), Kerpape, Bretagne, Frankrijk, 16-5-2012.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: orange;">Wat zit waar</span></b><br />
Het gaat dan niet alleen om dieren die zich vasthechten aan de onder- of zijkant van stenen, maar ook om dieren die zich er onder verschuilen. Voor het verschil: aan de onderkant van de steen vind je vastgehecht bijvoorbeeld een zakpijp als de gesterde geleikorst, <i>Botryllus schlosseri</i> (fig. 6), broodspons, <i>Halichondria panicea</i>, en je ziet de harige porseleinkrab, <i>Porcellana platycheles</i> (fig. 7) en de gewone porseleinkrab, <i>Pisidia longicornis</i>, zich stevig vasthouden aan de steen die je omkeert.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZnd_JzNgbgx6yVxCAPFVSECORThNp9LfrV67nfVdXCjFJkVwjlfwct88EI3LoRhyphenhyphenIVRxJKnz_JbDwiQZsuiq9k06FW6RbblJR69Im060GbZ_YQwkm4NMPOcDiJnQslEOUHUgsNLQcwWI/s1600/Porcellana+platycheles+-+broad-clawed+porcelain+crab+-+harige+porseleinkrab.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZnd_JzNgbgx6yVxCAPFVSECORThNp9LfrV67nfVdXCjFJkVwjlfwct88EI3LoRhyphenhyphenIVRxJKnz_JbDwiQZsuiq9k06FW6RbblJR69Im060GbZ_YQwkm4NMPOcDiJnQslEOUHUgsNLQcwWI/s640/Porcellana+platycheles+-+broad-clawed+porcelain+crab+-+harige+porseleinkrab.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 7. Harige porseleinkrab, <i>Porcellana platycheles</i> (EN: broad-clawed porcelain crab), Goudzwaardweg, Nederland, 9-6-2014.</span></div>
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Daar tegenover zul je bijvoorbeeld de penseelkrab, <i>Hemigrapsus takanoi</i> (fig. 8) en de blaasjeskrab, <i>Hemigrapsus sanguineus </i>(fig. 23 en 47) met name op de bodem onder de steen snel weg zien kruipen. Ook vissen als de botervis, <i>Pholis gunnellus</i> (fig. 9), en steenslijmvis, <i>Lipophrys pholis</i> (fig. 13 en 29) kun je op de bodem vinden. Omdat juist die meer vrij levende soorten zich snel uit de voeten maken, kun je dus het beste altijd eerst naar de bodem onder de steen kijken. Zie je daar niets zitten - of zoals in Nederland nogal eens voorkomt: het water is zo troebel dat je toch niets ziet - dan speur je daarna de onderzijde van de steen af. De porseleinkrabben lopen toch niet zo snel weg.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWq8HqFyhjJIKs2pl0mTRpT8LV_aDrDJUFKd5S_lidhpQPGZ6bpEeOOSCYxpWvqNDmhyphenhyphenWFx5N1_4nnYGlmMX5wH3r6fMLY_NSnadRdH9yvapbCW6cHSLrr5rpwAbMj5bmlqWah3ifn9t4/s1600/Hemigrapsus+takanoi+-+brush-clawed+shore+crab+-+penseelkrab.jpg"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWq8HqFyhjJIKs2pl0mTRpT8LV_aDrDJUFKd5S_lidhpQPGZ6bpEeOOSCYxpWvqNDmhyphenhyphenWFx5N1_4nnYGlmMX5wH3r6fMLY_NSnadRdH9yvapbCW6cHSLrr5rpwAbMj5bmlqWah3ifn9t4/s640/Hemigrapsus+takanoi+-+brush-clawed+shore+crab+-+penseelkrab.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 8. Penseelkrab, <i>Hemigrapsus takanoi</i> (EN: brush-clawed shore crab)</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Dreischor - Kokrif, Nederland, 6-10-2011.</span></div>
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Is het een beetje duidelijk geworden wat stenen keren betekent, wat een rotsgebied in Nederland is en (van de paar genoemde soorten) wat je waar aan zou kunnen treffen? Dan ga ik nu door met waar het eigenlijk om gaat: het vinden van het ideale ‘stenenkeergebied'.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlcPvlhE4Aq1u2brDjJNPi_7rR6EloGXKOxP7erYr1JkjdYvc6XDR4b5w2siZkPgOENYXSRuNC7UtNZQMYNs17nMINkZtYblzpOe-E6IzObPE4TN_BMkWUjVWHEbejfYAMQxx9di0HmiA/s1600/Pholis+gunnellus+-+gunnel+-+botervis.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlcPvlhE4Aq1u2brDjJNPi_7rR6EloGXKOxP7erYr1JkjdYvc6XDR4b5w2siZkPgOENYXSRuNC7UtNZQMYNs17nMINkZtYblzpOe-E6IzObPE4TN_BMkWUjVWHEbejfYAMQxx9di0HmiA/s640/Pholis+gunnellus+-+gunnel+-+botervis.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 9. Botervis, <i>Pholis gunnellus</i> (EN: gunnel), Dreischor - Gemaal, Nederland, 7-8-2012.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: orange;">Excursies Strandwerkgroep Waterweg-Noord</span></b><br />
De Strandwerkgroep van de KNNV Waterweg-Noord, opgericht in 1964, organiseert regelmatig excursies. Waren het vroeger een paar excursies per jaar, sinds 2000 organiseren we er circa één per maand. In de loop der jaren is het accent steeds meer op het Zeeuwse komen te liggen: de Oosterschelde (diverse locaties) en de Noordzee (Neeltje Jans en Westkapelle). Op zoek naar mooie gebieden om stenen te keren.<br />
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Op het kaartje (fig. 10) kun je zien waar wij zoal zijn geweest. In het bijbehorende overzicht (tabel 1) lees je hoe laag het water in die gebieden moet zijn voor een excursie met een redelijke garantie op veel en soms zeldzame soorten. Ook is aangegeven of er veel of weinig geschikte stenen te keren zijn. Over dat lage water en geschikte stenen zo meer.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEiIqlPeQFf8dTGBAeu8vMp-itRGUJuw9EX_TzwOLdj4dkTWFp6Qrv0ZfSy349XbS08KZjybLWKLw9eSnNUhG7UCE5mlj7vjJnYlrRzrE-docPmtyh_BOcOOJHjtD1vibI4F1hbEQprPE/s1600/Kaart+excursieplaatsen+v2+2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEiIqlPeQFf8dTGBAeu8vMp-itRGUJuw9EX_TzwOLdj4dkTWFp6Qrv0ZfSy349XbS08KZjybLWKLw9eSnNUhG7UCE5mlj7vjJnYlrRzrE-docPmtyh_BOcOOJHjtD1vibI4F1hbEQprPE/s640/Kaart+excursieplaatsen+v2+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 10. Kaartje van stenenkeergebieden met legenda.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmhPTTpiqHwFXLuhxtCpYwLv8wpzpdsgm11cb-Kvdev6LGn_JacZCJqLYOV2nz3NNjg2BA3poNguIAa8eQi4SkUi3yy-X5xcmYAAROYP-grTi0lHlLs28LGxSZ2oOK5mYOs2W1KPDfW0s/s1600/tabel.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmhPTTpiqHwFXLuhxtCpYwLv8wpzpdsgm11cb-Kvdev6LGn_JacZCJqLYOV2nz3NNjg2BA3poNguIAa8eQi4SkUi3yy-X5xcmYAAROYP-grTi0lHlLs28LGxSZ2oOK5mYOs2W1KPDfW0s/s640/tabel.jpg" width="625" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Tabel 1. Overzicht en beoordeling stenenkeergebieden.</span></div>
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Ten slotte heb ik er een rapportcijfer aan gegeven. Dat is meer op gevoel dan op cijfers gebaseerd. Overigens hebben we als werkgroep meer gebieden bezocht. Dan niet om stenen te keren, maar om bijvoorbeeld pontons in havens te bekijken of om te snorkelen.<br />
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<b style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="color: orange;">Laag water: hoe extremer laag hoe beter</span></b><br />
Afgezien van de ligging en het substraat (de ondergrond) waaruit een gebied is opgebouwd, is de mate van laag water - ik doel op de grootte van het gebied dat dagelijks twee maal bij eb droog valt - van groot belang. Je kunt gerust stellen: hoe extremer laag water, hoe verder de zee zich dus terugtrekt, hoe beter. Bij de jaarplanning van de excursies in oktober van het voorgaande jaar maak ik op basis van het astronomisch getij (met dank aan Rijkswaterstaat voor 'getij'; klik <a href="https://getij.rws.nl" target="_blank">hier</a> voor de link) een top 25 en top 50 van de dagen met de laagste waterstand-verwachting.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh11Emwv7o7G1r55TXhs99SUelrHuaXaPK-_dOxDDYeaIPDfjInRJ-5lrVlI4ErURj8JSTTk0aZXUd-7WukJeXdgmkQtCQPJQJtpysiTqcgjA3R53D75Xqqot_TQNI__v9qChIG5WzwVUc/s1600/Necora+puber+-+blue+velvet+crab+-+fluwelen+zwemkrab.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh11Emwv7o7G1r55TXhs99SUelrHuaXaPK-_dOxDDYeaIPDfjInRJ-5lrVlI4ErURj8JSTTk0aZXUd-7WukJeXdgmkQtCQPJQJtpysiTqcgjA3R53D75Xqqot_TQNI__v9qChIG5WzwVUc/s640/Necora+puber+-+blue+velvet+crab+-+fluwelen+zwemkrab.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 11. Fluwelen zwemkrab, <i>Necora puber</i> (EN: blue velvet crab), Scharendijke, Nederland, 8-10-2014.</span></div>
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Als je naar de getijvoorspelling over het gehele jaar kijkt, dan zie je dat met name de maanden januari t/m mei de meest extreme laagwaters geven (waaruit ik de top 25 samenstel). Vaak op tijdstippen die vooral bestemd zijn voor ochtendmensen. Juni en december kennen ook nog wel goede dagen, maar verder is het behelpen (daaruit stel ik de top 50 samen). Of je moet ’s avonds laat of 's nachts in het donker stenen gaan keren; dan zijn er in de andere maanden ook nog topdagen te vinden.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivJ9LDz6PHRiqoIiJUA5_PP2L4mEpi9Mv7fgNuLsPNObmV0-Wkn4YbYY4hgSJSuARLkjar-Nh4_ljYMQefPIhxsBI6jCMTVOvz3s5JKVQuGv9dx0IpYr3vYBiHHfHbowO9HRuvit-h3sY/s1600/Parablennius+gattorugine+-+tompot+blenny+-+gehoornde+slijmvis.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivJ9LDz6PHRiqoIiJUA5_PP2L4mEpi9Mv7fgNuLsPNObmV0-Wkn4YbYY4hgSJSuARLkjar-Nh4_ljYMQefPIhxsBI6jCMTVOvz3s5JKVQuGv9dx0IpYr3vYBiHHfHbowO9HRuvit-h3sY/s640/Parablennius+gattorugine+-+tompot+blenny+-+gehoornde+slijmvis.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 12. Gehoornde slijmvis, <i>Parablennius gattorugine </i>(EN: tompot blenny), Burghsluis, Nederland, 9-5-2016.</span></div>
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Augustus 2015 hebben we zo’n excursie gehad bij Westkapelle (fig. 48, 50 en 10: nr. 18). Zeer laag water en het was ronduit spectaculair met een overvloed aan fluwelen zwemkrabben, <i>Necora puber</i> (fig. 11), die zich in het donker beschermd voelden (zonder stenen te keren waren er in 360° zicht 15 te zien) en met de zeldzame gehoornde slijmvis, <i>Parablennius gattorugine</i> (fig. 12). De excursie duurde helaas niet lang want zwaar onweer, regen en vervolgens hagelbuien dwongen ons te vertrekken. Je kunt ook niet alles meehebben.<br />
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Het komt overigens zelden voor dat vanwege het weer een excursie niet door gaat. Wel verkassen we regelmatig naar een ander excursiegebied. De windsterkte en -richting kunnen namelijk een geweldige spelbreker zijn. Bijvoorbeeld: windkracht 4 of meer vanuit het zuiden of westen: laat de Westbout (fig. 10: nr. 2) liggen en ga naar Anna Friso (fig. 10: nr. 16). Het is dan ook raadzaam om ook het meteorologisch getij in de gaten te houden. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYmOIgiH0GjdMMKP_ia49W7sUTtfNT0U-VTTrSu0ir3xLZLUmMbhXi9ipfEwHJAIrfTkM6i-rE727cM5hSBAyu0Naxi2WzZuk6PcOVOku0ZherN9B4rti1pipSN5gG8e2O6kFTASNZlDg/s1600/Lipophrys+pholis+-+shanny+-+steenslijmvis-2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="419" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYmOIgiH0GjdMMKP_ia49W7sUTtfNT0U-VTTrSu0ir3xLZLUmMbhXi9ipfEwHJAIrfTkM6i-rE727cM5hSBAyu0Naxi2WzZuk6PcOVOku0ZherN9B4rti1pipSN5gG8e2O6kFTASNZlDg/s640/Lipophrys+pholis+-+shanny+-+steenslijmvis-2.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 13. Steenslijmvissen, </span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Lipophrys pholis</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (EN: shanny), Anna Friso, Nederland, 29-11-2014 (dieren verplaatst).</span></div>
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Waarom die noodzaak van zeer laag water? Veel soorten die we in het getijdengebied vinden, zijn speciaal aangepast aan het (over)leven op het droge. De steenslijmvis, <i>Lipophrys pholis</i> (fig. 13 en 29), is een mooi voorbeeld. Hij heeft kieuwen die op het droge niet samenplakken waardoor ademhaling geen probleem is, hij heeft geen schubben die makkelijk beschadigen maar een dikke slijmhuid en hij kan zijn stevige borstvinnen gebruiken om zich - samen met slangachtige bewegingen van zijn lichaam - uit de voeten te maken. Hij heeft wel een vochtige omgeving nodig. Die kan hij goed vinden onder veel stenen. De meeste andere soorten vissen stikken na vijf minuten op het droge.<br />
Is een dier niet of amper aangepast en kan het dus slecht tegen droog liggen, dan is de kans groot dat je zo’n soort niet of maar zelden in het getijdengebied vindt. Tenzij je dus extreem laag water hebt, want dan kan een dier daardoor worden verrast.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlv-FQxxkV4T_P7WKJ5DQyrn9TTAbOiLQ4cNi_5bU0SDD7zoOLEXFa9siYOkwrzsRKZZzHon5mrXIVrVHMjgqspHbASIdgVSTtO5YYoLUK7MF4K_u52RKmTjZMUs7n4vGRFTs0mIL-mpA/s1600/Cyclopterus+lumpus-2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlv-FQxxkV4T_P7WKJ5DQyrn9TTAbOiLQ4cNi_5bU0SDD7zoOLEXFa9siYOkwrzsRKZZzHon5mrXIVrVHMjgqspHbASIdgVSTtO5YYoLUK7MF4K_u52RKmTjZMUs7n4vGRFTs0mIL-mpA/s640/Cyclopterus+lumpus-2.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_49eG4MOfPu70U5I9mazvEvk2PcVv3Uhyphenhyphen2poERbN4cdcu9SPE4zCjzbwIO4dgm9hNnbBV1bqHLr-8tGG2tBYPhPKgUuIkY_P-ZL09eIMD-sYFVM5Jq0zW4zon6xgJZu7LBnzPpKVB-as/s1600/Cyclopterus+lumpus.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_49eG4MOfPu70U5I9mazvEvk2PcVv3Uhyphenhyphen2poERbN4cdcu9SPE4zCjzbwIO4dgm9hNnbBV1bqHLr-8tGG2tBYPhPKgUuIkY_P-ZL09eIMD-sYFVM5Jq0zW4zon6xgJZu7LBnzPpKVB-as/s640/Cyclopterus+lumpus.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 14 en 15. Snotolf, <i>Cyclopterus lumpus</i> (EN: lumpsucker), Kattendijke, Nederland, 2-3-2003 (foto’s: Mart Karremans).</span></div>
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Zo vonden we bij extreem laag water bij Kattendijke ooit een volwassen mannetje van de snotolf, <i>Cyclopterus lumpus</i> (fig. 14 en 15), op het droge. Zeker volwassen exemplaren van dit formaat vind je niet in het getijdengebied, maar hij doet aan broedzorg en had zich door het hele lage tij laten verrassen. Gelukkig voor hem dat we hem vonden; na hem te hebben bekeken en gefotografeerd, hebben we hem in het water gezet. Anders was hij zeker omgekomen.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCXhgO63fkL7wndTt0-85RnwojuSD29ZoECA7nO96ltjIa-TjnutHgkYA-9dQMdXbSU30pr_A9ciVoi29dgd7UwSZ5juniaPMSvRf8sUCOoIg3tTpSdHwdJQAY2UUmldh7Hr1KC1xPuuI/s1600/Symphodus+melops+-+corkwing+wrasse+-+zwartooglipvis.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCXhgO63fkL7wndTt0-85RnwojuSD29ZoECA7nO96ltjIa-TjnutHgkYA-9dQMdXbSU30pr_A9ciVoi29dgd7UwSZ5juniaPMSvRf8sUCOoIg3tTpSdHwdJQAY2UUmldh7Hr1KC1xPuuI/s640/Symphodus+melops+-+corkwing+wrasse+-+zwartooglipvis.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 16. Zwartooglipvis, <i>Symphodus melops</i> (EN: corkwing wrasse), Strangford Lough, N-Ireland, 19-7-2011.</span></div>
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In dat gebied vonden we ook alleen bij extreem laag water de zeldzame zwartooglipvis, <i>Symphodus melops</i> (fig. 16). Weliswaar tussen zeewieren in het water, maar op een plaats die anders te voet niet is te bereiken.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJUgnmXLZ_3k6ANStrRBCjpIUYSf_Yo12N5_ovG9bxn8ZKI5-nKkx9d9JxAvIWIQXguMYJMdCE7KklDOkU0rAYrxRnWWb4GL2UQxVr3phkBWjgtBhmBZQIlIiDyNyOi_FB27vKqdZEqdg/s1600/Sagartia+elegans+var.+nivea+-+elegant+anemone+-+sierlijke+slibanemoon.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJUgnmXLZ_3k6ANStrRBCjpIUYSf_Yo12N5_ovG9bxn8ZKI5-nKkx9d9JxAvIWIQXguMYJMdCE7KklDOkU0rAYrxRnWWb4GL2UQxVr3phkBWjgtBhmBZQIlIiDyNyOi_FB27vKqdZEqdg/s640/Sagartia+elegans+var.+nivea+-+elegant+anemone+-+sierlijke+slibanemoon.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 17. Sierlijke slibanemoon, <i>Sagartia elegans</i> var. <i>nivea</i>, (EN: elegant anemone), Putti’s Place, Nederland, 22-5-2016.</span></div>
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Ook vastgehechte dieren als sponzen, zakpijpen en zeeanemonen vind je in grotere aantallen soorten en dichtheden op plaatsen die niet of maar kortdurend droogvallen. Zoals de sierlijke slibanemoon, <i>Sagartia elegans </i>(fig. 17 en 55). Er is soms zelfs een gebrek aan vestigingsruimte, zo dicht zijn de stenen dan aan de onderkant begroeid (fig. 18). Zeker bij hogere luchttemperaturen in de zomer kan uitdroging funest zijn. Deze dieren kunnen wel een stootje hebben, maar als dit regelmatig voorkomt of voor een langere periode, kan dat dodelijk zijn of wordt de ontwikkeling van het dier en diens voortplanting afgeremd of gestopt. Dan is het beter toeven in het zeewater.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJg3ka_Ph-NPQ0PRzHynAR4QHCXeBLysGHlyoV7F2H_kAdFuGm3Fh_ycfyWBMiLz1aZY-n_FioSOtbmVs0Dz9i_1JwpVKDrhb_JGEttuDn2bBTXY0WY3Q0X_r2EeF0G2ctaWfCliGA3Kk/s1600/Aplidium+glabrum+%2526+Didemnum+vexillum+%2526+Mycale+micracanthoxea.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJg3ka_Ph-NPQ0PRzHynAR4QHCXeBLysGHlyoV7F2H_kAdFuGm3Fh_ycfyWBMiLz1aZY-n_FioSOtbmVs0Dz9i_1JwpVKDrhb_JGEttuDn2bBTXY0WY3Q0X_r2EeF0G2ctaWfCliGA3Kk/s640/Aplidium+glabrum+%2526+Didemnum+vexillum+%2526+Mycale+micracanthoxea.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 18. Gekeerde steen o.a. begroeid met glanzende bolzakpijp, <i>Aplidium glabrum</i>, druipzakpijp, <i>Didemnum vexillum</i> (EN: compound sea squirt) en gele aderspons, <i>Mycale micracanthoxea</i>, Neeltje Jans, Nederland, 2-7-2011.</span></div>
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<b style="color: #3d85c6;"><span style="color: orange;">Zeldzaam en algemeen</span></b><br />
Bij goed laag water zie je meer soorten, bij extreem laag water zie je ook meer zeldzame soorten. Nog wel een opmerking over zeldzaam: ik doel daarmee op vondsten in het getijdengebied. Ga je snorkelen of duiken, dan kan een voor het stenen keren zeldzame vondst (vrij) algemeen zijn. Wij vonden bij de Glasjesnol 'pas' in 2001 voor het eerst (een klein exemplaar van circa 5 cm) een Europese zeekreeft, <i>Homarus gammarus</i> (fig. 27 en 37) en een zwarte oprolkreeft, <i>Galathea squamifera</i> (fig. 19).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9-TS2PSMuaVo37-LSABWxrvC_DhhXaakcj7YBWIHv2OFcjHpaqHHc37Io-wl6lK6SBjubBYervbGrBRYH_sA8hnS-MnRHzaySzs4GGPtPNtuGLQ01l9ZJpJZOt6zxkX3-v0KdgVeeoLM/s1600/Galathea+squamifera+-+black+squat+lobster+-+oprolkreeft+of+zwarte+galathea.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9-TS2PSMuaVo37-LSABWxrvC_DhhXaakcj7YBWIHv2OFcjHpaqHHc37Io-wl6lK6SBjubBYervbGrBRYH_sA8hnS-MnRHzaySzs4GGPtPNtuGLQ01l9ZJpJZOt6zxkX3-v0KdgVeeoLM/s640/Galathea+squamifera+-+black+squat+lobster+-+oprolkreeft+of+zwarte+galathea.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 19. Zwarte oprolkreeft, <i>Galathea squamifera</i> (EN: black squat lobster), Stavenisse, 27-11-2013.</span></div>
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Beide soorten werden door duikers al veel eerder gezien. De Europese zeekreeft was toen al algemeen, de zwarte oprolkreeft - toen nog redelijk zeldzaam - is tegenwoordig voor duikers ook een algemene soort.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiC3cAgVR-ebsW2xmcyMzsah-6-DxNf_JoZ-M2csGIlxOl3bGaOVNKOXxc6-uWBOkeDtBe8iMNjcO_g6oPVNkW1fS62QdFQjeAE6_IcXNH9oK8R-jw0nu3I04mvRoZCV6WJzPPmFTgZCY/s1600/Athanas+nitescens+-+kreeftgarnaal.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiC3cAgVR-ebsW2xmcyMzsah-6-DxNf_JoZ-M2csGIlxOl3bGaOVNKOXxc6-uWBOkeDtBe8iMNjcO_g6oPVNkW1fS62QdFQjeAE6_IcXNH9oK8R-jw0nu3I04mvRoZCV6WJzPPmFTgZCY/s640/Athanas+nitescens+-+kreeftgarnaal.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 20. Zo'n 40 kreeftgarnalen, <i>Athanas nitescens</i>, onder één steen, Kattendijke, Nederland, 4-2-2006.</span></div>
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Mocht je denken dat snorkelen of duiken altijd meer oplevert: sommige soorten zoals porseleinkrabben, maar bijvoorbeeld ook de kreeftgarnaal, <i>Athanas nitescens</i> (fig. 20 en 21) vind je veel makkelijker en in grotere aantallen in het getijdengebied.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioHSCiSMHkexh-A5aB8CEd8IqRW7qjAplAeH4LRudDy7adz2u6953zu_mx9F02B2ucSv2yIk4Rh-B_F0ns4BF2zjkgiM917qinGb-MAcQADofXAN3BC00IDPww0ttu_wp9g-KMO220lns/s1600/Athanas+nitescens+-+kreeftgarnaal-2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioHSCiSMHkexh-A5aB8CEd8IqRW7qjAplAeH4LRudDy7adz2u6953zu_mx9F02B2ucSv2yIk4Rh-B_F0ns4BF2zjkgiM917qinGb-MAcQADofXAN3BC00IDPww0ttu_wp9g-KMO220lns/s640/Athanas+nitescens+-+kreeftgarnaal-2.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 21. Detail kreeftgarnalen, <i>Athanas nitescens</i>, Kattendijke, Nederland, 4-2-2006.</span></div>
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Ons voordeel is namelijk dat dieren bij laag water door het veel kleinere areaal - alleen onder de stenen - gedwongen dichter op elkaar zitten. Zo vonden we bij Kattendijke zo'n 40 exemplaren van de kreeftgarnaal onder één steen. Dit garnaaltje houdt de omgekeerde steen vast en zit dus even 'vastgeplakt' aan de steen. Als duiker ben je al blij als je er één bij een duik ziet.<br />
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl0JRiL1l_8-Z3nmxCRPfg1kFCHCFSojjhMpM3FUm8CYcGAoF0DDsBLMKLh95KObbX-jOD_HgAla2qS5SvVCu9BzqenMaYFTcErQx5oQZiPklyf_uUTlJi9156NOaHCGQB4WlXGcShd2g/s1600/Hemigrapsus+sanguineus+%2526+Porcellana+platycheles-2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl0JRiL1l_8-Z3nmxCRPfg1kFCHCFSojjhMpM3FUm8CYcGAoF0DDsBLMKLh95KObbX-jOD_HgAla2qS5SvVCu9BzqenMaYFTcErQx5oQZiPklyf_uUTlJi9156NOaHCGQB4WlXGcShd2g/s640/Hemigrapsus+sanguineus+%2526+Porcellana+platycheles-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 22. Zo'n 115 harige porseleinkrabben, <i>Porcellana platycheles</i> (EN: broad-clawed porcelain crab) onder <span style="text-align: center;">één</span> steen, Putti's Place, Nederland, 4-4-2015.</span></div>
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Of wat vind je van 115 harige porseleinkrabben onder één steen bij Putti’s Place (fig. 7, 22 en 23 en 10: nr. 13)? Een aantal waar je anders tientallen duiken voor moet maken!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCmJafU2Eg6sJtAWPNfkEazlFon5BjGCdVIwiiNr6Fp6BZhbq4-l4xvgG1P9H4hnXA-qQbJYboOtWItYcaQVRL-O_2qv0SFdAljSLtWt14znvTScS85Vn6Lw_icchwBiUZebv-8xFi7VE/s1600/Hemigrapsus+sanguineus+%2526+Porcellana+platycheles-3.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCmJafU2Eg6sJtAWPNfkEazlFon5BjGCdVIwiiNr6Fp6BZhbq4-l4xvgG1P9H4hnXA-qQbJYboOtWItYcaQVRL-O_2qv0SFdAljSLtWt14znvTScS85Vn6Lw_icchwBiUZebv-8xFi7VE/s640/Hemigrapsus+sanguineus+%2526+Porcellana+platycheles-3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 23. Detail fig. 22 met harige porseleinkrabben, <i>Porcellana platycheles</i> (EN: broad-clawed porcelain crab), blaasjeskrab, <i>Hemigrapsus sanguineus</i> (EN: Japanese shore crab) en purperslakken, <i>Nucella lapillus</i> (EN: dog whelk) met eikapsels, Putti's Place, Nederland, 4-4-2015.</span></div>
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>Hoe zie ik dat ik goed laag zit?</b></span><br />
Je kunt dus opzoeken of het volgens verwachting goed laag water wordt, maar hoe weet je nu of dat in de praktijk ook zo is? Je kunt natuurlijk meegaan met onze excursies - dan vertellen wij het je wel - maar je kunt het ook zelf zien. Als in dat gebied bruinwieren als wakame, <i>Undaria pinnatifida</i>, (fig. 24 en 25) en Japans bessenwier, <i>Sargassum muticum</i> (fig. 26), voorkomen, zit je goed.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Na7UQYs4LyDjj-PqEIHEEt-QW5edv5onvW4s07x7SqRQ8knuDOHN4omDfOKNX9jlOuCEy76tLaowJXjRPYlcCcVByBap-BtPl751ynFGXSHmcBJyp_VCv5xsa4KiHR0PeM47_XSq-v0/s1600/Undaria+pinnatifida+-+wakame-2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Na7UQYs4LyDjj-PqEIHEEt-QW5edv5onvW4s07x7SqRQ8knuDOHN4omDfOKNX9jlOuCEy76tLaowJXjRPYlcCcVByBap-BtPl751ynFGXSHmcBJyp_VCv5xsa4KiHR0PeM47_XSq-v0/s640/Undaria+pinnatifida+-+wakame-2.jpg" width="425" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIxarS79s5GyhdiTry_EWsAk-BvNdrUXnyY_YL1e14qJ0UeBHm4J1eKBQrq_0q1TCxU31DMRmRi8koBoJcB0GY1IxY3Fpa7eSSz8aa4mZ9FtbfFbxAzOQUxjyD4TwR4yxK699a-Tht_yU/s1600/Undaria+pinnatifida+-+wakame.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIxarS79s5GyhdiTry_EWsAk-BvNdrUXnyY_YL1e14qJ0UeBHm4J1eKBQrq_0q1TCxU31DMRmRi8koBoJcB0GY1IxY3Fpa7eSSz8aa4mZ9FtbfFbxAzOQUxjyD4TwR4yxK699a-Tht_yU/s640/Undaria+pinnatifida+-+wakame.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 24 en 25. Bij goed laag water valt wakame, <i>Undaria pinnitifida</i> (EN: wakame) droog, Goudzwaardweg, Nederland, 19-2-2011.</span></div>
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Dit zijn uitgesproken soorten die je alleen met heel laag water in het getijdengebied zult vinden (of hoger in getijdenpoelen, daarover later meer). Dus zie je zo’n veld' aan wieren boven komen, dan weet je dat je in ieder geval goed laag water hebt.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl_ukyzuQY4SmzpZidmQxD2PK4jNH1pcZ5qJTa2hM5ZfWULUN_2PR2trUfrVjBdZB48T-6OtM-vvhORWWiZF3NpAXW4b1Q3g_yyZWM6NeiDbm2C1NNEFWy-CuuzgBARGam3feBW8h2EJs/s1600/Sargassum+muticum+-+wire+weed+-+Japans+bessenwier.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl_ukyzuQY4SmzpZidmQxD2PK4jNH1pcZ5qJTa2hM5ZfWULUN_2PR2trUfrVjBdZB48T-6OtM-vvhORWWiZF3NpAXW4b1Q3g_yyZWM6NeiDbm2C1NNEFWy-CuuzgBARGam3feBW8h2EJs/s640/Sargassum+muticum+-+wire+weed+-+Japans+bessenwier.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 26. Japans bessenwier, <i>Sargassum muticum</i> (EN: wire weed), Dreischor - gemaal, Nederland, 21-4-2011.</span></div>
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<span style="color: orange;"><b>Substraat, vorm en ligging</b></span><br />
Ik heb lang gedacht dat hoe verder ik in zee kwam, dus hoe verder ik van de vaste wal verwijderd was, hoe beter. Ik zou dan veel zeldzame soorten vinden, die niet van op het droge liggen houden. De praktijk heeft geleerd dat dat zeker niet altijd het geval is. Er zijn namelijk nog andere factoren die mee bepalen of een gebied interessant is om stenen te keren, namelijk het substraat en de vorm en ligging van een gebied.<br />
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<b><span style="color: orange;">Substraat</span></b><br />
Om met het substraat te beginnen: je hebt stenen nodig. Het meest ideale zijn stenen van verschillende vorm en grootte, die een goede aanhechtingsplaats bieden voor zeewieren en vastzittende dieren zoals sponzen, holtedieren, zakpijpen, mosdiertjes en zo meer. Het verschil in grootte maakt dat de ruimte tussen de stenen onderling en de ruimte tussen de stenen en de bodem voor ‘ieder wat wils’ biedt.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOt3Ze1WBSD3KgX93yIJO-Mz9gGYfJdC5M5sokc60rKbnb_U1QVuTAqKUI0BaIAeytDR_7S9Tz2jMq6H1hRiV1opZl8m1BqPLjh9daXmiJ_Y9C1Vz3eAwBVFj4hFO32NMWcAXuF7elFPc/s1600/Homarus+gammarus+-+common+lobster+-+Europese+zeekreeft.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOt3Ze1WBSD3KgX93yIJO-Mz9gGYfJdC5M5sokc60rKbnb_U1QVuTAqKUI0BaIAeytDR_7S9Tz2jMq6H1hRiV1opZl8m1BqPLjh9daXmiJ_Y9C1Vz3eAwBVFj4hFO32NMWcAXuF7elFPc/s640/Homarus+gammarus+-+common+lobster+-+Europese+zeekreeft.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 27. Europese zeekreeft, <i>Homarus gammarus</i> (EN: common lobster) gevonden bij laag water, Kattendijke, Nederland, 17-11-2007 (dier verplaatst).</span></div>
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De harige porseleinkrab, <i>Porcellana platycheles</i> (fig. 7, 22 en 23), heeft niet veel ruimte nodig, maar een aardig formaat Europese zeekreeft, <i>Homarus gammarus</i> (fig. 27 en 37), die we regelmatig bij Kattendijke vonden, heeft natuurlijk wel een redelijk grote holte onder stenen nodig.<br />
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Overigens maakt grootte ook op een andere manier uit: de stenen moeten niet zo groot zijn dat je ze niet met goed fatsoen kunt keren. Aan de andere kant: als je behoorlijk wat kracht nodig hebt om een steen te keren, zal die door verzamelaars van slakken, steurgarnalen en krabben voor consumptie met rust worden gelaten. En dat heeft zijn voordeel, want dat betekent dat die steen - met de organismen daarop en -onder - onberoerd is gelaten en die plek is daardoor vaak rijker.<br />
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Dan is er ook nog een voorkeur voor het basismateriaal, de steensoort. Zeewieren en vastzittende zeedieren kunnen zich op de meeste steensoorten goed hechten, maar een relatief zachte, poreuze en niet donker gekleurde steen heeft zijn voordelen. Zoals de Vilvoordse kalksteen (fig. 31) die vroeger werd gebruikt om dijken mee te bekleden en die diende als steenstort ter versteviging onderaan de dijken.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjYTSEUEQ-imnGSSr7nu9RxLV2c6zbY9SHr0-bwDThU211hLmYAv7pLyFSlUt1H_ZEtrmqzj-U80NE2sHvKGlsrS5O11MkQfAGZ_4pyRaL2bvYWt6b-x7ipPV4kCmMVRE7HiWcKQXpM-g/s1600/Cliona+celata+-+boorspons.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjYTSEUEQ-imnGSSr7nu9RxLV2c6zbY9SHr0-bwDThU211hLmYAv7pLyFSlUt1H_ZEtrmqzj-U80NE2sHvKGlsrS5O11MkQfAGZ_4pyRaL2bvYWt6b-x7ipPV4kCmMVRE7HiWcKQXpM-g/s640/Cliona+celata+-+boorspons.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 28. Boorspons, <i>Cliona celata</i> (EN: yellow boring sponge), Zeelandbrug, 8-7-2014.</span></div>
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Relatief zacht zodat dieren zoals de noordse rotsboorder, <i>Hiatella arctica</i> en boorspons, <i>Cliona celata</i> (fig. 28), zich er in kunnen vestigen. Poreus zodat de steen daardoor, net als een spons, veel water vasthoudt. Voor zeedieren is dat prettig, omdat ze daardoor minder snel uitdrogen. Denk weer even aan de steenslijmvis, <i>Lipophrys pholis</i> (fig. 13 en 29), die goed is aangepast aan het leven bij laag water, maar wel een vochtige omgeving nodig heeft. Ten slotte de kleur. Je kunt je voorstellen dat een antracietkleurig blok basalt in hoogzomer erg heet wordt. Vilvoordse kalksteen (fig. 31) zal nooit zo warm worden. En hoe koeler, hoe beter. <br />
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj24Rddn3OOX3IQuZsNlXh1zu1fc6-CEyLaeEJDAXMBYuyG7z4YuzHHo5R2D9TJ6QWlIHQM33H2037_0TaVD6hLstJUDbGv4ll2dJwxpIimUtvfYKmWjn5VjaaPpbZtkUnW2xJyx8wj5m8/s1600/Lipophrys+pholis+-+shanny+-+gewone+slijmvis.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj24Rddn3OOX3IQuZsNlXh1zu1fc6-CEyLaeEJDAXMBYuyG7z4YuzHHo5R2D9TJ6QWlIHQM33H2037_0TaVD6hLstJUDbGv4ll2dJwxpIimUtvfYKmWjn5VjaaPpbZtkUnW2xJyx8wj5m8/s640/Lipophrys+pholis+-+shanny+-+gewone+slijmvis.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 29. S<span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: start;">teenslijmvissen, </span><i style="text-align: start;">Lipophrys pholis</i> (EN: shanny) onder gekeerde steen, Zierikzee - Havenkanaal West, Nederland, 7-1-2006.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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In dat kader: het leven in het getijdengebied wordt dus ook voor een belangrijk deel bepaald door de temperatuur. Zowel bij een strenge winter als bij een extreme hittegolf zal de sterfte hoog zijn. Zeker voor dieren die alleen droogvallen bij extreem laag water en die dus toch al minder 'getijdenbestendig' zijn.<br />
Dan mag je misschien de juiste steen hebben, maar als die voor een groot deel in het slib of zand ligt, biedt het nog geen goede schuilplaats. De ondergrond - slib, zand, veen, steen - bepaalt dus ook de mate van succes. Het liefst zie ik een aantal lagen steen op elkaar liggen. Dan is er veel variabele ruimte, kan het water er goed doorstromen en is er geen verstikking door zand of slib. Vóór de algehele renovatie van de dijken in Zeeland door Rijkswaterstaat was er zo’n gebied bij de Flaauwers Inlaag (fig. 10: nr. 4). Daar vond je tot wel vijf lagen steen op elkaar liggen en kon je echt 'graven'. Tegenwoordig is het er maar één of twee lagen diep. Wel vind je zo’n laag van meerdere stenen nog bij de golfbreker bij Westkapelle (fig. 48 en 50), zij het dat de stenen daar vaak te groot en zwaar zijn om diep(er) stenen te keren.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifwnbjdPyrW1jtd_MhqB1obj-JN77MlCWjgwGY8qc4LIddkqFwkRzQWixUdVtfVbBX1UXiIx7loo4oJs1T1g8PVwbk9fN1hrb7NNwvNdo33e-Eq4eI95m8aIKm-7-zKSCl-11ah8geP-c/s1600/Marco+Faasse+stenen+kerend.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifwnbjdPyrW1jtd_MhqB1obj-JN77MlCWjgwGY8qc4LIddkqFwkRzQWixUdVtfVbBX1UXiIx7loo4oJs1T1g8PVwbk9fN1hrb7NNwvNdo33e-Eq4eI95m8aIKm-7-zKSCl-11ah8geP-c/s640/Marco+Faasse+stenen+kerend.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 30. Stenen keren bij de Goudzwaardweg, Nederland, 14-1-2012. Gebruik van stevige handschoenen wordt aanbevolen.</span></div>
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Het is een kwestie van ervaring om de juiste stenen te keren. En er moeten natuurlijk wel voldoende van die stenen in het gebied liggen. Anders ben je snel uitgezocht. Zie in dat verband het overzicht met stenenkeergebieden en hun kwalificatie (tabel 1).<br />
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<b><span style="color: orange;">Vorm</span></b><br />
De vorm van een stenenkeergebied is ook zeer bepalend. Het leeuwendeel van het stenen dijkgebied van Zeeland bestaat uit dijken met los gestorte stenen aan de voet: de kreukelberm. Zoals je zult hebben begrepen uit mijn verhaal, gaat het om die los gestorte stenen. Gaat het om een vrij smalle strook van stenen die parallel aan de dijk ligt, dan is het doorgaans geen echt soortenrijk gebied. Gelukkig heeft de mens in het verleden in Zeeland allerlei piertjes, dijken, havenhoofden, golfbrekers, wallen, oesterputten en wat dies meer zij aangelegd. Daarvan is een deel in de loop der tijd onder water komen te liggen. Al die uiteenlopende rotskusten kunnen op bepaalde plaatsen uitgroeien tot een geweldig zeebiotoop.<br />
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxJPP1x7FqH0Q-pFBoIUT2RR6tf_LIvWRRiIBO4ngN6nBYiOfH_tC1WQ3M6RIiL4onzp-B2bct6TeJMGT6wxXGKlXzI3JMUnBEhetpOg9eRNC-7FUq0mtF_5Hs-6dLRJ4AVV6AqWsjvx4/s1600/dijkbeschoeiing+ZL1829.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxJPP1x7FqH0Q-pFBoIUT2RR6tf_LIvWRRiIBO4ngN6nBYiOfH_tC1WQ3M6RIiL4onzp-B2bct6TeJMGT6wxXGKlXzI3JMUnBEhetpOg9eRNC-7FUq0mtF_5Hs-6dLRJ4AVV6AqWsjvx4/s640/dijkbeschoeiing+ZL1829.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 31. Voormalige dijk bij Goese Sas, Nederland, 26-4-2010, met Vilvoordse kalksteen.</span></div>
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In het algemeen bestaan de ideale stenenkeergebieden uit steenformaties die tot diep in zee doorlopen. Loopt zo’n steenformatie bij laag water al ‘dood’ op zand, dan is het in het algemeen niet zo soortenrijk. Soorten uit het sublitoraal (het gebied beneden het getijdengebied) moeten een makkelijke gelegenheid hebben de stenen in het getijdengebied te bereiken. Als ze daarvoor eerst een zandplaat moeten oversteken, is dat een grote drempel.<br />
Een ander kenmerk (ik gebruik bewust niet het woord voorwaarde omdat het niet voor alle gebieden geldt): het water mag niet zomaar weg kunnen stromen bij laag water. Met andere woorden: iets moet de doorstroom blokkeren, waardoor er getijdenpoelen en stroomgebieden ontstaan.<br />
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<b><span style="color: orange;">Getijdenpoel en stroomgebied</span></b><br />
Een getijdenpoel is een soort natuurlijke badkuip waar vrijwel altijd water in blijft staan. Echte getijdenpoelen hebben we in Nederland amper. In landen met een natuurlijke rotskust zoals Groot-Brittannië en Frankrijk (fig. 32) zijn die poelen ontstaan in rotsformaties. Dan verdwijnt bij laag water het water bovenaan de poel, maar zijn ze verder ‘lekvrij’. Bij vloed wordt het water dan weer aangevuld en ververst. Engelsen hebben zelfs een woord voor het bestuderen van zeeleven in zo’n getijdenpoel: rockpooling.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5aHKhwMU5A5THN7oIOnw3_o9S8JVAOeal7GiaNWEpZQ-iI_AYSet13wmgptGLxTvln-QpI2YW6HfhE7VEm35mLRhrzKc_-aPB3_TSWznxZaV5nkqTSOSkpqN4gzYbxsSuhZ-kB1baazo/s1600/stroomgebieden+en+getijdenpoelen+-+meer+min+dan+meer.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5aHKhwMU5A5THN7oIOnw3_o9S8JVAOeal7GiaNWEpZQ-iI_AYSet13wmgptGLxTvln-QpI2YW6HfhE7VEm35mLRhrzKc_-aPB3_TSWznxZaV5nkqTSOSkpqN4gzYbxsSuhZ-kB1baazo/s640/stroomgebieden+en+getijdenpoelen+-+meer+min+dan+meer.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 32. Rotskust bij laag water: Les Grandes Dalles, Normandië, Frankrijk, 9-5-2012.</span></div>
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Met een stroomgebied bedoel ik een gebied dat lijkt op een grote, meer open en ondiepe getijdenpoel; meer een ondiep kinderbad dan een badkuip. Het gebied is aan de zijkanten en aan de zeezijde een beetje geblokkeerd, zodat het water niet onbelemmerd kan wegstromen. Er loopt wel permanent water doorheen (fig. 1, 42 en 43). Alleen bij extreem laag water kan het gebied droogvallen. Het gebied wordt gevoed door water uit een hoger liggend gebied of poel, waar de directe doorstroming ook vaak enigszins wordt geblokkeerd.<br />
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<b><span style="color: orange;">Ligging en vier voorbeelden van stenenkeergebieden</span></b><br />
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Ten slotte is ook de ligging van groot belang. De stroming in en langs een stenenkeergebied voert vers water met voedsel en zuurstof aan en af, maar ook zand en slib. De wijze waarop en mate waarin dit gebeurt, kan een gebied maken of breken. Dat maakt het onvoorspelbaar.<br />
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<b><span style="color: orange;">Glasjesnol</span></b><br />
Een goed voorbeeld daarvan is de Glasjesnol (fig. 33 en 10: nr. 15). Dit gebied bestaat uit de restanten van oesterputten (gebieden met lage gemetselde muurtjes waar vroeger oesters in werden gekweekt), waarvan nu alleen nog een aantal in zee stekende pieren overgebleven zijn. Vanaf eind jaren 90 heeft onze werkgroep daar regelmatig en met veel succes stenen gekeerd. Ik heb het gebied al laten vallen als de vindplaats van onze eerste zwarte oprolkreeft en Europese zeekreeft, die we tijdens een memorabele tweemans excursie op 13 januari 2001 bij een gevoelstemperatuur van -15 °C vonden.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNPF_wMd4vF9Q3blOYX60RcThBY4vHQCTc381E510Lanyzlziq-W7zPu-auEGj2vA9ZQiaMBca_Iv4MbwUji65pwCBl-9WICCY3bqmLEYKT-Ufd_5n-guMkuORy_-WNRMbcJwC5fR-iDY/s1600/Glasjesnol-2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNPF_wMd4vF9Q3blOYX60RcThBY4vHQCTc381E510Lanyzlziq-W7zPu-auEGj2vA9ZQiaMBca_Iv4MbwUji65pwCBl-9WICCY3bqmLEYKT-Ufd_5n-guMkuORy_-WNRMbcJwC5fR-iDY/s640/Glasjesnol-2.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 33. Excursiegangers lopen moeizaam over oesterrif bij Glasjesnol, 1-2-2014.</span><br />
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Helaas slibde het gebied op en verdwenen er steeds meer keerbare stenen in het zand en slib. De laatste keer dat we het gebied bezochten, op 1 februari 2014, schreef ik: <i>Extreem laag water. Alle vier pieren kwamen droog te liggen. Helaas niet echt veel stenen om te keren op pieren. Ondergroei stenen matig. Er ligt erg veel slib; water daardoor erg troebel.</i><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqpg0PSdb5Ug72YcXFndEgfb9rv1PvZ7BNJyAzPZPhvCGcOzLT_BsqlzkANzjkCZqHYwm0drGtrpLGOCDITY3OLozMtKgDDatiGOyjlY3T0HrlPB6uezWWIloBaFFUSrlR6Kg28-CiAp0/s1600/Glasjesnol.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqpg0PSdb5Ug72YcXFndEgfb9rv1PvZ7BNJyAzPZPhvCGcOzLT_BsqlzkANzjkCZqHYwm0drGtrpLGOCDITY3OLozMtKgDDatiGOyjlY3T0HrlPB6uezWWIloBaFFUSrlR6Kg28-CiAp0/s640/Glasjesnol.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 34. Bodem overwoekerd door Japanse oesters, <i>Crassostrea gigas</i> (EN: pacific cupped oyster) en brokkelsterren, <i>Ophiothrix fragilis </i>(EN: common brittle star), Glasjesnol, Nederland, 1-2-2014.</span></div>
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Overigens kan hier - en dat geldt ook voor andere stenenkeergebieden - ook een andere oorzaak spelen: de grote aanwas van Japanse oesters, <i>Crassostrea gigas</i> (fig. 33 en 34). Daardoor verdwijnen hele gebieden onder een laag van omhoog stekende, aan elkaar gecementeerde oesters. Die kunnen ook nog eens de stroming en daarmee de aan- en afvoer van zand en slib beïnvloeden. Misschien liggen die keerbare stenen er nog wel, maar zijn ze niet meer te herkennen. Ook de enorme toename van brokkelsterren, <i>Ophiothrix fragilis</i> (fig. 34 en 35), doet dit gebied - en andere gebieden in de Oosterschelde - geen goed. Het zijn voedselconcurrenten van een groot aantal dieren en ze verstikken de onderliggende dieren met hun massa. Zo kan een goed stenenkeergebied compleet veranderen. Van een rapportcijfer 9 naar een schamele 5 (zie tabel 1).<br />
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjpf8jjZDJ2Cpv63NXs1kWQv0_WOEKkJxvFHR7Ojf0rcg4zxTwfii_KezrjNmFKRxT9ddpkf-J7TON1PLyNuvkd05FpBzCHWEMMtPiPGrU40l9S48cFJDzWbO7QbrC71zX8Z1axxzuDmM/s1600/Ophiothrix+fragilis+-+common+brittle+star+-+brokkelster+ZL140329299.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjpf8jjZDJ2Cpv63NXs1kWQv0_WOEKkJxvFHR7Ojf0rcg4zxTwfii_KezrjNmFKRxT9ddpkf-J7TON1PLyNuvkd05FpBzCHWEMMtPiPGrU40l9S48cFJDzWbO7QbrC71zX8Z1axxzuDmM/s640/Ophiothrix+fragilis+-+common+brittle+star+-+brokkelster+ZL140329299.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 35. Brokkelsterren, <i>Ophiothrix fragilis </i>(EN: common brittle star), Burghsluis, Nederland, 29-3-2014.</span><br />
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<b><span style="color: orange;">Kattendijke</span></b><br />
Menselijk ingrijpen - in zekere zin is dat oorspronkelijk het geval bij al onze (want niet natuurlijke) stenenkeergebieden - kan ook ongewenste gevolgen hebben, zoals bij Kattendijke (fig. 1, 36, 41 en 10: nr. 12). Kattendijke was de opvolger van de Glasjesnol, de voormalige werkgroepfavoriet. Ook hier zijn oude oesterputten aanwezig, maar naast de in zee stekende pieren zijn er ook nog parallel aan de zeedijk lopende dammen. In één daarvan kun je zelfs nog twee bakstenen afvoerkanalen van de putten terugvinden.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFggiAw2t1UKaPT1dPlbw6k0MwZhFZbn2WXNaCIDuDesf2wslBzMaZ1mCBTdJj4_H9aAqUd6iwxBB0On9XMs3KDqTadpxDuLlwFMQ85D0CS4GsU5VMJSqdtkSy2AHKreuIlJIE0UQV2jU/s1600/Kattendijke.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFggiAw2t1UKaPT1dPlbw6k0MwZhFZbn2WXNaCIDuDesf2wslBzMaZ1mCBTdJj4_H9aAqUd6iwxBB0On9XMs3KDqTadpxDuLlwFMQ85D0CS4GsU5VMJSqdtkSy2AHKreuIlJIE0UQV2jU/s640/Kattendijke.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 36. Kattendijke vóór de renovatie, 4-2-2006.</span></div>
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Zoals je op fig. 36 en nog beter op fig. 41 kunt zien, vormt het deel tot de dam een grote getijdenpoel. Daaruit stroomt water via de dam in zee en maakt die dam (zie fig. 1) weer tot een mooi stroomgebied. In dat gebied vonden we, zoals al gememoreerd, regelmatig een - zeker voor die plaats en getijdengebieden op zich - groot exemplaar van de Europese zeekreeft (fig. 27 en 37). Zelfs een keer een vrouwtje met eieren.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKVW3vcP3NrCSPw7hqdzUbV32SnbBbWfgKOGjW0R2wNwGYer7oIngwRTve_HpHaznmuGOqXqDl_gUdyKaDgnYUpsUwjh2CkSdifdapWeQouxQA-x29fmEhDUgDBEu3Z_jAfRN2BheYjAQ/s1600/Homarus+gammarus+-+common+lobster+-+Europese+zeekreeft-2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKVW3vcP3NrCSPw7hqdzUbV32SnbBbWfgKOGjW0R2wNwGYer7oIngwRTve_HpHaznmuGOqXqDl_gUdyKaDgnYUpsUwjh2CkSdifdapWeQouxQA-x29fmEhDUgDBEu3Z_jAfRN2BheYjAQ/s640/Homarus+gammarus+-+common+lobster+-+Europese+zeekreeft-2.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 37. Europese zeekreeft,<i> Homarus gammarus</i> (EN: common lobster) gevonden bij laag water, Kattendijke, Nederland, 17-11-2007.</span></div>
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Over voortplanting gesproken: het getijdengebied is voor bepaalde soorten de ideale kraamkamer. Weliswaar moet het legsel in de vorm van individuele eitjes of eikapsels bestand zijn tegen enige uitdroging bij laag water, het is door het lage water wel voor een groot deel van de tijd beschermd tegen rovers.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyVsvcjxMBkifZZv-UIMOfI9CaE_g3Wbl7ONNdq6FcJnE0_ZzUG0Ht32rl9IH6TJOlhB6st51ZEDT2ARxcC32iWQa3Ip67XWB-6lt-w1MHagl2YotsmUGOmITTFPeVMJjyCRS2YPqAwUs/s1600/Lipophrys+pholis+-+shanny+-+steenslijmvis.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyVsvcjxMBkifZZv-UIMOfI9CaE_g3Wbl7ONNdq6FcJnE0_ZzUG0Ht32rl9IH6TJOlhB6st51ZEDT2ARxcC32iWQa3Ip67XWB-6lt-w1MHagl2YotsmUGOmITTFPeVMJjyCRS2YPqAwUs/s640/Lipophrys+pholis+-+shanny+-+steenslijmvis.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 38. Eitjes van de steenslijmvis, <i>Lipophrys pholis</i> (EN: shanny), Zierikzee - Havenkanaal West, Nederland, 19-5-2007.</span></div>
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Om wat typische voorbeelden te noemen: het één laag dunne legsel van de steenslijmvis, <i>Lipophrys pholis </i>(fig. 38, 13, 29) en de eieren van slakken, zoals de purperslak, <i>Nucella lapillus</i> (fig. 39 en 23), en de Japanse stekelhoren, <i>Ocenebra inornata</i> (fig. 40).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE-LFUyv2cdqrSqcixjSyvvgReBd21zaUb03WdxnzNlFqj-VQ86P630pCHk3CVMNH699UizZ-J6IlkEUjEP0MK1VyIRO90TJ8L_heidN3bNa7BE2T8j7AuibVfJR28GUcpk8LSdLnlJFM/s1600/Nucella+lapillus+-+dog+whelk+-+purperslak.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE-LFUyv2cdqrSqcixjSyvvgReBd21zaUb03WdxnzNlFqj-VQ86P630pCHk3CVMNH699UizZ-J6IlkEUjEP0MK1VyIRO90TJ8L_heidN3bNa7BE2T8j7AuibVfJR28GUcpk8LSdLnlJFM/s640/Nucella+lapillus+-+dog+whelk+-+purperslak.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 39. Gekeerde steen met purperslakken, <i>Nucella lapillus</i> (EN: dog whelk) met eikapsels, Glasjesnol, Nederland, 25-11-2006.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGU0UtJWECP7ryEUbGboCZUdmNunej2fgB3muVKO274PhYRQXezZ2idqmnLz53SK0YFKxgX0x0tD6OzNNzgguRqXxuZtVpsnsECOQVfuvbL0-aLNrv07uPE8Rn2Va3g27YHQEVdyhpM48/s1600/Ocenebra+inornata+-+Japanese+rocksnail+-+Japanse+stekelhoren+-+eggcases.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGU0UtJWECP7ryEUbGboCZUdmNunej2fgB3muVKO274PhYRQXezZ2idqmnLz53SK0YFKxgX0x0tD6OzNNzgguRqXxuZtVpsnsECOQVfuvbL0-aLNrv07uPE8Rn2Va3g27YHQEVdyhpM48/s640/Ocenebra+inornata+-+Japanese+rocksnail+-+Japanse+stekelhoren+-+eggcases.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 40. Eikapsels van de Japanse stekelhoren, <i>Ocenebra inornata</i> (EN: Japanese oyster borer), Yerseke, 7-5-2011.</span></div>
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Helaas is ook hier veel veranderd. Bij het renoveren van de dijk heeft Rijkswaterstaat onderaan de dijk een aantal getijdenpoelen aangelegd (fig. 41). Hoewel ik er niet zeker van ben dat dit de oorzaak is, is de grote getijdenpoel na de renovatie veel ondieper geworden. Voorheen kon je bij goed laag water je voeten niet drooghouden als je met gewone laarzen de grote getijdenpoel in liep. Nu is dat geen enkel probleem meer. Er stroomt nu veel minder water door het stroomgebied op de dam en een deel ligt zelfs droog bij laag water. Daardoor is het minder rijk geworden, niet alleen in kwaliteit (dus soortenrijkdom), maar ook in kwantiteit. Evengoed is het nog steeds een leuk stenenkeergebied.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrR04wNi1c79SAlKvim6cLYFsi3mnw-q5-GixIqAdDWtON5qLaPCIENb4t_0saKypt5BSFzaeogUji-0I_7GgwqCEQW1ps8X2IItvsprHe1uIEiHAaQI6Ir9PyH4tOnzcU-sK4F_hDack/s1600/Kattendijke-2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrR04wNi1c79SAlKvim6cLYFsi3mnw-q5-GixIqAdDWtON5qLaPCIENb4t_0saKypt5BSFzaeogUji-0I_7GgwqCEQW1ps8X2IItvsprHe1uIEiHAaQI6Ir9PyH4tOnzcU-sK4F_hDack/s640/Kattendijke-2.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 41. Kattendijke na de renovatie met tegen de dijk geplaatste getijdenpoel, 31-5-2015.</span></div>
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Nog even over die nieuwe getijdenpoelen. Het zal duidelijk zijn dat de door Rijkswaterstaat aangelegde getijdenpoelen niet aan mijn ideaalbeeld voldoen. Niet alleen liggen ze te hoog in het getijdengebied; ze hadden niet parallel aan de dijk gelegd moeten worden maar tussen pieren, uitlopend in zee. Bovendien hebben ze de getijdenpoelen aan de zeezijde geasfalteerd en aan twee zijden een kleine uitgang gemaakt. Asfalt is hoe dan ook al waardeloos voor zeeleven - waar zijn al die mooie schuilplaatsen nu gebleven - en als ze het water over de hele linie hadden laten doorstromen, hadden ze er nog een stroomgebied van kunnen maken. Stenen keren is er, afgezien van een paar stenen in de poelen zelf, niet bij. Een gemiste kans.<br />
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<b><span style="color: orange;">Neeltje Jans</span></b><br />
Dat is heel wat anders bij Neeltje Jans (fig. 42, 43 en 10: nr. 1). Daar heeft Rijkswaterstaat een prima getijdenpoel aangelegd. Ik weet niet of het zo oorspronkelijk is bedoeld, maar daar ga ik graag van uit. Bij het Topshuis, ten noorden van de vluchthaven, ligt een grote getijdenpoel (fig. 42).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMgkKLhY_q_d94dR9dOXgIRGWDo8BeDNWgaY1yZ859kSAmSFldrwR2zkbSvBRU1PqJifxyqfFDENGMjPSSxoV41PmSSmdEh2ANU6xHcI_qp811QCKrLUOR3LNpTkHbQwT5NczyFBDBWLw/s1600/Neeltje+Jans.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMgkKLhY_q_d94dR9dOXgIRGWDo8BeDNWgaY1yZ859kSAmSFldrwR2zkbSvBRU1PqJifxyqfFDENGMjPSSxoV41PmSSmdEh2ANU6xHcI_qp811QCKrLUOR3LNpTkHbQwT5NczyFBDBWLw/s640/Neeltje+Jans.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 42 Gebied bij de getijdenpoel, Neeltje Jans, 27-5-2016.</span></div>
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Die is op zichzelf niet zo interessant (en behalve voor snorkelaars of ondiepduikers niet toegankelijk), maar wel is het watervolume heel groot, waardoor tussen die poel en de zee een geweldig leuk stroomgebied is ontstaan. Je kunt het herkennen door de dam vanuit de vluchthaven noordwaarts op te lopen tot twee metalen paaltjes.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm0LgmQ5Fo-zwH4IuQiaTw31q_2eGFZnMF7BrQUQ6pUkNU3Kr5ab95UjzOSU9h9fgeD1WcbqMqpJwyBsphnY6zdcI7vFVylNYNm7p9CmVMAf4umn6wFzriOd-2HI797LXZDR-SQLZqWmE/s1600/Neeltje+Jans-2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm0LgmQ5Fo-zwH4IuQiaTw31q_2eGFZnMF7BrQUQ6pUkNU3Kr5ab95UjzOSU9h9fgeD1WcbqMqpJwyBsphnY6zdcI7vFVylNYNm7p9CmVMAf4umn6wFzriOd-2HI797LXZDR-SQLZqWmE/s640/Neeltje+Jans-2.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 43. Het stroomgebied, Neeltje Jans, 27-5-2016.</span></div>
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Daar zie je een stroomgebied in optima forma: een continue en behoorlijke waterstroom, veel keerbare stenen, vrij schone zandbodem en helder water, waardoor je ook kunt zien wat er op de bodem zit en wegvlucht (fig. 43). De stenen zijn aan de onderzijde prachtig en dicht begroeid en er worden regelmatig bijzondere vondsten gedaan.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg23mvj17dBD9oXAi98Sf6DK1rcasXHgQ-wZZ19LyVDE8b5kpfZppAyADzMf8IRHMp7ONNaMGhsEI4OXYOfs16pt55h-7XEASHAe2upCjISZ-6cQAgghCBsMMbGVa9DgrAtLptm8dIeO_4/s1600/Trivia+arctica+-+Arctic+cowrie+-+ongevlekt+koffieboontje.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg23mvj17dBD9oXAi98Sf6DK1rcasXHgQ-wZZ19LyVDE8b5kpfZppAyADzMf8IRHMp7ONNaMGhsEI4OXYOfs16pt55h-7XEASHAe2upCjISZ-6cQAgghCBsMMbGVa9DgrAtLptm8dIeO_4/s640/Trivia+arctica+-+Arctic+cowrie+-+ongevlekt+koffieboontje.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 44. Ongevlekt koffieboontje, <i>Trivia arctica</i> (EN: Arctic cowrie), Neeltje Jans, Nederland, 10-1-2015 (in vitro).</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtZYqMn4tQrftehCC5Aml9qaq6C4SpxAjudpy8XJGz6cttAlut8qO9SK_yvr0KTvm5HCkFF9uN5v7zPXaAbWd76ekmTMAjyiLHvbanCD4-sK2ak1WNUQUJPpGdthRC_siTzU2eym_9BOc/s1600/Trivia+monacha+-+spotted+cowrie+-+gevlekt+koffieboontje.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtZYqMn4tQrftehCC5Aml9qaq6C4SpxAjudpy8XJGz6cttAlut8qO9SK_yvr0KTvm5HCkFF9uN5v7zPXaAbWd76ekmTMAjyiLHvbanCD4-sK2ak1WNUQUJPpGdthRC_siTzU2eym_9BOc/s640/Trivia+monacha+-+spotted+cowrie+-+gevlekt+koffieboontje.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 45. Gevlekt koffieboontje, <i>Trivia monacha</i> (EN: spotted cowrie), Neeltje Jans, Nederland, 27-9-2014 (in vitro).</span></div>
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Voor veel strandwerkers en duikers staan koffieboontjes hoog op de verlanglijst: zowel het ongevlekt als het gevlekt koffieboontje, respectievelijk <i>Trivia arctica</i> en <i>T. monacha</i> (fig. 44 en 45) hebben we hier gevonden.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJA0NgwuNSoxoQ3goKNmFSDrhgfpsEsowSKotiJpm16rWt7a2ewODkMt9GEq-tNwxutAnO9wObZaukZRWt4ThWALEypDU0ozEf29B0yWgOQe3pkGd8KkxgUkhF58m6W5Z2PDq8W08Y7Ks/s1600/Calliostoma+zizyphinum+-+painted+top+shell+-+priktolhoren_.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJA0NgwuNSoxoQ3goKNmFSDrhgfpsEsowSKotiJpm16rWt7a2ewODkMt9GEq-tNwxutAnO9wObZaukZRWt4ThWALEypDU0ozEf29B0yWgOQe3pkGd8KkxgUkhF58m6W5Z2PDq8W08Y7Ks/s640/Calliostoma+zizyphinum+-+painted+top+shell+-+priktolhoren_.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig. 46. Priktolhoren, <i>Calliostoma zizyphinum </i>(EN: painted top shell), Neeltje Jans, Nederland, 19-12-2015 (in vitro).</span></div>
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Ook de zeldzame priktolhoren, <i>Calliostoma zizyphinum</i> (fig. 46), troffen we aan. Daarnaast kun je er ook rondstruinen in ondiepe getijdenpoeltjes, met een aardige wierbegroeiing, waar bijna altijd veel sierlijke steurgarnalen, <i>Palaemon elegans</i>, gewone heremietkreeften, <i>Pagurus bernhardus </i>en diverse soorten dikkopjes, <i>Pomatoschistus</i> species, zitten.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeA1749p6BPnS7WMW7H0FMNiZB2RFSANUp7YcyjzyR_76HY76WAsz_lqCb71gCgBqYnOa4mOA5py2rkDAh641FFt5y6gBcMRHXtVxjx8Hjysy-YEjkkI1qjF0nLGnNI4XCGH9WGaTU_SE/s1600/Hemigrapsus+sanguineus+-+Japanese+shore+crab+-+blaasjeskrab.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeA1749p6BPnS7WMW7H0FMNiZB2RFSANUp7YcyjzyR_76HY76WAsz_lqCb71gCgBqYnOa4mOA5py2rkDAh641FFt5y6gBcMRHXtVxjx8Hjysy-YEjkkI1qjF0nLGnNI4XCGH9WGaTU_SE/s640/Hemigrapsus+sanguineus+-+Japanese+shore+crab+-+blaasjeskrab.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 47. Blaasjeskrab, <i>Hemigrapsus sanguineus</i> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(EN: Japanese shore crab), </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kats, Nederland, 12-11-2011 (dier verplaatst).</span></div>
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In de drooggevallen gedeelten vind je onder stenen veel blaasjeskrabben, <i>Hemigrapsus sanguineus</i> (fig. 23 en 47) en grote aantallen harige porseleinkrabben, <i>Porcellana platycheles</i> (fig. 7, 22 en 23).<br />
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Overigens is dit nu een gebied waar je bij uitstek <i>niet</i> naar het laagste gedeelte van het getijdengebied hoeft te gaan. Het stroomgebied zelf is rijker en afwisselender. Wil je eens op excursie en is het voorspelde tij maar gemiddeld laag, dan is Neeltje Jans de beste plek. Het ideale stenenkeergebied? Absoluut en ik hoop dat dat het geval blijft. Het stroomgebied is namelijk de laatste paar jaar aan het verzanden en dus minder diep geworden. Daardoor lijkt de rijkdom wat af te nemen.<br />
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<b><span style="color: orange;">Westkapelle</span></b><br />
En nu we toch zijn aanbeland bij ideale stenenkeergebieden: Westkapelle (fig. 48, 50 en 10: nr. 18). Golfbrekers zijn in het algemeen niet interessant, omdat de stenen (vaak basaltblokken) dicht opeen liggen en dus weinig ruimte laten voor zeeleven. Maar er zijn uitzonderingen op de regel en de golfbreker bij Westkapelle is er één.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR6b398_kxvFkdMMNfEqD7zWBCiTQA96UD2ywjAnyhyhT9XWQNMxqW6hYCFBA8VaeNLhqACy6vCvJ327BJH3XVwR0_t-Om0JE_rk-nDpfoRZNEb2MymKYnlgu7VQxwKPZa0NxbIcBQSB8/s1600/Westkapelle.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR6b398_kxvFkdMMNfEqD7zWBCiTQA96UD2ywjAnyhyhT9XWQNMxqW6hYCFBA8VaeNLhqACy6vCvJ327BJH3XVwR0_t-Om0JE_rk-nDpfoRZNEb2MymKYnlgu7VQxwKPZa0NxbIcBQSB8/s640/Westkapelle.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 48. Golfbreker bij Westkapelle </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">op 4-2-2014</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
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Deze golfbreker is op een paar plaatsen weggezakt, waardoor een soort getijdenpoelen zijn ontstaan waarin je onder andere zeedahlia’s, <i>Urticina felina</i> (fig. 49), kunt vinden.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9KcTBHpeArctmDnkncY47so30BgqxIgJs2O_QfLBrLeQjbNUDp6ufUJHiPQ3Z4Tu60ILZUI8B97Zb9DO3Oe0OZrNHW7eV0qa4U8dRd0Wq0u3ZvervlPdw62cBh9i_FzCHzlh-pDA2JqQ/s1600/Urticina+felina+-+zeedahlia.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9KcTBHpeArctmDnkncY47so30BgqxIgJs2O_QfLBrLeQjbNUDp6ufUJHiPQ3Z4Tu60ILZUI8B97Zb9DO3Oe0OZrNHW7eV0qa4U8dRd0Wq0u3ZvervlPdw62cBh9i_FzCHzlh-pDA2JqQ/s640/Urticina+felina+-+zeedahlia.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 49. Getijdenpoel met zeedahlia, <i>Urticina felina</i> (EN: dahlia anemone), Westkapelle, Nederland, 2-4-2014.</span></div>
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Ongeveer vanaf halverwege de golfbreker tot voorbij de kop zijn er losse stenen naast gestort in allerlei vormen en maten. Op de kop is dan nog een half cirkelvormig ‘muurtje’ zichtbaar (fig. 50), dat zware golfslag breekt voor de daarachter liggende getijdenpoel. Hoewel je dit eigenlijk geen echte getijdenpoelen kunt noemen, omdat het water vrijwel onbelemmerd in en uit kan stromen, zijn ze heel rijk. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4aRKpnKa1UeWpBzgDLgEJg-K0osjLMhSenGHCYhObu2sYEWLW4_f8EDD1Q2-2jFtTwZroxOWt1yoHHnVIJqMp8tT9GJ0669X2lZYBKnAUVJbwT3CYP2zYpQQdDT9wRsysTma2xwRepcs/s1600/Westkapelle+-+voorbij+kop+golfbreker.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4aRKpnKa1UeWpBzgDLgEJg-K0osjLMhSenGHCYhObu2sYEWLW4_f8EDD1Q2-2jFtTwZroxOWt1yoHHnVIJqMp8tT9GJ0669X2lZYBKnAUVJbwT3CYP2zYpQQdDT9wRsysTma2xwRepcs/s640/Westkapelle+-+voorbij+kop+golfbreker.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 50. Kop golfbreker met half cirkelvormig muurtje bij Westkapelle op 10-3-2016.</span></div>
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Niet alleen de vorm, maar ook - net als Neeltje Jans - de ligging aan de Noordzee zorgt ervoor dat er veel bijzondere en zeldzame dieren te vinden zijn. De stenen zijn zwaar begroeid met diverse soorten hydropoliepen, zoals de penneschaft, <i>Tubularia indivisa</i> (fig. 51) en daardoor bijzonder rijk aan naaktslakken die daarvan leven.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxMx0afJZ7KHEmHrvUGNyBMkbpVpTuygVODiNt2UsXjsX7iwbe0B_79za_KD_3_XL07HJUbkd44liW2JQC1Ou4tin8rWOc3Gv_Zrwyas93W_FVEKo_1fX0nDLfDYJT-_yL6FuffTvyJF0/s1600/Tubularia+indivisa+-+oaten+pipe+hydroid+%25E2%2580%2593+penneschaft-2.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxMx0afJZ7KHEmHrvUGNyBMkbpVpTuygVODiNt2UsXjsX7iwbe0B_79za_KD_3_XL07HJUbkd44liW2JQC1Ou4tin8rWOc3Gv_Zrwyas93W_FVEKo_1fX0nDLfDYJT-_yL6FuffTvyJF0/s640/Tubularia+indivisa+-+oaten+pipe+hydroid+%25E2%2580%2593+penneschaft-2.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 51. Penneschaft, <i>Tubularia indivisa</i> (EN: oaten pipes hydroid) met eieren, Zeelandbrug, Nederland, 2-5-2013.</span></div>
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In de periode van maart 2013 t/m maart 2016 hebben we 7 excursies gehouden en hier maar liefst 11 soorten naaktslakken gevonden. Om de meest bijzondere te noemen: de hemelsblauwe knotsslak, <i>Cuthona caerulea </i>(fig. 52), de bleke knuppelslak, <i>Eubranchus pallidus</i> en de slanke ringsprietslak, <i>Facelina auriculata</i> (fig. 53).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbfHV5tfpo5Oj5B4hSCm-dxnp1Tgqq-ajwaouc4rygEWD8-T1shGanGWlakybZCBw10Y6WNQYa7UVAu642aX-k6x_IetFm30ozO9MS0sLAHLm0ADAgMSDqH3106nAb4Yd8B4TLcICiEkE/s1600/Cuthona+caerulea+-+hemelsblauwe+knotsslak_.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbfHV5tfpo5Oj5B4hSCm-dxnp1Tgqq-ajwaouc4rygEWD8-T1shGanGWlakybZCBw10Y6WNQYa7UVAu642aX-k6x_IetFm30ozO9MS0sLAHLm0ADAgMSDqH3106nAb4Yd8B4TLcICiEkE/s640/Cuthona+caerulea+-+hemelsblauwe+knotsslak_.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 52. Hemelsblauwe knotsslak, <i>Cuthona caerulea</i>, Westkapelle, Nederland, 14-9-2015 (in vitro).</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaJX7bdmMJSBPJw0cye9e2RWVtYKHk2q75bNuUww8Uinzi2A3lV72UQ2faKd9GzvGk7OxOI4nnpHkfKR1eSxy2ZqJanBrtEyPPjayC6VKhdSDhWS-MB01PCVFU1bB5GCSadFpZntI9W-s/s1600/Facelina+auriculata+-+slanke+ringsprietslak.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaJX7bdmMJSBPJw0cye9e2RWVtYKHk2q75bNuUww8Uinzi2A3lV72UQ2faKd9GzvGk7OxOI4nnpHkfKR1eSxy2ZqJanBrtEyPPjayC6VKhdSDhWS-MB01PCVFU1bB5GCSadFpZntI9W-s/s640/Facelina+auriculata+-+slanke+ringsprietslak.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 53. Slanke ringsprietslak, <i>Facelina auriculata</i>, Westkapelle, 2-3-2016 (in vitro).</span></div>
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Ook de meer algemene, maar voor stenen keren toch bijzondere slanke waaierslak, <i>Microchlamylla gracilis</i> (fig. 54) mag niet onvermeld blijven. Op 4 februari 2014 vonden we meer dan 50 exemplaren in rode, oranje en geelgroene kleurvariëteiten.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr3_D3t_jNsbKHm9hLk6UAmwwu2HGBoBqCXE-fRvQ1p-Var-u3R5aNkaOUXSSAxg7ZHJxUYreEGbcq0YibOJE_n-uCg6apZeriCMjhomgd8ELmXuvFeiXUwYH4LcC7nb5-qt2YZgEJkLY/s1600/Flabellina+gracilis+-+slanke+waaierslak.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr3_D3t_jNsbKHm9hLk6UAmwwu2HGBoBqCXE-fRvQ1p-Var-u3R5aNkaOUXSSAxg7ZHJxUYreEGbcq0YibOJE_n-uCg6apZeriCMjhomgd8ELmXuvFeiXUwYH4LcC7nb5-qt2YZgEJkLY/s640/Flabellina+gracilis+-+slanke+waaierslak.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 54. Slanke waaierslak, <i>Microchlamylla gracilis</i>, Westkapelle, 7-3-2015 (in vitro).</span></div>
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Zie ook de sierlijke slibanemonen, <i>Sagartia elegans</i> (fig. 55) die hier zijn gefotografeerd.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEqCSxsCzNo-OsvqlePYK3qkp1PmU7MT7OgY-4qufrd6wcOx26evAygbktaVGX2LU8VQFifnClFo_ML-2FaHUXq3Y7F12qjA9bTua8zn02t61q4QkRP-LloRlritPmsNxHoXChq9baFjk/s1600/Sagrtia+elegans.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEqCSxsCzNo-OsvqlePYK3qkp1PmU7MT7OgY-4qufrd6wcOx26evAygbktaVGX2LU8VQFifnClFo_ML-2FaHUXq3Y7F12qjA9bTua8zn02t61q4QkRP-LloRlritPmsNxHoXChq9baFjk/s640/Sagrtia+elegans.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 55. Sierlijke slibanemonen, <i>Sagartia elegans</i> (EN: </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">elegant anemone</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">), Westkapelle, Nederland, 10-3-2016.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: orange;">Stenen keren en terug keren</span></b><br />
Enthousiast geworden en zin om zelf stenen te gaan keren? Je bent uiteraard van harte welkom om met onze werkgroep mee te gaan of met de soortgelijke LIMP-excursies van de Stichting Anemoon. Stuur in dat geval mij een mailtje en ik stuur je het programma. Voor de LIMP-excursies kun je je aanmelden via de Facebookpagina (klik <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/%20StAnemoonMOO/?fref=ts" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">hier</span></a>). Deelname is gratis.<br />
Ga je op eigen houtje: doe altijd stevige werkhandschoenen aan om stenen te keren: de randen van Japanse oesters zijn zo scherp als een scheermes! Mocht je overigens willen weten waar een specifiek gebied precies ligt, kun je mij altijd even mailen voor een toelichting of kaartje.<br />
Zoals je hiervoor hebt kunnen lezen, is de dynamiek in Zeeland groot, waardoor stenenkeergebieden in de loop der jaren sterk kunnen veranderen. Daar hebben wij amper grip op. Maar waar we zelf wel grip op hebben en verantwoordelijk voor zijn, is zo min mogelijk te verstoren bij het stenen keren. <b>Dat betekent dat je de stenen die je keert, altijd weer terug moet keren, liefst zo veel mogelijk op dezelfde plek. </b>Doe je dat niet, dan gaat alles wat er op en onder de steen zit onherroepelijk dood!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk4Pf3PwtF5x8t3EnC_8Baqqjp_gNRISE8-XMwwQor_8_EqGgdyL5TEkKqkKV07RSkRWJaP528sVZUjuYRaJW6i1glunTW9S3WOLA6MEyThiBohf1r6EWyo6qytI7hUq46rwRbEsG_-XA/s1600/excursiegroep.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk4Pf3PwtF5x8t3EnC_8Baqqjp_gNRISE8-XMwwQor_8_EqGgdyL5TEkKqkKV07RSkRWJaP528sVZUjuYRaJW6i1glunTW9S3WOLA6MEyThiBohf1r6EWyo6qytI7hUq46rwRbEsG_-XA/s640/excursiegroep.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 56. Excursiegroep na het stenen keren bij Putti's Place, 4-4-2015.</span><br />
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<b><span style="color: orange;">Epiloog</span></b><br />
Bij excursies zeg ik vaak dat als ik de Staatsloterij win, ik in de Oosterschelde graag een buitendijks gebied wil pachten om daar mijn eigen ideale stenenkeergebied in te richten. Hoewel je nooit helemaal zeker weet hoe de stroming loopt en zand en slib wel of niet ‘goed’ worden afgezet, ben ik er wel redelijk van overtuigd in een paar jaar - de natuur moet er natuurlijk ook nog even bezit van kunnen nemen - een geweldige stenenkeerplek te kunnen creëren. Wie weet komt het er ooit nog van!<br />
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Wil je per mail op de hoogte worden gehouden over excursies en vondstenlijsten met foto’s toegestuurd krijgen, stuur mij dan een <a href="mailto:mick@nieuwewendingproducties.nl" target="_blank">mailtje</a>.Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-59244872679072595922014-11-21T18:40:00.000+01:002017-12-03T15:02:43.886+01:00John dory: curious and cosmopolitan fish<div style="text-align: left;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPj0BC-A89m93ttJSmn2x-Ha7hzup1OU_tK7PDvZ0lk0e8AynqzawsH48J5urLQqVj0lusFwaE6_r1Ty6ZOT__Rb_QNuM562w7Zv0rsQUrr6tLiBbPzDx93F-lVZoZhalxk9FD2ARKwPc/s1600/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPj0BC-A89m93ttJSmn2x-Ha7hzup1OU_tK7PDvZ0lk0e8AynqzawsH48J5urLQqVj0lusFwaE6_r1Ty6ZOT__Rb_QNuM562w7Zv0rsQUrr6tLiBbPzDx93F-lVZoZhalxk9FD2ARKwPc/s640/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis-3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Zeus faber,</i> Porthkerris, UK (montage)</span></div>
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I was diving at Porthkerris (Cornwall, United Kingdom), getting cold and running out of air. Just when I decided to swim back to the beach, I saw from the corner of my eye something whitish swimming along with me. When I turned my head I saw my first John dory, <i>Zeus faber</i> (NL: zonnevis)(specimen 1). I had already heard they were seen by divers and I would love to see this peculiar and exotic looking fish. But I had decided not to search for them, because it would take a lot of time (needle in a haystack) and their were so many other beautiful things to see.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGrl842iirBJVKveR2zkns4kKT1Lsx_AtAIrEVIlGQ0m6xfkr4XRhUDCuf16UCRJtfhm7tL0IbdkdtNDPlRBhmvR9QbAoXwkiL8btiNdTpy81xFQIE6JgR9MDMVq1nvEJwM2hvJ8zRY0A/s1600/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGrl842iirBJVKveR2zkns4kKT1Lsx_AtAIrEVIlGQ0m6xfkr4XRhUDCuf16UCRJtfhm7tL0IbdkdtNDPlRBhmvR9QbAoXwkiL8btiNdTpy81xFQIE6JgR9MDMVq1nvEJwM2hvJ8zRY0A/s640/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis02.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Zeus faber,</i> Porthkerris, UK (specimen 1)</span></div>
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At first we were looking at each other and when I slowed finning the John dory kept pace. It was about 30 cm long. I started taking photo’s. I had to try to come as close as can be, because I had a fisheye lens fixed on my camera. So after a few photo’s I decided to slowly advance to the John dory. As I expected it swam away, but then it eased. I had another try; this repeated for a while and at last I could come as close as 50 cm.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRSt930-UjVp3k9tlJODzmFQ9nsR3YozHgM9UVs0StAtFCjL0d2i63MOEFiaaC3wq-MZWr13RqnXLba5Bm1o-sx2vrTufsARhaMX1sX7yoDDOUTweYraOkBXZdVCygE434T1DQ0TQ2G5Q/s1600/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRSt930-UjVp3k9tlJODzmFQ9nsR3YozHgM9UVs0StAtFCjL0d2i63MOEFiaaC3wq-MZWr13RqnXLba5Bm1o-sx2vrTufsARhaMX1sX7yoDDOUTweYraOkBXZdVCygE434T1DQ0TQ2G5Q/s640/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis04.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Zeus faber,</i> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Porthkerris, UK (specimen 2)</span></div>
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I was amazed: this John dory was not afraid at all and curious, because if it had decided to disappear it would have been easy. They are quite compressed and swimming through the underwater forest of cuvie, <i>Laminaria hyperborea </i>(NL: groot vingerwier), as you can see in the photo above and below, it would have (dis)appeared as a loose stalk of this seaweed.<br />
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What avoked this curiosity? At first it could not have been the reflection of itself in the domeport of my underwater equipment - a suggestion often made - because it swam alongside. With a lot of anthropomorphizing and judging by its 'haughty' looks (due to its big mouth with steeply-angled jaws) it could have thought: what is this stranger doing on my property? I noticed it chasing other fish away. I just don’t know and it doesn’t matter. I had a perfect encounter for almost 10 minutes and some nice photo’s.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMVSHvKhXVE4oE2jqLEcHP2_dyqPlroKNDW-qb2kTGncM_Q-TFirV9WT9odq8OE2elcU62xq7qROerYoG5D8entv8KP2CZEAHICPPd3izpM1cO6uNaYdXZdIhTrf7Fn3_C2zXvo_S4X5o/s1600/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMVSHvKhXVE4oE2jqLEcHP2_dyqPlroKNDW-qb2kTGncM_Q-TFirV9WT9odq8OE2elcU62xq7qROerYoG5D8entv8KP2CZEAHICPPd3izpM1cO6uNaYdXZdIhTrf7Fn3_C2zXvo_S4X5o/s640/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis03.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Zeus faber,</i> Porthkerris, UK (specimen 1)</span></div>
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As you have read the story so far and my former posts, you may wonder if I have forgotten the promised posts about Botanical Beach and other items of Vancouver Island's fauna. I haven't but for now I am switching to the fauna and flora of the UK and especially of <a href="http://porthkerris.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Porthkerris</span></a>. In one of my next posts I will describe and show this excellent diving spot (and dive centre) in the southwest tip of England.</div>
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I had 16 dives at Porthkerris in the period of 31 August to 13 September; 7 last year and 9 this year. The described encounter with the John dory was my penultimate dive last year and I was happy to meet them again this year. And not just one but at least 7 (I photographed 4 specimens; my dive buddy Ruud 3). Just as last year they seemed to appear out of nowhere. They were of the same size as the one I saw last year and a few were smaller.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRDYSTUi7GSCtBK0a8eTYYxuRXWZukhX4VBiOihzrCEUMAlKFp5WTHLj_jXGPzCV0ZVaMhh0b5Sgl_kooRZyV3zBnb2-3s00b2xVF5eKISio9SdWZ9JW6O2iwFPatiZdxD4cQmeYEFnX8/s1600/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRDYSTUi7GSCtBK0a8eTYYxuRXWZukhX4VBiOihzrCEUMAlKFp5WTHLj_jXGPzCV0ZVaMhh0b5Sgl_kooRZyV3zBnb2-3s00b2xVF5eKISio9SdWZ9JW6O2iwFPatiZdxD4cQmeYEFnX8/s640/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis10.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Zeus faber,</i> Porthkerris, UK (specimen 1)</span></div>
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My first John dory (specimen 1) looked quite pale, hence my remark 'something whitish swimming along'. But John dories can be very colourfull. Especially specimen 3 with its golden glow (photo below). Their is discussion regarding the origin of its common name, but in French 'jaune dorée' means yellow gold. Not far-fetched.</div>
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If you have a good look at my photo's you can see that the pattern on their sides is unique. Just like an enlarged thumbprint. I wondered if I had seen the same specimens on different days and years. I compared all the photographed fish, eight in total, and they were all different specimens (hence the reason for making notice of 'specimen 1' etc.). For comparison you must have photo's of the same side, because the pattern on both sides of a specimen is not identical!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJQbvXEcHDxISQSZWAczarUzXiFIvABG-ZYOaStu_LC7a5XjvLZgKds_zGTmQeAmpHme-Bq2qIE-V5P1paBMKF-O_xuDi_tgxiMxHsPsvPDLxxcYpwyteJmTNFLxe3j7oawKoDsErj5lw/s1600/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis06.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJQbvXEcHDxISQSZWAczarUzXiFIvABG-ZYOaStu_LC7a5XjvLZgKds_zGTmQeAmpHme-Bq2qIE-V5P1paBMKF-O_xuDi_tgxiMxHsPsvPDLxxcYpwyteJmTNFLxe3j7oawKoDsErj5lw/s640/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis06.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Zeus faber,</i> Porthkerris, UK (specimen 3)</span></div>
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But what if they can change their pattern? A lot of fish species like blennies, gobies and for instance plaice, are able to change, recede or intensify their colour <i>and</i> their colour pattern to blend in with the environment. John dories are able to adapt their colour (saturation) to their surroundings: I saw the pale(r) ones in open water or hovering above seaweeds; the more colourfull specimens were swimming in front of rocks or in darker spots. But that is not the same as changing pattern.</div>
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I came upon a remarkable story by Dan Bolt - <a href="http://www.earthinfocus.com/blog/detail.php?id=22" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">'Babbacombe's cleaning stations'</span></a> - about a cleaning station serviced by Leach’s spider crabs, <i>Inachus phalangium</i> (NL: gladde sponspootkrab) which John dories visit to get rid of small parasites (not the ones you can see with your naked eye). He writes: 'Spending so much time in one small area it becomes easy to recognise individual animals because of the <i>unique markings</i> these fish have on their body.'<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqHUL1CBUuevm5_CZCuK8oIvezxTJgUP5xoO8DLYjiWz-NkNFRpb9yHgezd1nvpvqhAcw1VbmMwYRqJUE77xsr1ePTnY31vQkhqMBYuBFmnDKTHKScE2HWWiUAB2YH_dXYwA8K9AF8odI/s1600/Inachus+phalangium+-+Leach's%2Bspider%2Bcrab%2B-%2Bgladde%2Bsponspootkrab.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqHUL1CBUuevm5_CZCuK8oIvezxTJgUP5xoO8DLYjiWz-NkNFRpb9yHgezd1nvpvqhAcw1VbmMwYRqJUE77xsr1ePTnY31vQkhqMBYuBFmnDKTHKScE2HWWiUAB2YH_dXYwA8K9AF8odI/s640/Inachus+phalangium+-+Leach's%2Bspider%2Bcrab%2B-%2Bgladde%2Bsponspootkrab.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Inachus phalangium,</i> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pointe de Trévignon, Brittany, France</span></div>
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I asked Dan if he knew more about changing pattern. He replied: 'In short, no I am not sure that they can not change their pattern. The observation period for the cleaning behaviour was relatively short; about 8 weeks in all, and certainly in that time-scale I could recognise individuals by their patterning. But observing only for 8 weeks does not proove that they do not change their patterns throughout the year. Certainly they can make their colour fade or more bold, but sadly I can't give you a definitive answer about changing patterns.'<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnRhiO7t9rNZEhTX2Dyk_1XnFeoYQgwVDhvCWWjPVF8mM4qBqr8Ww71RqanvzWSzb14G6jmVBKIhkBdZlxCR_9wYbudC_aLpZoe_SkzD_b7p62tmCVC_lrtkU3Tc9b8w4syfwuEIMk5nY/s1600/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis07.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnRhiO7t9rNZEhTX2Dyk_1XnFeoYQgwVDhvCWWjPVF8mM4qBqr8Ww71RqanvzWSzb14G6jmVBKIhkBdZlxCR_9wYbudC_aLpZoe_SkzD_b7p62tmCVC_lrtkU3Tc9b8w4syfwuEIMk5nY/s640/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis07.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Zeus faber,</i> Porthkerris, UK (specimen 4)</span></div>
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You must have noticed the dark spot with its light margin in the centre of each flank. It is supposed to have the effect of an eye i.e. to confuse its prey and predators. In legend these are St Peter’s fingerprints, left when he took a coin from the fish’s mouth to pay up his tax. Hence its popular name in a lot of countries referring to St Peter: Sankt Petersfisch in German, Saint-Pierre in French, St. Pietersvis in Dutch etc. It could also explain the name John dory: St Peter is the gatekeeper in heaven, in Italian 'janitore'.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhir-2kXKiauscJQBXsRJPynkzZZHevBBIWJnEhMBoaZPrrzzg3d_Ng0WA94F6rorTZkGE0KKT1jQ65GFjUBbG07ZzAlN_Xuk2HNE60RtprzbQaTg_U98FSVabrMRQeEFFEZJIM2XuTUf4/s1600/pic_Fis-30758.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhir-2kXKiauscJQBXsRJPynkzZZHevBBIWJnEhMBoaZPrrzzg3d_Ng0WA94F6rorTZkGE0KKT1jQ65GFjUBbG07ZzAlN_Xuk2HNE60RtprzbQaTg_U98FSVabrMRQeEFFEZJIM2XuTUf4/s640/pic_Fis-30758.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">© <a href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Zeus-faber.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">FishBase</span></a></span></div>
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Distribution map of <i>Zeus faber</i>. Except for the America's the John dory is a cosmopolitan. It is remarkable that it thrives in cold and tropical waters.<br />
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John dories are solitary fish. They live in a depth of a few meters deep to 200 meters (Lythgoe, J. & G., 1976). Edgar (1997): 'depth 1-170 m; it occurs most abundantly in deep offshore waters, although individuals occasionally enter shallow water estuaries' (describing species of the Australian coasts). Heemstra (2004): 'adults in 50-400 m' (species of South-Africa), so even 200 m deeper.<br />
According to most authors John dories can be found in sand-, reef- and kelp-habitats or a mix of these and are often catched by trawlers above sandy bottoms.<br />
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Wheeler (1975): 'A very similar species, <i>Zeus japonicus,</i> is found in the Indo-Pacific. The two scarcely differ morphologically.'<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnBH1VTtiWkDs-Bqz2OVgJnRPQ0xLqOiK_e_4g29U0fxng4LHRdrrHvaYYdp3SDci_dRMFTVy81VxzzB7rlM5Y9nuGZyPHDWqi1MObIPege1hMvW2yoDjh-HIfDVM81fF6Gr7FFaFz7g8/s1600/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis08.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnBH1VTtiWkDs-Bqz2OVgJnRPQ0xLqOiK_e_4g29U0fxng4LHRdrrHvaYYdp3SDci_dRMFTVy81VxzzB7rlM5Y9nuGZyPHDWqi1MObIPege1hMvW2yoDjh-HIfDVM81fF6Gr7FFaFz7g8/s640/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis08.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Zeus faber,</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Porthkerris, UK (specimen 3)</span></div>
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As you can see, they have a laterally compressed shape with a long dorsal fin - composed of long, strong fin spines - and oversized pelvic fins. As said, it makes them hard to spot in kelp forests. You can often observe them tilted at all sorts of angles and even upside down (Naylor, 2011)! Have a look <a href="http://australianmuseum.net.au/John-Dory-Zeus-faber/" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">here</span></a> at a short video.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3NmqRx9tre5zGPc3Vb36zCBjtXrZchnbg3YqhhyphenhyphenOvxSQfYDbTBRt2Po13zcP6iJNvuoNvh0ZfWMqQAsj65Nd4J31pMdYqqYHRWUjcuqepJg-jJiV5GaJka1ZZaf5DkaZ3zlwGU3hOFuc/s1600/sharlin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3NmqRx9tre5zGPc3Vb36zCBjtXrZchnbg3YqhhyphenhyphenOvxSQfYDbTBRt2Po13zcP6iJNvuoNvh0ZfWMqQAsj65Nd4J31pMdYqqYHRWUjcuqepJg-jJiV5GaJka1ZZaf5DkaZ3zlwGU3hOFuc/s640/sharlin.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Sharlin cruiser (left © </span><a href="http://archangel72367.deviantart.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">archangel72367</span></a><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, right © </span><a href="http://babylon5.wikia.com/"><span style="color: orange;">babylon5.wikia.com</span></a><span style="font-size: xx-small;">)</span></span></div>
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As a big fan of the science fiction series Babylon 5, they remind me of a 'sharlin cruiser': laterally compressed with oversized wings. Who is to know the artist wasn't inspired bij John dories?<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfxII3t7a2Jkcp7-L3WNasycl5vwjDLhKZHAni5MvHIfByHIPE6hGYcEGAnOPIUq2zO4LvbnSI5wN6C4a8P6glq1o7EN0c7zgCrZxTY3I-i04RmmSUjnGdKKRG_J8xaoWn2p6_Uk52QTU/s1600/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="560" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfxII3t7a2Jkcp7-L3WNasycl5vwjDLhKZHAni5MvHIfByHIPE6hGYcEGAnOPIUq2zO4LvbnSI5wN6C4a8P6glq1o7EN0c7zgCrZxTY3I-i04RmmSUjnGdKKRG_J8xaoWn2p6_Uk52QTU/s640/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis-4.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Zeus faber,</i> Porthkerris, UK (specimen 3)</span></div>
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Muus (1966) reports an average length of 25-30 cm and at that size it has a weight of 2 kg, but up to 60 cm and 8 kg; Allen (1999) up to 75 cm and Debelius (1998) and Heemstra (2004) even 90 cm! A bit scary at this size coming out of the blue… Heemstra (2004): 'females grow larger than males.'<br />
According to Janssen (1979) who has studied John dories in the Netherlands from 1960 to 1977, they are 15 to 28 cm after two years and 29 to 42 cm in their third to fourth year. Heemstra (2004) reports a lifespan of 15 years for females and 13 years for males.<br />
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Duncker (1960) estimates first sexual maturation of males at 25–28 cm, and females at 34–38 cm. They spawn in summer at the south coast of England at a depth of less than 100 m. In the Mediterranean, in warmer waters, they spawn in spring (Muus, 1966). The southern North Sea is to shallow as a breeding ground (Nijssen & De Groot, 1987). The eggs are pelagic (Muus, 1966). </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7AMdTfWzZjxT3LFtGo4Hkwh4sdp6-MXtCvFxbRQVil9io-kGAD-iVyeQ81VkPIGnwx1WI9lxO4yhM2JKiRJ2u7q5AFMY8Y-oI29jbg0fMhNUWFamo3D-57QmWHx7W93GppjI5yCdPaCw/s1600/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis09.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7AMdTfWzZjxT3LFtGo4Hkwh4sdp6-MXtCvFxbRQVil9io-kGAD-iVyeQ81VkPIGnwx1WI9lxO4yhM2JKiRJ2u7q5AFMY8Y-oI29jbg0fMhNUWFamo3D-57QmWHx7W93GppjI5yCdPaCw/s640/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis09.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Zeus faber,</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Porthkerris, UK (specimen 3)</span></div>
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John dories are clumsy swimmers. So it has to depend on stealth and its big protrusile mouth (have a look <a href="http://britishwildlife.wikia.com/wiki/File:John_Dory_003.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">here</span></a>), which enables it to suck in a large volume of water with unsuspecting prey. Unfortunately I have never seen them catching prey.<br />
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It seems fish is their main diet, but Nijssen & De Groot (1987) mention that, apart from fish, crustaceans and cephalopods have been found in their stomach.<br />
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Predated species of fish in northwest Europe according to Muus (1966), Naylor (2011) and Nijssen & De Groot (1987) are herring, <i>Clupea harengus</i> (NL: haring), pilchard, <i>Sardina pilchardus</i> (NL: sardien), sprat, <i>Sprattus sprattus </i>(NL: sprot), sand smelt, <i>Atherina presbyter </i>(NL: koornaarvis), horse mackerel, <i>Trachurus trachurus</i> (NL: horsmakreel), sand eel, <i>Ammodytes species (</i>NL: zandspiering), gobies, <i>Gobiidae</i> (NL: grondelsoorten) and more specific two spot gobies, <i>Gobiusculus flavescens</i> (NL: Ruthenspars grondel).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_BE7bFp4e6DcACLGtlzc9dO-YCsM45HkAmz7IeYQBhhq7JkDW-W9GNvKUfux8V6t7nsaJwIoi1GhO6Il90cPAUW0ZAvzeIJeyf5kX5vj3E0B7toHy9Di5KeNoMnnp5xT5peDSVfuIZbk/s1600/Gobiusculus+flavescens+-+two+spot+goby+-+Ruthensparrs+grondel03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_BE7bFp4e6DcACLGtlzc9dO-YCsM45HkAmz7IeYQBhhq7JkDW-W9GNvKUfux8V6t7nsaJwIoi1GhO6Il90cPAUW0ZAvzeIJeyf5kX5vj3E0B7toHy9Di5KeNoMnnp5xT5peDSVfuIZbk/s640/Gobiusculus+flavescens+-+two+spot+goby+-+Ruthensparrs+grondel03.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gobiusculus flavescens,</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Porthkerris, UK</span></div>
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Two spot gobies were very abundant at Porthkerris as you can see in the photo above. Here, I guess, this species is John dories staple food. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi42M0CP8u4FNOVD18uiJTkwR3-NEtXBwOc_DsjR93ROM1ogwu7jzHPSz5d5W5xqfBezpAeMr_1DAmGFPqIrYmyeNi_njKpQdY8JXcMXKmaG7J_QeoHCc9VqGI1kCLV8jvk6msGu5V5fHw/s1600/Gobiusculus+flavescens+-+two+spot+goby+-+Ruthensparrs+grondel02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi42M0CP8u4FNOVD18uiJTkwR3-NEtXBwOc_DsjR93ROM1ogwu7jzHPSz5d5W5xqfBezpAeMr_1DAmGFPqIrYmyeNi_njKpQdY8JXcMXKmaG7J_QeoHCc9VqGI1kCLV8jvk6msGu5V5fHw/s640/Gobiusculus+flavescens+-+two+spot+goby+-+Ruthensparrs+grondel02.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Gobiusculus flavescens, </i>St John's Point, Ireland</span></div>
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Two spot gobies are about 6 cm long, but often much smaller. They are, contrary to most other gobies species, not bottom dwelling but demersal fish. Only when the water is getting cold, they will rest on the bottom.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6vuaB8lOpEaUZ3-sNnBXnmgeoQ4WY_rA_f0ek7SjnltCLTfgqoTr-XYSGOm2Nc3CZxS9QYjUY2ILR8p9V6gTfwVXh_SZe39qvOp52dppwrDV4EtKlWjXM_B8kJpd6YUjtMxMlXeupM3g/s1600/Gobiusculus+flavescens+-+two+spot+goby+-+Ruthensparrs+grondel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6vuaB8lOpEaUZ3-sNnBXnmgeoQ4WY_rA_f0ek7SjnltCLTfgqoTr-XYSGOm2Nc3CZxS9QYjUY2ILR8p9V6gTfwVXh_SZe39qvOp52dppwrDV4EtKlWjXM_B8kJpd6YUjtMxMlXeupM3g/s640/Gobiusculus+flavescens+-+two+spot+goby+-+Ruthensparrs+grondel.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Gobiusculus flavescens, </i>'t Koepeltje, Grevelingen, The Netherlands</span></div>
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At first view two spot gobies look like 'innocent' guppies. But have a look at their teeth!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1xeD4mREOpSexi2ARxQQVLriTL4r1WT7FmnqTmo9rIFf-RZ1SiwjtnrOl8vAIbJv6sf5xkja4ic1LiI0XaIf4b9Te1XZSbK45MlJdx8R4Rc3CesV-CDl9fev9TfR6KXMLzvQMNxRkG_4/s1600/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis05.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1xeD4mREOpSexi2ARxQQVLriTL4r1WT7FmnqTmo9rIFf-RZ1SiwjtnrOl8vAIbJv6sf5xkja4ic1LiI0XaIf4b9Te1XZSbK45MlJdx8R4Rc3CesV-CDl9fev9TfR6KXMLzvQMNxRkG_4/s640/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis05.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Zeus faber,</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Porthkerris, UK (specimen 2)</span></div>
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A John dory with some two spotted gobies and, at the top, pollack, <i>Pollachius pollachius</i> (NL: pollak). Pollack are also preying on two spotted gobies.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb0VX34LUEMijY41bM4PBrLApoopAe-_YfkHzN3qVxYzLFefnKcSaap_TvXl1fsqPlgt987Wm2oIBqVHFkhlwHD8RL4uEEdzTmXiJ0tF9F3YR-_2faI86qn3UUCzUCr9k7PcWSSvfChS0/s1600/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis-7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb0VX34LUEMijY41bM4PBrLApoopAe-_YfkHzN3qVxYzLFefnKcSaap_TvXl1fsqPlgt987Wm2oIBqVHFkhlwHD8RL4uEEdzTmXiJ0tF9F3YR-_2faI86qn3UUCzUCr9k7PcWSSvfChS0/s640/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis-7.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Caligus species</i> on <i>Zeus faber, </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Porthkerris, UK (</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">specimen 1)</span></div>
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Almost every John dory at Porthkerris was infected by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_louse" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">sealice</span></a>, one of the <a href="http://sealice.myspecies.info/taxonomy/term/1878" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">many</span></a> <i>Caligus species.</i> I asked marine biologist 'universalis' Marco Faasse of <a href="http://www.ecoast.be/en" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">eCoast Marine Research</span></a>, Belgium, if he could identify the specie(s). Marco: 'Two species of Caligus are known on John dories: <i>Caligus </i><i>elongatus </i>Nordmann and <i>Caligus zei</i>. Maybe both species are visible on your photo, because I see two rather different parasites. However, I won't rule out it is the same species, only a different sex.'<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_fTtJPqdfe53AqiXtxJIIqytxzO-jkrtN1hly84tAuQMC-moyFddR_N3Z6Xku_WpS4HdM59k3fQgtdd2taVZ13SDv7EtYXpyLTBIDFFDjJAkHC9RvInU0odgq29fo0mLyA2gpkFLEWgY/s1600/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_fTtJPqdfe53AqiXtxJIIqytxzO-jkrtN1hly84tAuQMC-moyFddR_N3Z6Xku_WpS4HdM59k3fQgtdd2taVZ13SDv7EtYXpyLTBIDFFDjJAkHC9RvInU0odgq29fo0mLyA2gpkFLEWgY/s640/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">unknown flatworm(?) species on <i>Zeus faber, </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Porthkerris, UK (</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">specimen 4)</span></div>
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Specimen 4 was not infected bij <i>Caligus</i> but other, smaller parasites. Marco: 'I presume these are parasitic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trematoda" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">flatworms</span></a> of the class of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogenea" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Monogenea</span></a>. I have found the flatworm <i>Udonella caligorum</i> on <i>Caligus elongatus</i> on the lumpsucker, <i>Cyclopterus lumpus</i> (NL: snotolf). This flatworm settles itself on sealice, but it is feeding on the mucus secreted by the skin of the fish. See article in Het Zeepaard 2005(4). The specimens on your photo could be a related species. However, searching for flatworms (there is an incredible amount of species of worms) related to <i>Zeus faber</i> I could only find worms living in its digestive system.'<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_IxxNgNQLH9dI4PKyMzl16RIx6bmL3n0FxzCYiNc-pPRK_BZhr7QDBWQfSICnubvYI9L8VKjE6jezb7jVeWnhs-BOfIH7i1oSE9_ad-j09o6wI4BW9bYcmlKCxAmG2JEU-NibN6A20ok/s1600/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_IxxNgNQLH9dI4PKyMzl16RIx6bmL3n0FxzCYiNc-pPRK_BZhr7QDBWQfSICnubvYI9L8VKjE6jezb7jVeWnhs-BOfIH7i1oSE9_ad-j09o6wI4BW9bYcmlKCxAmG2JEU-NibN6A20ok/s640/Zeus+faber+-+John+dory+-+zonnevis-2.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">unknown flatworm(?) species</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> on <i>Zeus faber, </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Porthkerris, UK (</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">specimen 4)</span></div>
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I want to thank Dan Bolt for his reply, Marco Faasse for providing information about the parasites and Godfried van Moorsel for supplying an article about changing colour in rockpool gobies. </div>
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Literature:<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Debelius, H., 1998. Vissengids Middellandse Zee en Atlantische Oceaan.</span></li>
<li>Duncker, G. 1960. Die Fische der Nordmark. De Gruyter & Co., Hamburg.</li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "verdana";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "trebuchet" , "trebuchet ms" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">Edgar, G.J., 1997. Australian Marine Life.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "verdana";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "trebuchet" , "trebuchet ms" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "verdana";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "trebuchet" , "trebuchet ms" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">Faasse, M., 2005. De snotolf een dierentuin: over Caligus elongatus (Copepoda) en Udonella caligorum (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea). Het Zeepaard 65(4): 123-127.</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "trebuchet" , "trebuchet ms" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">Heemstra, </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "trebuchet" , "trebuchet ms" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">P. & E., </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "trebuchet" , "trebuchet ms" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">2004. Coastal fishes of Southern Africa. </span></span></li>
<li>Janssen, G.M., 1979. The occurence of Zeus faber in the coastal waters of the Netherlands. Bull. Zool. Mus. Univ. Amsterdam, 6 (20): 153-158.</li>
<li>Lythgoe, J. & G., 1976. Vissen van de Europese kustwateren en de Middellandse Zee. </li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "trebuchet" , "trebuchet ms" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">Muus, B.J., 1966. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "trebuchet" , "trebuchet ms" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">Zeevissengids.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "trebuchet" , "trebuchet ms" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">Naylor, P., 2011. Great British marine animals. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "trebuchet" , "trebuchet ms" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">Nijssen, H. & S.J. de Groot, 1987. De vissen van Nederland. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "trebuchet" , "trebuchet ms" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">Wheeler, A., 1975.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "trebuchet" , "trebuchet ms" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet" , "trebuchet ms" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">Fishes of the world.</span></li>
</ul>
Websites:<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><a href="http://australianmuseum.net.au/John-Dory-Zeus-faber/" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Australian Museum</span> - John Dory</a></span></li>
<li><a href="http://www.earthinfocus.com/blog/detail.php?id=22" target="_blank">Dan Bolt Earth in Focus - <span style="color: orange;">'Babbacombe's cleaning stations'</span> </a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Zeus-faber.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">FishBase</span>, Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2014. World Wide Web electronic publication.</a></li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><a href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2250/en" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department </span>- Species fact sheets - Zeus faber</a></span></li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><a href="http://www.photomazza.com/?Zeus-faber-Linnaeus-1758&lang=en&lang=en" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Giuseppe Mazza - Scientific photographer</span> - Zeus faber</a></span></li>
<li><a href="http://sealice.myspecies.info/" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Sealice Explorer</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dory" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Wikipedia</span></a> </li>
</ul>
</div>
<!--8--><!--8--><!--8-->Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-31373349651523061202014-07-24T23:59:00.000+02:002016-08-24T08:32:12.281+02:00Colourful sea anemones and other extraordinary Cnidaria of Vancouver Island<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWJnVf7804Ml_vy00ihMsXILBbavSkp_ndSYwitCO2KjOWNqhvmFftrYhQydWlc-7s7BWRO9ZhfPorbd_g_o4Z2L8Dl1hINS00y-rKbrTUC3LMpDtIj7KC1wg5cTJaV6nvUDp4Ak9WQXc/s1600/01-Pachycerianthus+fimbriatus-+tube-dwelling+anemone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWJnVf7804Ml_vy00ihMsXILBbavSkp_ndSYwitCO2KjOWNqhvmFftrYhQydWlc-7s7BWRO9ZhfPorbd_g_o4Z2L8Dl1hINS00y-rKbrTUC3LMpDtIj7KC1wg5cTJaV6nvUDp4Ak9WQXc/s640/01-Pachycerianthus+fimbriatus-+tube-dwelling+anemone.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Pachycerianthus fimbriatus, </i>Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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In this post I present a few animals belonging to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidaria" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Cnidaria</span></a> I found at Vancouver Island, Canada. Apart from the last two species they all belong to the subclass Anthozoa<i>,</i> literally flower animals: the sea anemones (NL: bloemdieren, zeeanemonen).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2POmZ6fsZMUZFnardTDEJ0eVpGSdhr2KkOmmYpTS5mDA5YcrvEIKgvnMyURBO2luCASmXO7PM3h0KYLjx-RLcgyQTBXmeqtEiIccIbUh94PFIEIf7-Xj4MkrRAizWqsW8VoTTeC2j9Pg/s1600/02-Urticina+crassicornis+-+painted+anemone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2POmZ6fsZMUZFnardTDEJ0eVpGSdhr2KkOmmYpTS5mDA5YcrvEIKgvnMyURBO2luCASmXO7PM3h0KYLjx-RLcgyQTBXmeqtEiIccIbUh94PFIEIf7-Xj4MkrRAizWqsW8VoTTeC2j9Pg/s640/02-Urticina+crassicornis+-+painted+anemone.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Urticina grebelnyi, </i>Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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Let's start with one of my favourite photo's of the painted anemone, <i>Urticina grebelnyi</i>. I love Urticina species (dahlia anemones, NL: zeedahlia's) with their stout tentacles. Up to 25 cm in diameter and 20 cm high. This small specimen was attached to the <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2013/03/seascapes-and-rock-bays-jetty.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">jetty at Rock Bay</span></a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGDsij10WBm6WXOjXOxdKUNdqCJ-6_xLHE5XvQTYwT6kq79ziZu-6YoBiwkK_JzZOFxGXzf49ZccVka9XEYvqtEkOv-LSITkotYm-wvR4QnTUPZSqBn_9c5eGyRcOu79B6cbFGQLYZdDA/s1600/03-Urticina+crassicornis+-+painted+anemone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGDsij10WBm6WXOjXOxdKUNdqCJ-6_xLHE5XvQTYwT6kq79ziZu-6YoBiwkK_JzZOFxGXzf49ZccVka9XEYvqtEkOv-LSITkotYm-wvR4QnTUPZSqBn_9c5eGyRcOu79B6cbFGQLYZdDA/s640/03-Urticina+crassicornis+-+painted+anemone.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Urticina grebelnyi, </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cottam Point</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Canada</span></div>
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Never heard of <i>Urticina grebelnyi</i>? Neither did I. But the Urticina specimens I photographed looked rather different, so I searched the internet and came upon the website <a href="http://actiniaria.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Actiniaria.com</span></a> of Nadya and Karen Sanamyan (Kamchatka Branch of Pacific Institute of Geography, Russia). It seemed that what I thought were <i>Urticina crassicornis</i>, were not.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEtR9Dc49UQL1eJSpg9YFVQTOPF_tidY_r4qVeY21OeMyXgyy_v5N-hQSsiB9kp1E1CIwLWI4wR03BqCm94q8CJwmVEn2Dd_xieRmzLLITUygyUo5S3BwIUlLPwZPHtjbbNHgcUU9_Q8Y/s1600/04-Urticina+crassicornis+-+painted+anemone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEtR9Dc49UQL1eJSpg9YFVQTOPF_tidY_r4qVeY21OeMyXgyy_v5N-hQSsiB9kp1E1CIwLWI4wR03BqCm94q8CJwmVEn2Dd_xieRmzLLITUygyUo5S3BwIUlLPwZPHtjbbNHgcUU9_Q8Y/s640/04-Urticina+crassicornis+-+painted+anemone.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Urticina grebelnyi, </i>Deep Cove Bay, Canada</span></div>
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From Actiniaria.com: 'This common North Pacific species often is called painted anemone or Christmas anemone and erroneously identified as <i>Urticina crassicornis</i>. Actually, true <i>Urticina crassicornis</i> is a very different species having absolutely smooth body, while in painted anemone - <i>Urticina grebelnyi </i>- the whole column (body) is covered by numerous nonadhesive vesicles. According to a recent revision of Urticina, the valid name of painted anemone is <i>Urticina grebelnyi</i>.'<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiuV_3bFqGi7q2lPfubjdTe19uhyphenhyphenoAZjZi9j5nlsuFTSCAMAeNZZosroB6oiuwMzytx-xJkysY9Cpik5br9gUc3tvmFh7a4GSCyUtb9Zcer70i7j4B63LB-JloxJ0Ou5yQeW2ipy5fDMU/s1600/09-Urticina+crassicornis+-+painted+anemone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiuV_3bFqGi7q2lPfubjdTe19uhyphenhyphenoAZjZi9j5nlsuFTSCAMAeNZZosroB6oiuwMzytx-xJkysY9Cpik5br9gUc3tvmFh7a4GSCyUtb9Zcer70i7j4B63LB-JloxJ0Ou5yQeW2ipy5fDMU/s640/09-Urticina+crassicornis+-+painted+anemone.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Urticina grebelnyi, </i>Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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A rather dull coloured/patterned painted anemone.<br />
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I asked Nadya and Karen Sanamyan for help. In a very prompt reaction Karen told me all my photo's regarded <i>Urticina grebelnyi</i>, except for one (see further). </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiPpcdkN14bnjAPplN6j08gg7o_t_a6e4yhi42_PWqH0rZUZ8HhyuJEaPrSh381AFMGhQuMyLQqgKPqQpZeg1-2fR6KIQba4Gp5M6WA9Acid7kMQ5Ea5noX4jdNBuH60hqFOzjnxxa4Z8/s1600/07-Urticina+crassicornis+-+painted+anemone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiPpcdkN14bnjAPplN6j08gg7o_t_a6e4yhi42_PWqH0rZUZ8HhyuJEaPrSh381AFMGhQuMyLQqgKPqQpZeg1-2fR6KIQba4Gp5M6WA9Acid7kMQ5Ea5noX4jdNBuH60hqFOzjnxxa4Z8/s640/07-Urticina+crassicornis+-+painted+anemone.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Urticina grebelnyi, </i>Deep Cove Bay, Canada</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (same specimen as photo below)</span></div>
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Karen Sanamyan: 'I never saw colourless specimens of <i>U. grebelnyi</i> before as on your images, but I nevertheless have no doubt it is this species. The overall habitus is characteristic and a row of white-pearl spherules on the margin is characteristic.' See the band of white markings just below its tentacles (or above, just how you are looking) at the next photo.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTZZ68iEnFzUc3SEYhfMgcp9lPvueimodzMjRkvZvrnFEn4Jdfa6RZQbutCkZrz16i2T1V7Z2JKuiU7ucuFKPV9sbqkC8MEgVZpvoLTi0p3DvPATe05hqsPBFx15P2FjZftuxnd9g66h0/s1600/08-Urticina+crassicornis+-+painted+anemone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTZZ68iEnFzUc3SEYhfMgcp9lPvueimodzMjRkvZvrnFEn4Jdfa6RZQbutCkZrz16i2T1V7Z2JKuiU7ucuFKPV9sbqkC8MEgVZpvoLTi0p3DvPATe05hqsPBFx15P2FjZftuxnd9g66h0/s640/08-Urticina+crassicornis+-+painted+anemone.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Urticina grebelnyi, </i>Deep Cove Bay, Canada</span></div>
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The painted anemones I photographed at Deep Cove Bay were attached to a jetty. Click <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2008/10/deep-cove-bay.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">here</span></a> for a post about Deep Cove Bay.<br />
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Sea anemones are carnivores. Usually the anemones with fewer, more stout tentacles - like the Urticinidae - are the most 'sticky' ones, i.e. the sea anemones with the more potent or plentiful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidocyte" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">nematocyst</span></a> (the stinging cells). <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlH6E2WUmcVUL6xQsiEhG5ULPRQ4mLjlQMxQCDOE9u_r6idDZXbiX_f-wyZScj_tpbOTbrhylUB8no-bPVt8RSYW9I-eGyrfsUb5r70lxqA3BNxsxdai4vXuya-UBaZx7b6Ro9sr7e6aE/s1600/05-Urticina+crassicornis+-+painted+anemone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlH6E2WUmcVUL6xQsiEhG5ULPRQ4mLjlQMxQCDOE9u_r6idDZXbiX_f-wyZScj_tpbOTbrhylUB8no-bPVt8RSYW9I-eGyrfsUb5r70lxqA3BNxsxdai4vXuya-UBaZx7b6Ro9sr7e6aE/s640/05-Urticina+crassicornis+-+painted+anemone.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Urticina grebelnyi,</span></i><i style="font-size: small;"> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cottam Point</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Canada</span></div>
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A gorgeous coloured specimen of the painted anemone. Below in detail with partly opened mouth. As you have seen by now, there is a lot of variety in colour and pattern in this species.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4LZDcTNI-MvQYrtIrkswbsXFNVyMwndxnbVjRycTaWhl2RIlOz3RXNwCh-S417MLrPomaSA9vqng5VIQHS7hrdUD5MLVu3lDwzTmqUL22RnPltQwnOvx514ujgJZEEKf-twj12kT4-_Q/s1600/06-Urticina+crassicornis+-+painted+anemone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4LZDcTNI-MvQYrtIrkswbsXFNVyMwndxnbVjRycTaWhl2RIlOz3RXNwCh-S417MLrPomaSA9vqng5VIQHS7hrdUD5MLVu3lDwzTmqUL22RnPltQwnOvx514ujgJZEEKf-twj12kT4-_Q/s640/06-Urticina+crassicornis+-+painted+anemone.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Urticina grebelnyi,</span></i><i style="font-size: small;"> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cottam Point</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Canada</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJjwtI0gOaFqChI_lC2rU9yb1JqdOyAhtGvf80noY2YabxufeShnSE9_AjCaSCFhMWbeIgDnj6l7PnHtyibn-F835QiyzVEuO5U8jYMLht45J7wKIwpPJ_ROgOZbsxuj_vaqReD9hiFas/s1600/10-Urticina+crassicornis+-+painted+anemone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJjwtI0gOaFqChI_lC2rU9yb1JqdOyAhtGvf80noY2YabxufeShnSE9_AjCaSCFhMWbeIgDnj6l7PnHtyibn-F835QiyzVEuO5U8jYMLht45J7wKIwpPJ_ROgOZbsxuj_vaqReD9hiFas/s640/10-Urticina+crassicornis+-+painted+anemone.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Urticina </i>species<i>, </i>Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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This is the odd one out. Karen Sanamyan: 'I can not say to which species this one belongs. It is hexamerous and white bands on the tentacles are arranged in a different way in comparison with <i>Urticina grebelnyi</i>.' </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGly1cTmhs5h6x9tVSRHrnWQ4APW92_7prC-3Snd9u4nEO6gBlgPeJEFcFZtx6e3pGkrTkGlp7oWj6cKqn08u5YFeTbk5bw3S21t6diJ_QE91eQp9IirnOKs6NxUe6gIHdr5SfQ4WxJQY/s1600/11-Cribrinopsis+fernaldi+-+crimson+anemone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGly1cTmhs5h6x9tVSRHrnWQ4APW92_7prC-3Snd9u4nEO6gBlgPeJEFcFZtx6e3pGkrTkGlp7oWj6cKqn08u5YFeTbk5bw3S21t6diJ_QE91eQp9IirnOKs6NxUe6gIHdr5SfQ4WxJQY/s640/11-Cribrinopsis+fernaldi+-+crimson+anemone.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Cribrinopsis fernaldi, </i>Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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I found the next species of this post, <i>Cribrinopsis fernaldi,</i> the crimson anemone, on sandy bottom at Rock Bay; the same biotope as the forthcoming tube-dwelling anemone. I can't recall if it was attached to a rock(s) or shell fragments, but I suppose it must be, otherwise it will drift with upcoming tide to the shore. Up to 30 cm tall.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxv6joJDrcpWr3VBRF7kXtw5L9SOanrQuyaevZ_BtgGNJDSABwW0GmLUMC6GmgNa7MJkheKqlRzs5QxZBjSSvOyp_D7jCaAMyJ5md0wMTot1MAt_EkdF8bxxm0A2j9vJ2KhEwqG3kwARk/s1600/12-Cribrinopsis+fernaldi+-+crimson+anemone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxv6joJDrcpWr3VBRF7kXtw5L9SOanrQuyaevZ_BtgGNJDSABwW0GmLUMC6GmgNa7MJkheKqlRzs5QxZBjSSvOyp_D7jCaAMyJ5md0wMTot1MAt_EkdF8bxxm0A2j9vJ2KhEwqG3kwARk/s640/12-Cribrinopsis+fernaldi+-+crimson+anemone.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Cribrinopsis fernaldi, </i>Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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Detail with partly opened mouth. The common name is - as is often the case - dull and not very characteristic. What about 'magma anemone'.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyTqM04RJ7Jc17Q_2PEJGgggiYmKZAxLj_N34wwL7b5i_pDxRq-ZidMgjrZavCebki2LlOokk2XXE0PEnCq98Y_eYl2BnGS9otiwb6JODkY_i_57GSP9gWgzPR3c0PBg8uaW7JPB3fezM/s1600/13-Cribrinopsis+fernaldi+-+crimson+anemone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyTqM04RJ7Jc17Q_2PEJGgggiYmKZAxLj_N34wwL7b5i_pDxRq-ZidMgjrZavCebki2LlOokk2XXE0PEnCq98Y_eYl2BnGS9otiwb6JODkY_i_57GSP9gWgzPR3c0PBg8uaW7JPB3fezM/s640/13-Cribrinopsis+fernaldi+-+crimson+anemone.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Cribrinopsis fernaldi, </i>Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGAIGKxH8zJY2dzfcMncmyQiu5ApkLsjyBiUU40Sc18w3P5XEUXdSHw3xLOyMKJLp5stAqqyUZ1jVvVSsXjAdvCsNkcJhKkEAkLIBjomcB-sHE7cNpy9Oy5kAURHLClr-RyJnN3ZteqR4/s1600/21-unknown+white+anemone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGAIGKxH8zJY2dzfcMncmyQiu5ApkLsjyBiUU40Sc18w3P5XEUXdSHw3xLOyMKJLp5stAqqyUZ1jVvVSsXjAdvCsNkcJhKkEAkLIBjomcB-sHE7cNpy9Oy5kAURHLClr-RyJnN3ZteqR4/s640/21-unknown+white+anemone.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">unidentified species, Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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This small white anemone is unidentified. It is about 10 mm in diameter. I found towards 10 specimens attached to the <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2013/03/seascapes-and-rock-bays-jetty.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">jetty at Rock Bay</span></a>, next to some tube-dwelling worms (click <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2013/05/beautiful-tube-dwelling-worms.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">here</span></a> for the tube-dwelling worms post; in this post you can see another specimen of the white anemone).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhouqWj7EnM2farh4QXejyunQ-2-aE4v0RMupCC5FmqjvDmd7fY53_vkm1FrNRyeyHTjNTFS5GJXPkdwktqjyZSlWmiHR6aEYqFszxqQx1-Yo6DlCEKAboQ1qosfjv9UmLhys6rA-iXyEY/s1600/22-unknown+white+anemone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhouqWj7EnM2farh4QXejyunQ-2-aE4v0RMupCC5FmqjvDmd7fY53_vkm1FrNRyeyHTjNTFS5GJXPkdwktqjyZSlWmiHR6aEYqFszxqQx1-Yo6DlCEKAboQ1qosfjv9UmLhys6rA-iXyEY/s640/22-unknown+white+anemone.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">unidentified</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> species, Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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I asked a few specialists for identification. I wrote Daphne Fautin (Professor Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, USA). Part of her answer: 'I have never seen an animal such as in your photo. This is lovely! But I could not even venture a family without examining the internal anatomy and nematocysts of the animal you photographed.' Before I forget: have a look at her website <a href="http://hercules.kgs.ku.edu/Hexacoral/Anemone2/index.cfm" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Hexacorallians of the World</span></a>.<br />
Karen Sanamyan wrote: 'Most probably a species of the family Sagartiidae'. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-xRAATOQ8wlmIl5Nw4UJ3ReLABVi7IWZ2VuzYCqhKfFWnnIvMx56Vj9hrwxXW85z0_5vX03zpzxvN0oGlV810Yr0fwsfCpKmciPuwYWx4fsmB0ZgFNSHLIjBIUVzK4SsNK8cUdUeCBqs/s1600/15-Pachycerianthus+fimbriatus-+tube-dwelling+anemone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-xRAATOQ8wlmIl5Nw4UJ3ReLABVi7IWZ2VuzYCqhKfFWnnIvMx56Vj9hrwxXW85z0_5vX03zpzxvN0oGlV810Yr0fwsfCpKmciPuwYWx4fsmB0ZgFNSHLIjBIUVzK4SsNK8cUdUeCBqs/s640/15-Pachycerianthus+fimbriatus-+tube-dwelling+anemone.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Pachycerianthus fimbriatus, </i>Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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The tube-dwelling anemone, <i>Pachycerianthus fimbriatus </i>(also figuring in the first photo of this post), is a very different kind of sea anemone.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLjMtLemsgks3ZCic0lhCrS7eavkxIj8hFeX36k0ZxT8OfDSdhvJiTvCWbOvm9O4Y3RhWGrweV-O7MBVpP_Xgac8WbIIb5Es3bxBKzRoeVcQhU5ymaTYjz60McWsnCIfDzFf0ie4kje3c/s1600/17-Pachycerianthus+fimbriatus-+tube-dwelling+anemone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLjMtLemsgks3ZCic0lhCrS7eavkxIj8hFeX36k0ZxT8OfDSdhvJiTvCWbOvm9O4Y3RhWGrweV-O7MBVpP_Xgac8WbIIb5Es3bxBKzRoeVcQhU5ymaTYjz60McWsnCIfDzFf0ie4kje3c/s640/17-Pachycerianthus+fimbriatus-+tube-dwelling+anemone.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Pachycerianthus fimbriatus, </i>Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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It lives buried in the ground in a self made tube of mucus, sand and mud. When disturbed it retracts itself with quite some speed in its tube; an excellent way of protection. It has no adhesive foot like 'normal' sea anemones. The tube-dwelling anemone is a beautiful monster: the tentacle crown grows up to 30 cm across, the tube up to 1 m long.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_Rd3YFwlDmqvNz0j2E-6Eh48RifVLOaH9ykuxqWvl_ZtB1YyMnWbEZ8x0ao_VDp86RGRRXuc4Ux25T9MN-V5-7Cx9ai8xctAEVV-ekcmhFviN6eMUrrYtdFAlPSgFolZgb_HNMO5Eb00/s1600/Cerianthus+lloydii+-+lesser+cylinder-anemone+-+viltkokeranemoon03-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_Rd3YFwlDmqvNz0j2E-6Eh48RifVLOaH9ykuxqWvl_ZtB1YyMnWbEZ8x0ao_VDp86RGRRXuc4Ux25T9MN-V5-7Cx9ai8xctAEVV-ekcmhFviN6eMUrrYtdFAlPSgFolZgb_HNMO5Eb00/s640/Cerianthus+lloydii+-+lesser+cylinder-anemone+-+viltkokeranemoon03-3.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">tube of <i>Cerianthus lloydii</i>, Strangford Lough, near wreck Inner Lees, Northern Ireland</span></div>
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As examples of the tube: the top of the tube of another Cerianthid: <i>Cerianthus lloydii, </i>lesser cylinder-anemone (NL: viltkokeranemoon) and below the same species with the tube lying uncovered on the sandy bottom (probably because of a storm as we found several uncovered specimens that day).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmcdcDKuohdoPwoiRfHOqpSYjK4iD3a2Rgy8S-Bxi__3aRA1qcix3rDCCtNObeqSflgWHej9oHwAswHqipxz9o6YEsRX2lJfd7EwZGgfDyEiEtQUHBgAmBNb34r57HGx3zXF1mWINend8/s1600/Cerianthus+lloydii+-+lesser+cylinder-anemone+-+viltkokeranemoon05.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmcdcDKuohdoPwoiRfHOqpSYjK4iD3a2Rgy8S-Bxi__3aRA1qcix3rDCCtNObeqSflgWHej9oHwAswHqipxz9o6YEsRX2lJfd7EwZGgfDyEiEtQUHBgAmBNb34r57HGx3zXF1mWINend8/s640/Cerianthus+lloydii+-+lesser+cylinder-anemone+-+viltkokeranemoon05.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Cerianthus lloydii, </i>Zeelandbrug, The Netherlands</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcTFKUCfnbxIFmiXyhLkYYNOHNiJUdg5oUAt4eReYk3ZICkxi2UIEtDhneNsJqgUZaXt99rSVpbk2bRsYYDPaU-UmeyWDB42eoU5XGi-dWHWjGtx1HXgzjlPXuy3NLnvSBfuO9YXnryJg/s1600/16-Pachycerianthus+fimbriatus-+tube-dwelling+anemone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcTFKUCfnbxIFmiXyhLkYYNOHNiJUdg5oUAt4eReYk3ZICkxi2UIEtDhneNsJqgUZaXt99rSVpbk2bRsYYDPaU-UmeyWDB42eoU5XGi-dWHWjGtx1HXgzjlPXuy3NLnvSBfuO9YXnryJg/s640/16-Pachycerianthus+fimbriatus-+tube-dwelling+anemone.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Pachycerianthus fimbriatus, </i>Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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Another differentiating feature are the tentacles. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube-dwelling_anemone" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Wikipedia</span></a>: 'Cerianthids have a crown of tentacles that consists of two whorls of distinctly different sized tentacles. The outer whorl consists of large tentacles that extend outwards. These tentacles taper to points and are mostly used in food capture and defence. The smaller inner tentacles are held more erect than the larger lateral tentacles and are used for food manipulation and ingestion.'<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjone30ZHNOJY8RzO6knnV1uNzj_A8q23uprKI1aHbbKfstdh8igEaw7bEq4GCnM13mnk7-Nc8AtVUto0ztY6dfcCsmzEQMOGWNHjTrpkzYsQ-Zcn2ToVNl5ZAbDLbookh-nCGs1eG-yo8/s1600/14-.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjone30ZHNOJY8RzO6knnV1uNzj_A8q23uprKI1aHbbKfstdh8igEaw7bEq4GCnM13mnk7-Nc8AtVUto0ztY6dfcCsmzEQMOGWNHjTrpkzYsQ-Zcn2ToVNl5ZAbDLbookh-nCGs1eG-yo8/s640/14-.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Seascape at</span><i style="font-size: small;"> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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It was abundant at Rock Bay: I noted 'towards 100 specimens'.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaRP48f47kK5EQkNOHmjpfVhE7LdUZ-rn-gVI7biizomaFyMHGs6HmAH7cn7Yhx75JbecDcK8o3dGOjymVkV5r9fmewMx6nRtONTLIHwSn7mDBCMuRVSkOqe_djrJdhkMB-ZdC7VNH97g/s1600/18-Pachycerianthus+fimbriatus-+tube-dwelling+anemone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaRP48f47kK5EQkNOHmjpfVhE7LdUZ-rn-gVI7biizomaFyMHGs6HmAH7cn7Yhx75JbecDcK8o3dGOjymVkV5r9fmewMx6nRtONTLIHwSn7mDBCMuRVSkOqe_djrJdhkMB-ZdC7VNH97g/s640/18-Pachycerianthus+fimbriatus-+tube-dwelling+anemone.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Pachycerianthus fimbriatus, </i>Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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And then the tide came in… The top of its tentacles moving like banners in the wind. The same Pachycerianthus, just another colour variety. Cerianthid species are hard to distinguish. Distribution, length and colour(pattern) - especially the combination of these elements - are differentiating features. But to be really sure, as mentioned with the unidentified white anemone, you have to collect the specimen and dissect it, to examen its nematocysts and internal morphology.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEyFJiP8XD0cXKxUS5BFvTiFOMK4BSNclhK-fB8pJMk5tdHsr4yKQm_CKI4ClCFog2wi_7eCH6bWB2oxWEzZrzQJvAze8p2LX70AUXVh1te43qVDj8QyGQgeRgSH5a4cDuhAiBakRgQtg/s1600/Cerianthus+loydii01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEyFJiP8XD0cXKxUS5BFvTiFOMK4BSNclhK-fB8pJMk5tdHsr4yKQm_CKI4ClCFog2wi_7eCH6bWB2oxWEzZrzQJvAze8p2LX70AUXVh1te43qVDj8QyGQgeRgSH5a4cDuhAiBakRgQtg/s640/Cerianthus+loydii01.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Cerianthus lloydii</i>, Stavenisse, The Netherlands</span></div>
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Colour is always a tricky characteristic. The first time I saw a white <i>Cerianthus lloydii</i> like the one above, I thought it was another species. Sometimes it is easy because there are no other relatives, as is the case with the Cerianthids at Vancouver Island and in the Netherlands. But only until the moment someone collects and examines a few and finds a different species!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLy5m6jQIMzpjPeUQ65I8_VYe7ZWfqDaW_Q2SsJ_3w9smRvYx90Hmu0PDSKzWyPaS6Layh5nks0Kab00fusgkrN2n4906CTsGv3-n84XMwlqkslSObX9fo-E2lVbWLRV8mMhHEIv5wCTs/s1600/Amphipod.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLy5m6jQIMzpjPeUQ65I8_VYe7ZWfqDaW_Q2SsJ_3w9smRvYx90Hmu0PDSKzWyPaS6Layh5nks0Kab00fusgkrN2n4906CTsGv3-n84XMwlqkslSObX9fo-E2lVbWLRV8mMhHEIv5wCTs/s640/Amphipod.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
This is a cropped version of the first photo of this post. When I enlarged the photo on my computer screen, I saw a few Amphipod<i>,</i> sea flea species, on the tentacles. Remarkable that these crustaceans are not devoured by Pachycerianthus<i>.</i> Are they too small, just morsels? Or are they immune for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidocyte" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">nematocyst</span></a> - the stinging cells - of the anemone? Are they parasites or commensals?<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivckFJUTzBcxqF-5ceZChWcEnhvJ20saXx0E_sCIGOZPiqU9SmvWqzfniCJoWic_K1ge88Gblmn6gsX_rM4CHR6KmGIpMwhIO-ywbtzQEIrzrxXtH5zvJfY3bRwqed4-5ZsayUp-hZLZs/s1600/Heteractis+magnifica+&+Amphiprion+frenatus01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivckFJUTzBcxqF-5ceZChWcEnhvJ20saXx0E_sCIGOZPiqU9SmvWqzfniCJoWic_K1ge88Gblmn6gsX_rM4CHR6KmGIpMwhIO-ywbtzQEIrzrxXtH5zvJfY3bRwqed4-5ZsayUp-hZLZs/s640/Heteractis+magnifica+&+Amphiprion+frenatus01.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Amphiprion frenatus</i> & <i>Heteractis magnifica</i>, Kandooma, Maldives</span></div>
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I know of and have seen the symbiotic relationship between anemone fish and sea anemones, like the tomato clownfish, <i>Amphiprion frenatus </i>and the magnificent sea anemone, <i>Heteractis magnifica</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphiprioninae" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a>: 'The mucus coating of the fish may be based on sugars rather than proteins. This would mean that anemones fail to recognize the fish as a potential food source and do not fire their nematocysts.'<br />
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I asked marine biologist Marco Faasse (eCoast Marine Research, Belgium) if he knew of the association between Pachycerianthus and these Amphipods: 'Associations of certain crustaceans with anemones are fairly common. They derive their immunity in some cases, just like anemone fish do. It is also known of certain Amphipods. I do not know of associations of Amphipods with Cerianthids, but maybe you can find them in literature. Interesting to find out if this specific association is known. Would be nice if you find something new. But then you have to go back to collect those Amphipods….' <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpX4yT0dIwzFPuHj1oyGTyO2skDR-tYMNvEHzjGMnjvKS4DnpCvh38FJE1glwc_OSqBrEIvjKAMTY5M7lbhzHECN-KgnnmHmULKT3xkf8lTSE-HAm9IRPGelXOPdutU2aTICsq6kWPJN4/s1600/Inachus+phalangium+in+Anemonia+sulcata01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpX4yT0dIwzFPuHj1oyGTyO2skDR-tYMNvEHzjGMnjvKS4DnpCvh38FJE1glwc_OSqBrEIvjKAMTY5M7lbhzHECN-KgnnmHmULKT3xkf8lTSE-HAm9IRPGelXOPdutU2aTICsq6kWPJN4/s640/Inachus+phalangium+in+Anemonia+sulcata01.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Inachus phalangium</i> in <i>Anemonia sulcata</i>, Porthkerris, United Kingdom</span></div>
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Closer to home: <i>Inachus phalangium</i>, Leach's spider crab (NL: gladde sponspootkrab) is often found in the tentacles or clasping the column of <i>Anemonia sulcata</i>, the snakelocks anemone (NL: wasroos). Excellent protection for the spider crab against predators, just like it is for anemone fish. <br />
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About protection from stinging cells in <a href="http://www.liveaquaria.com/product/prod_display.cfm?c=497+525+700&pcatid=700" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">liveaquaria.com</span></a>: 'The glass anemone shrimp is protected from the stinging cells of the anemone by the mucus secreted by the anemone, which coats the shrimp's body. Every time the shrimp molts to grow, it has to hide from the anemone since it loses its mucus-covered shell. It then has to slowly approach the anemone and re-cover its body with the mucus.'<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL1jnYpsbQm1ZjCQMZ49MEwWJVfWdRGKZ6mfktWKmCZn-uaw3Lxw8-D6I5u__c0pT5_ul-AD1AdwWq1oneSKURUF1VOhXRsNaVtewgQRh9ClGRHbyRG6GHa9CzB7yoSUXJcXA0rjGzwlc/s1600/anemones01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="137" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL1jnYpsbQm1ZjCQMZ49MEwWJVfWdRGKZ6mfktWKmCZn-uaw3Lxw8-D6I5u__c0pT5_ul-AD1AdwWq1oneSKURUF1VOhXRsNaVtewgQRh9ClGRHbyRG6GHa9CzB7yoSUXJcXA0rjGzwlc/s640/anemones01.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
What about other well known sea anemones of Vancouver Island as the green surf anemone, <i><a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2008/09/pink-tipped-anemone-and-green-surf.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Anthopleura xanthogrammica</span></a></i>, the pink-tipped anemone, <i><a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2008/09/pink-tipped-anemone-and-green-surf.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Anthopleura elegantissima</span></a></i> and the giant plumose anemone, <i><a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2008/10/giant-plumose-anemone.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Metridium farcimen</span></a></i>? I already posted about these anemones in 2008 (see the link in the aforementioned scientific name).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiCAOCK0WnS17sHtjL61_JOA89GJygDHC0x6XlIkOkDU5vQozsoAHIsB4EtbHQVQOojLM6hb8NS2rs2CJjrUl3B0KnsZT7x34z0TID22O9xaDeV2WpzNlSN0ARaF54VQzojkQ0VAM8HPA/s1600/19-Balanophyllia+elegans+-+orange+cup+coral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiCAOCK0WnS17sHtjL61_JOA89GJygDHC0x6XlIkOkDU5vQozsoAHIsB4EtbHQVQOojLM6hb8NS2rs2CJjrUl3B0KnsZT7x34z0TID22O9xaDeV2WpzNlSN0ARaF54VQzojkQ0VAM8HPA/s640/19-Balanophyllia+elegans+-+orange+cup+coral.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Balanophyllia elegans, </i>Neck Point, Canada</span></div>
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The only hard coral I found: orange cup coral, <i>Balanophyllia elegans. </i>Not to be confused with, what is also called orange cup coral: <i>Tubastraea coccinea</i>, a tropical species<i>.</i> That is why I always mention scientific names. Up to 2.5 cm across and 1 cm tall.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH0owsuyflxgfWvno5wPO66secyHzbjoowqVop2GJa6p8mE-XbSnxgcg6m7M7Q9DEtpCBMillK1hW_JPn1DHUkjHIjJUjoF-BuTv6yxBH7ECSFALF4qTuIDHdAMtJTFUaIvuBQq2bxIQc/s1600/20-Balanophyllia+elegans+-+orange+cup+coral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH0owsuyflxgfWvno5wPO66secyHzbjoowqVop2GJa6p8mE-XbSnxgcg6m7M7Q9DEtpCBMillK1hW_JPn1DHUkjHIjJUjoF-BuTv6yxBH7ECSFALF4qTuIDHdAMtJTFUaIvuBQq2bxIQc/s640/20-Balanophyllia+elegans+-+orange+cup+coral.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Balanophyllia elegans, </i>Neck Point, Canada</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>As you can see Balanophyllia are solitary corals. Meinkoth (1981) about their colour: 'Its orange colour is a fluorescent pigment and even at depths of 9 m or more, where red light is lacking, it shows the same bright hue.'</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibdK0zPdqQQXZOP5SuXT1inPiJ_Whgoqn5DB5eQ9dn_MUfz85cWAmBw-0UrtEhFp2g6oJ23QFP0vejkSfj6DCekUbjIu-N5zfezvjP2pe8DSxcR-nI8HLYNeSxPmGp2xEgT_X1tT6wfO8/s1600/23-Ptilosarcus+gurneyi+-+orange+sea+pen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibdK0zPdqQQXZOP5SuXT1inPiJ_Whgoqn5DB5eQ9dn_MUfz85cWAmBw-0UrtEhFp2g6oJ23QFP0vejkSfj6DCekUbjIu-N5zfezvjP2pe8DSxcR-nI8HLYNeSxPmGp2xEgT_X1tT6wfO8/s640/23-Ptilosarcus+gurneyi+-+orange+sea+pen.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Ptilosarcus gurneyi</span></i><i style="font-size: small;">, </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cottam Point</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Canada</span></div>
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It was my first dive at Vancouver Island and I did not expect to find this extraordinary animal looking like a hair brush: the orange sea pen, <i>Ptilosarcus gurneyi. </i>Let alone<i> </i>in such shallow water (12 m deep at low tide). But Friese (1972) describes: '<i>L. gurneyi</i> is sometimes found inter tidally, but more often below the low tide level.'<br />
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_pen" target="_blank">Sea pens</a> are not attached to a substrate. Instead their 'foot', the peduncle, is thrust into soft bottom. It then expands the lowest part of its foot to work like an anchor. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhweV2D9Z4v3oA-k8f64821on6RYqQI2fISpC7Rxkv34Lw0KqZn0dU0bbuFhmGBGzDwi56KT3tutLIVLT8UJeEVQSkZSTZLRVaxugSIf2NHxxKfGOa7y-RISArIDsNjrE_A7mx7b1UyEDI/s1600/24-Ptilosarcus+gurneyi+-+orange+sea+pen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhweV2D9Z4v3oA-k8f64821on6RYqQI2fISpC7Rxkv34Lw0KqZn0dU0bbuFhmGBGzDwi56KT3tutLIVLT8UJeEVQSkZSTZLRVaxugSIf2NHxxKfGOa7y-RISArIDsNjrE_A7mx7b1UyEDI/s640/24-Ptilosarcus+gurneyi+-+orange+sea+pen.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Ptilosarcus gurneyi</span></i><i style="font-size: small;">, </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cottam Point</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Canada</span></div>
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I found up to five specimens of this <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octocorallia" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Octocorallian</span></a><i>.</i> Up to 48 cm high and 10 cm wide; the specimens I saw were up to 25 cm high.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNW64-mqMKMEHYK1p00JPSluXP0ahBNRA32fb5k31HUrzagKJuuFoHKtqL9nSl82vRh0I2K7cX75fvUI4vrBLVyGJl1J5TZ_9zZvLZFYKO-FHI8128vE79WEh-ZEK-0trctr9QtfZLUCM/s1600/25-Ptilosarcus+gurneyi+-+orange+sea+pen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNW64-mqMKMEHYK1p00JPSluXP0ahBNRA32fb5k31HUrzagKJuuFoHKtqL9nSl82vRh0I2K7cX75fvUI4vrBLVyGJl1J5TZ_9zZvLZFYKO-FHI8128vE79WEh-ZEK-0trctr9QtfZLUCM/s640/25-Ptilosarcus+gurneyi+-+orange+sea+pen.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Ptilosarcus gurneyi</span></i><i style="font-size: small;">, </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cottam Point</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Canada</span></div>
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Rather than being an individual animal, a sea feather is a colony of polyps.<br />
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Sometimes a bit of foreknowledge would have been nice: 'Try gently stroking one of these colonies on a night dive, then turn out your light. Presto - a 'natural' blue-green cyalume stick!' (Lamb & Hanby, 2005). It was dark enough at 12 m deep (heavily overcast and milky water)... <br />
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The next two species belong to the subclass Medusozoa<i>. </i><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ-rRWfkPY6b_LN8H_9qwuHcY_qTAVX0_r6IWYssd68GfzVg8Zdaowzv9qQ6VBrm-oWhLZOh3TJxML0jMr4xlORfX8dYNTjWYY8rQwXJF9PND-vBlayOo_uGziMO34TkMjOWJS9PxK82U/s1600/26-Hydractinia+species+-+snail+fur+hydroid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ-rRWfkPY6b_LN8H_9qwuHcY_qTAVX0_r6IWYssd68GfzVg8Zdaowzv9qQ6VBrm-oWhLZOh3TJxML0jMr4xlORfX8dYNTjWYY8rQwXJF9PND-vBlayOo_uGziMO34TkMjOWJS9PxK82U/s640/26-Hydractinia+species+-+snail+fur+hydroid.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Hydractinia </i>species<i> </i>&<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pagurus armatus</span></i><i style="font-size: small;">, </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cottam Point</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Canada</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
Another colony of Cnidarians, but not directly related to sea anemones, corals and sea pens. Snail fur hydroid, <i>Hydractinia species</i> (NL: zeerasp soort) belongs to the class of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrozoa" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Hydrozoa</span></a>. Snail fur species attach themself to snails occupied by hermit crabs, like this black-eyed hermit crab, <i>Pagurus armatus</i>. Snail fur takes advantage of the mess hermit crabs create while eating: food for free and easy pickings.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizR_A7f1BC8DGDcmXtpMlG7GU7sgTMXeLObvOgghbWOv1fYdFoKJYge7XQkBw0huEVEMYhxVcc47twO4CWdw76JTc5xb4l43F69IgbNe_uu77wPpmKKeG5JDt1dI1v1pv8IxvipeFnU-g/s1600/27-Hydractinia+species+-+snail+fur+hydroid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizR_A7f1BC8DGDcmXtpMlG7GU7sgTMXeLObvOgghbWOv1fYdFoKJYge7XQkBw0huEVEMYhxVcc47twO4CWdw76JTc5xb4l43F69IgbNe_uu77wPpmKKeG5JDt1dI1v1pv8IxvipeFnU-g/s640/27-Hydractinia+species+-+snail+fur+hydroid.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Hydractinia </i>species<i> </i>&<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pagurus armatus</span></i><i style="font-size: small;">, </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cottam Point</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Canada</span></div>
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In this further cropped photo you can easily distinguish the individual polyps of the colony. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXBsjS91VbbqemKhWx4B66V-jFg25bBOsxFAJySDA96vQTczHXxjhIqTyH58iRiUVVr83w55igiMOiT0CWRImJgMYgNXpK45ivODA-nHd2jPi9ULUiZySRKrnZqL4MZLbVSpglT268Ryw/s1600/28-Aequorea+species+-+water+jellly+-+lampekapje.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXBsjS91VbbqemKhWx4B66V-jFg25bBOsxFAJySDA96vQTczHXxjhIqTyH58iRiUVVr83w55igiMOiT0CWRImJgMYgNXpK45ivODA-nHd2jPi9ULUiZySRKrnZqL4MZLbVSpglT268Ryw/s640/28-Aequorea+species+-+water+jellly+-+lampekapje.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Aequorea </i>species<i>,</i> Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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Looking very different from the previous species, but also a hydroid: <i>Aequorea species</i>, water jelly species (NL: soort lampekapje). Up to 17.5 cm across.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6DV0u3nbsxXbV2QlSHmeNs-XdzZBPSNbPsMNRL_XWUJ2iXg3YArjjDNjjvt8F4wmurvBq1K3EtIF5Bb3-tLfBMFXDCqwy4vGqWF3BRvhP3MzvHPLc1lZOec8pMjBE71ISX2qTyRhT0eQ/s1600/29-Aequorea+species+-+water+jellly+-+lampekapje.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6DV0u3nbsxXbV2QlSHmeNs-XdzZBPSNbPsMNRL_XWUJ2iXg3YArjjDNjjvt8F4wmurvBq1K3EtIF5Bb3-tLfBMFXDCqwy4vGqWF3BRvhP3MzvHPLc1lZOec8pMjBE71ISX2qTyRhT0eQ/s640/29-Aequorea+species+-+water+jellly+-+lampekapje.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Aequorea </i>species<i>,</i> Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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Aequorea<i> </i>belong to a group of hydroids, which start their life as larva, develop into a polyp (something like the aforementioned snail fur) and then change - for a short period of their life - into a hydromeduse, a kind of jellyfish (which they are not). The hydromeduse develops larvae and so on. Of Aequorea species little is known. Of some species marine biologists are not sure if a certain polyp (usually with a different scientific name!) really is a stage of that Aequorea. The only means is breeding larvae into polyps into hydromedusae and so on. But that appears very difficult. As you can imagine: something out of my amateur reach.</div>
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I thank Karen Sanamyan and Daphne Fautin for their help in identifying some sea anemones and Marco Faasse for his comment on the Amphipod association.<br />
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References:<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://actiniaria.com/"><span style="color: orange;">Actiniaria.com</span></a> (the website of Karen and Nadya Sanamyan)</li>
<li>Friese, U.E., 1972. Sea anemones.</li>
<li>Lamb, A. & B. Hanby, 2005. Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest. </li>
<li><a href="http://www.liveaquaria.com/product/prod_display.cfm?c=497+525+700&pcatid=700" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Liveaquaria</span></a></li>
<li>Meinkoth, N.A., 1981. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Seashore Creatures.</li>
<li>Sanamyan, N.P. & K.E. Sanamyan, 2006. The genera Urticina and Cribrinopsis (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the North-Western Pacific. Journal of Natural History, 40(7-8): 359-393.</li>
<li>Vervoort, W. & M. Faasse, 2009. Overzicht van de Nederlandse Leptolida.</li>
</ul>
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<!--5--><!--100-->Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-31288023040977468422014-05-11T13:32:00.000+02:002018-03-19T17:03:18.915+01:00A few molluscs of Vancouver Island<div style="text-align: left;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEAHTnHnEgJoyySW7_883fxM8o_NqGvR1QGp4riTvRwAFnX5ARqQYilXya4NIUhw86_F4Re2PA7nV-j-CFu9yFGX9AjnJpg9kW7npf4JtoKfCO0lGJ9U0j1LBRFakNGLvpMdQksqcamKI/s1600/01-Flabellina+trophina+-+red+flabellina.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEAHTnHnEgJoyySW7_883fxM8o_NqGvR1QGp4riTvRwAFnX5ARqQYilXya4NIUhw86_F4Re2PA7nV-j-CFu9yFGX9AjnJpg9kW7npf4JtoKfCO0lGJ9U0j1LBRFakNGLvpMdQksqcamKI/s640/01-Flabellina+trophina+-+red+flabellina.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Himatina trophina,</i> Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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As promised in one of my previous posts I will show some molluscs of Vancouver Island, Canada. I start with a few chitons.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR97ZisPFBvJFrbmZwmJ6HwYS0hDfeJoRUamJxB59yarWYHSva77YKNqOBsrrzjoGNt9ny-7YEB8Cen84Hf7K4vb-Wy9R01xBovX3hbgNDw3TO5clXJmbk6IoSaxsBNYBY-uXwr0cAuSE/s1600/02-Tonicella+lineata+-+lined+chiton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR97ZisPFBvJFrbmZwmJ6HwYS0hDfeJoRUamJxB59yarWYHSva77YKNqOBsrrzjoGNt9ny-7YEB8Cen84Hf7K4vb-Wy9R01xBovX3hbgNDw3TO5clXJmbk6IoSaxsBNYBY-uXwr0cAuSE/s640/02-Tonicella+lineata+-+lined+chiton.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Tonicella lineata, </i>Neck Point, Canada</span></div>
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One of the chitons I found, was the lined chiton, <i>Tonicella lineata.</i> The distinguishing feature are the wavy blue lines on the shell plates. Up to 5 cm long, however generally no longer than 1 cm. They were very common. The variety in colours is immense and it is the most beautiful chiton I have ever seen.<br />
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There are at least 30 species of chitons around Vancouver Island (Lamb & Hanby, 2005). Some are quite easily, some hard to identify.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8KWG2d9RvWD_728lYi5E4GNvebCbYSX-O5jwHTOKkqMgn6oyBNDC81oUvVA59Eh8c4FGMnWnwpmjytFu7dVkxIdNf_6zSvQPuEAkkR7r73IZvVNXbxYwwzGWk5Lz21og5IGBhkNjkIBc/s1600/03-Tonicella+lineata+-+lined+chiton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8KWG2d9RvWD_728lYi5E4GNvebCbYSX-O5jwHTOKkqMgn6oyBNDC81oUvVA59Eh8c4FGMnWnwpmjytFu7dVkxIdNf_6zSvQPuEAkkR7r73IZvVNXbxYwwzGWk5Lz21og5IGBhkNjkIBc/s640/03-Tonicella+lineata+-+lined+chiton.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Tonicella lineata,</span></i><i style="font-size: small;"> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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Again a lined chiton, but not so easy to identify: a kind of seaweed or other organism on the shell plates conceals the wavy blue lines. At the rear one plate is still uncovered; there you can see the wavy blue lines. I suspect that this plate has not seen the sun for a long period.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTuenk-jP2Dw797W69dvILLgyqy_t34PkMsRezoy3B6isXD09tv9nk2zo4NUlelTaVp4M_u7LOiDIRvLGsNNiRh7d6TmJu44r_1s1uzSK04nqVQoh00-z7z-mhfnL-z1eMtzlEgnhqjT8/s1600/04-Lepidozona+mertensi+-+merten's+chiton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTuenk-jP2Dw797W69dvILLgyqy_t34PkMsRezoy3B6isXD09tv9nk2zo4NUlelTaVp4M_u7LOiDIRvLGsNNiRh7d6TmJu44r_1s1uzSK04nqVQoh00-z7z-mhfnL-z1eMtzlEgnhqjT8/s640/04-Lepidozona+mertensi+-+merten's+chiton.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Lepidozona mertensi,</i> Tyee Beach, Canada</span></div>
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This merten's chiton, <i>Lepidozona mertensi </i>(photo above and below in detail), is not easy to identify. As little as it is, this specimen is heavily encrusted with a red seaweed, a crustose coralline seaweed, a barnacle, a sponge and a species of moss animal <i>(Bryozoa)</i>. Up to 5 cm long.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCiCEbwLmckLcnR5xvAnYiBb_TL8vOOox8ESSJv17QAczoVpnK3FFzyoWlxx57kWsEbYD6JWiPi-AnGB1vAEz0ABXeMt5_Yx-Z2iGtFSZV31tEnuyZFQpux0ZNUH72JL2CwsvVjuOb0A4/s1600/04-Lepidozona+mertensi+-+merten's+chiton-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCiCEbwLmckLcnR5xvAnYiBb_TL8vOOox8ESSJv17QAczoVpnK3FFzyoWlxx57kWsEbYD6JWiPi-AnGB1vAEz0ABXeMt5_Yx-Z2iGtFSZV31tEnuyZFQpux0ZNUH72JL2CwsvVjuOb0A4/s640/04-Lepidozona+mertensi+-+merten's+chiton-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Lepidozona mertensi,</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> detail, Tyee Beach, Canada</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpr3hmr8dJDuzp0Psh5F2DMLkSzSFnBUk2NIWCfj_Acmg9VyHwQr9ni2Rv-3JXfGBsWZbgtuASLP9YzMYU0kg4Gmv6bFtk0I0Yre_JrDh12hUn8XQOR4psr7EX33zMBf2KUvaDiAukVic/s1600/05-Mopalia+muscosa+-+mossy+chiton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpr3hmr8dJDuzp0Psh5F2DMLkSzSFnBUk2NIWCfj_Acmg9VyHwQr9ni2Rv-3JXfGBsWZbgtuASLP9YzMYU0kg4Gmv6bFtk0I0Yre_JrDh12hUn8XQOR4psr7EX33zMBf2KUvaDiAukVic/s640/05-Mopalia+muscosa+-+mossy+chiton.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Mopalia muscosa, </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Botanical Beach, Canada </span></div>
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Almost all the molluscs I found at Botanical Beach were eroded. It shows in this mossy chiton, <i>Mopalia muscosa</i>: a few shell plates are broken and the wavy structure on the plates has partly disappeared. It can grow up to 10 cm long. Quite large for a chiton, but wait till you have seen the other chitons I found at Vancouver Island...<br />
Its 'travel companions' are a small speckled limpet, <i>Lottia ochracea </i>and a sitka periwinkle, <i>Littorina sitkana</i>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBBH1OZ1Tubpghd4GAfzQXscRL_zl6Otga4cMsc7yKzRdCu1M5kKOB3ofNT6sJNvrKOG4kOm6kz_EdngCXsLoIBN2tfSCJT3EmoJS9AKUSycSkC22s0zImyCwFpVTLobMzEj3lUmZMnBo/s1600/04-Mopalia+muscosa+&+Anthopleura+elegantissima.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBBH1OZ1Tubpghd4GAfzQXscRL_zl6Otga4cMsc7yKzRdCu1M5kKOB3ofNT6sJNvrKOG4kOm6kz_EdngCXsLoIBN2tfSCJT3EmoJS9AKUSycSkC22s0zImyCwFpVTLobMzEj3lUmZMnBo/s640/04-Mopalia+muscosa+&+Anthopleura+elegantissima.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Mopalia muscosa (?) & </i></span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Anthopleura elegantissima, </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Botanical Beach, Canada </span></div>
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This chiton is hiding between pink-tipped anemones, <i>Anthopleura elegantissima</i>. I believe it is the same species of <i>Mopalia muscosa</i>, but it is almost beyond recognition. Its valves show no structure or pattern any longer. Only the hairs and general shape are distinguishing features.<br />
It also has a very weathered travel companion: a checkered periwinkle, <i>Littorina scutulata.</i><br />
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Botanical Beach is situated at the west side of Vancouver Island, where there is a heavy surf. More about this spot in a future post.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu1thNlkgtlhzyvWMDXw3I4tuXY5hm2dlYhsoQe9xUDocQZmapEDc4Tw_83Egsxgv7CU8SxVnnTV2j6xdSFtqZi-5z2sNx5AqpDuikdrSvCrt_j1jOxBcwb7D6rpi6s7m4ur4cK44Gvy8/s1600/06-Katharina+tunicata+-+black+leather+chiton_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu1thNlkgtlhzyvWMDXw3I4tuXY5hm2dlYhsoQe9xUDocQZmapEDc4Tw_83Egsxgv7CU8SxVnnTV2j6xdSFtqZi-5z2sNx5AqpDuikdrSvCrt_j1jOxBcwb7D6rpi6s7m4ur4cK44Gvy8/s640/06-Katharina+tunicata+-+black+leather+chiton_.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Katharina tunicata, </i>Botanical Beach, Canada </span></div>
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If you are unfamiliar with chitons, you might think they are woodlouse. But chitons are molluscs. Their shell is composed of eight separate plates. These plates overlap like roof tiles. The shell plates are embedded in a girdle, a tough, muscular structure. Because of these eight separate plates, chitons are flexible and when dislodged they curl up, just like a woodlouse or an armadillo, to protect themselves against predators and injuries caused by heavy surf.<br />
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The black leather chiton,<i> Katharina tunicata,</i> has an extensive leathery girdle (hence its name). <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3SC3m3BwDeKi-u2u-cTTe7rWvPrvgOg9TCyGqjsgIWoR_l0HqX64NpK40SQgISyL8C-OdCePYYn8r2bTri0Wj3hy_dNZRtNDZhnKn-bNvRAcLeaZTkBNbFwwEPrPoDBYjNpA_j1ioaJA/s1600/07-Katharina+tunicata+-+black+leather+chiton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3SC3m3BwDeKi-u2u-cTTe7rWvPrvgOg9TCyGqjsgIWoR_l0HqX64NpK40SQgISyL8C-OdCePYYn8r2bTri0Wj3hy_dNZRtNDZhnKn-bNvRAcLeaZTkBNbFwwEPrPoDBYjNpA_j1ioaJA/s640/07-Katharina+tunicata+-+black+leather+chiton.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Katharina tunicata, </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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Up to 15 cm long, it is one of the largest species of chiton in the world.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB8WTHErozQk6_nNOiluHVmz_dFsuTmTxJW3IeLmAeDLWZ8rk-VzMpPLGjOl7vcYTA3XAPynsI06qlDBciXg6YRSbsYymGZbuZGMOZ6nFJ5cg0IeVsTRvDZsisZTpNdz0OfCy4GEs1Dso/s1600/08-Katharina+tunicata+-+black+leather+chiton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB8WTHErozQk6_nNOiluHVmz_dFsuTmTxJW3IeLmAeDLWZ8rk-VzMpPLGjOl7vcYTA3XAPynsI06qlDBciXg6YRSbsYymGZbuZGMOZ6nFJ5cg0IeVsTRvDZsisZTpNdz0OfCy4GEs1Dso/s640/08-Katharina+tunicata+-+black+leather+chiton.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Katharina tunicata,</span></i><i style="font-size: small;"> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOEGQ2tzJhgug6b0nZ8gL8YoYEg2HBi6_rhiWqZGtV6fcjy33wF7GTlsxEtUbzQjLJmBlAvHctoJwaVOHmrz_GrTW84KvCieTlhh5XBnvxiK6wC4tPMgZWuW0Nx6iyNJ2PCR8CVx9ikdE/s1600/09-Cryptochiton+stelleri+-+giant+pacific+chiton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOEGQ2tzJhgug6b0nZ8gL8YoYEg2HBi6_rhiWqZGtV6fcjy33wF7GTlsxEtUbzQjLJmBlAvHctoJwaVOHmrz_GrTW84KvCieTlhh5XBnvxiK6wC4tPMgZWuW0Nx6iyNJ2PCR8CVx9ikdE/s640/09-Cryptochiton+stelleri+-+giant+pacific+chiton.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Cryptochiton stelleri, </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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Some chiton-species are not flexible, like <i>Cryptochiton stelleri</i>, the giant pacific chiton. It looks like a leathery blob without shell, but the eight shell plates are hidden inside. Up to 35 cm long this is the biggest chiton of the world. Imagine the lined chiton this big. That would be a beauty!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0syoC2smD4w4J69VhmvyBDItO6aTEMJuD3L5fgMKdzApXPcIaaJNuOOYOAymLOTc64MbFhc5mesI4jaP8RvJY3fK1eGTkU3ZxSpOFjRidTlWQl9GSskpbWPVSekmVPO5z7pwDrnCZ1b0/s1600/10-Cryptochiton+stelleri+-+giant+pacific+chiton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0syoC2smD4w4J69VhmvyBDItO6aTEMJuD3L5fgMKdzApXPcIaaJNuOOYOAymLOTc64MbFhc5mesI4jaP8RvJY3fK1eGTkU3ZxSpOFjRidTlWQl9GSskpbWPVSekmVPO5z7pwDrnCZ1b0/s640/10-Cryptochiton+stelleri+-+giant+pacific+chiton.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Cryptochiton stelleri, </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi536acjl-tVlecgae2q5DGI5Y7tnY_v3Ul2bCLTDybiyV0cKR0DTy9lS3fa3ZJzdi_g1nkUIwzEFxCS4eRr-IYP-QSySHE1bERgpLYxf5lcF-trILFTaJjZnPSf5iZdNuQRd0Ex_qOqf8/s1600/11-Cryptochiton+stelleri+-+giant+pacific+chiton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi536acjl-tVlecgae2q5DGI5Y7tnY_v3Ul2bCLTDybiyV0cKR0DTy9lS3fa3ZJzdi_g1nkUIwzEFxCS4eRr-IYP-QSySHE1bERgpLYxf5lcF-trILFTaJjZnPSf5iZdNuQRd0Ex_qOqf8/s640/11-Cryptochiton+stelleri+-+giant+pacific+chiton.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Cryptochiton stelleri, </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Tyee Beach, Canada</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE7Ud50aC_zHcgmFepwAOgJr7nlqJvFkCvUMyTqw5k1rRNDhvC_2YiurTjPEaQKQe-tHWhgS_wWoIOcHUbbx-Ngs6ytp-NFlZ7tpY5-0uthL_mjL3S6liZ_45utgTvO61SCnq2pLeQXPY/s1600/12-Cryptochiton+stelleri+-+giant+pacific+chiton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE7Ud50aC_zHcgmFepwAOgJr7nlqJvFkCvUMyTqw5k1rRNDhvC_2YiurTjPEaQKQe-tHWhgS_wWoIOcHUbbx-Ngs6ytp-NFlZ7tpY5-0uthL_mjL3S6liZ_45utgTvO61SCnq2pLeQXPY/s640/12-Cryptochiton+stelleri+-+giant+pacific+chiton.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Cryptochiton stelleri, </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Tyee Beach, Canada</span></div>
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Under water you are able to see the warty texture.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9uLNMg2zFhNHsajG7JhxImVI1T9pWl9YoIGkensSrYb7tw4Qd2uhtcSXBXXcdMTRfEhilKRiUypybzw8qaGqdjr5-DgYmIqRryrb4HY7FmToMOnWRcuZoOawHwj7U8YB35wQEi0tb4ek/s1600/13-Cryptochiton+stelleri+-+giant+pacific+chiton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9uLNMg2zFhNHsajG7JhxImVI1T9pWl9YoIGkensSrYb7tw4Qd2uhtcSXBXXcdMTRfEhilKRiUypybzw8qaGqdjr5-DgYmIqRryrb4HY7FmToMOnWRcuZoOawHwj7U8YB35wQEi0tb4ek/s640/13-Cryptochiton+stelleri+-+giant+pacific+chiton.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cryptochiton stelleri,</span></i><i style="font-size: small;"> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Neck Point, Canada</span></div>
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I found this giant pacific chiton lying upside down, dead and already getting mouldy. You can easily distinguish its foot and at the left its mouth. I suspect that the rigid leathery shell unables it to curl up and to turn round, like giant tortoises.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg24V2JRlZZKhBqesAES7e37aWwEijQ3K6z62tsh6QItMEkLQ7MRjE7NPnpYSsWq9pLk_eIZUf7dvA2XCkhzkHlS5iuA8VwCtsDL2N0TmxqbvfcdIvH2qrApHv9fLuH42kCkdl65ZXRZ9w/s1600/14-Flabellina+trophina+-+red+flabellina.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg24V2JRlZZKhBqesAES7e37aWwEijQ3K6z62tsh6QItMEkLQ7MRjE7NPnpYSsWq9pLk_eIZUf7dvA2XCkhzkHlS5iuA8VwCtsDL2N0TmxqbvfcdIvH2qrApHv9fLuH42kCkdl65ZXRZ9w/s640/14-Flabellina+trophina+-+red+flabellina.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Himatina trophina,</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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From the beast to the beauty: the long-mouthed aeolid, <i>Himatina trophina</i>. Behrens & Hermosillo (2005) state: to 5 cm in length, Lamb & Hanby (2005): up to 12 cm long. Maybe that the long-mouthed aeolids in northerly waters - the region covered in their book - are just bigger...<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVRHLUNGCn5RgTuT_SmAhcyN-J-2HvMzVrirTT8phd3n60WP2sk5n_ki_mcAsYiZD-iClWmxazfsRtH5G1v4iyAiF-0V9kYtISSZTCzIqy4AxSJuaH-yEc98lkgg5g0iLl-i2yEONLgmg/s1600/15-Flabellina+trophina+-+red+flabellina.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVRHLUNGCn5RgTuT_SmAhcyN-J-2HvMzVrirTT8phd3n60WP2sk5n_ki_mcAsYiZD-iClWmxazfsRtH5G1v4iyAiF-0V9kYtISSZTCzIqy4AxSJuaH-yEc98lkgg5g0iLl-i2yEONLgmg/s640/15-Flabellina+trophina+-+red+flabellina.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Himatina trophina,</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1A4leFxCQW2KZ6CPQ34xd7Ku5lOj8T1yNKVjcXX4cN1Gkj1fMAnWYqBtktYAUt7ufEv_3SZjGKpaWevO4Otctgilk-2v05K2sfiT-p2qLvJn0BxhXnlUwfF4VkOisnvt3c56-C9533mw/s1600/16-Flabellina+trophina+-+red+flabellina.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1A4leFxCQW2KZ6CPQ34xd7Ku5lOj8T1yNKVjcXX4cN1Gkj1fMAnWYqBtktYAUt7ufEv_3SZjGKpaWevO4Otctgilk-2v05K2sfiT-p2qLvJn0BxhXnlUwfF4VkOisnvt3c56-C9533mw/s640/16-Flabellina+trophina+-+red+flabellina.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Himatina trophina,</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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Lamb & Hanby (2005): 'The cores of the frilly cerata (gills) of this nudibranch are extensions of the creature's digestive tract and provide extra surface area for this proces.' In the photo above you can see a 'channel' running to and from the cores, especially at the back.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFTPiq88udZKHp5Ps7W5AIkAvAXRs3ynXbOspSPbiAeook7qaLQhrh9bZThwlx881S7SBl-LK4GCf13m399IXEFZ8b7aWbbWmoCWGaboLMyK4FP5KQEBo4zCQ7F7NhPQHCkawyfJSDrnA/s1600/17-Elassochirus+tenuimanus+&+Flabellina+trophina.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFTPiq88udZKHp5Ps7W5AIkAvAXRs3ynXbOspSPbiAeook7qaLQhrh9bZThwlx881S7SBl-LK4GCf13m399IXEFZ8b7aWbbWmoCWGaboLMyK4FP5KQEBo4zCQ7F7NhPQHCkawyfJSDrnA/s640/17-Elassochirus+tenuimanus+&+Flabellina+trophina.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Himatina trophina </i>&<i> </i></span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Elassochirus tenuimanus,</span></i> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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Although it is said that nudibranchs are no prey for animals like crabs and fish (see also the long-mouthed aeolid next to the english sole in <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2013/11/fish-of-vancouver-island-some-under.html" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange;">this post</span></a>), I have seen crabs eating the nudibranch <i>Janolus cristatus, </i>antiopella (NL: blauwtipje). Anyhow, this widehand hermit, <i>Elassochirus tenuimanus,</i> showed no interest in the long-mouthed aeolid.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsdxNFolaN0a4tSYssorP5CHb4g9GgMmvfwIUXlu5XOV9ul19d3EmKgyhbxm7Fkfxu3cd4lZvyCDjNjm_AzNqzHYzKF4N2OR1M8kNQffDew733rDlV3Mt4trrkOwrxR3SfriJfSctBgXM/s1600/18-Cadlina+luteomarginata+&+other+species.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsdxNFolaN0a4tSYssorP5CHb4g9GgMmvfwIUXlu5XOV9ul19d3EmKgyhbxm7Fkfxu3cd4lZvyCDjNjm_AzNqzHYzKF4N2OR1M8kNQffDew733rDlV3Mt4trrkOwrxR3SfriJfSctBgXM/s640/18-Cadlina+luteomarginata+&+other+species.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cadlina luteomarginata</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>,</i> Tyee Beach, Canada</span></div>
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The yellow-edged cadlina, <i>Cadlina luteomarginata</i> in its colourful biotope. Maybe in the direct vicinity of its prey? Like the orange rough ball sponge, <i>Tethya californiana</i> (top left) and the yellow boring sponge, <i>Cliona californiana </i>(the yellow spots middle left). Behrens & Hermosillo (2005): '.. feeds on a variety of sponges like <i>Halichondria</i>, <i>Myxilla</i> and <i>Aplysilla</i>.'<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGURZ853atuKu0jSSCiWyFQtHYnxDb15HdZqewX8tZ9PGA0AMuZZMRl2kKlBesw89d26YZcmUrFc5VDkqzv7TwmMIDKpXgb7HP0cOItGLoFwANZjYzz06vfqNxbTmhsFuLY5HjDGoWR7g/s1600/19-Cadlina+luteomarginata.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGURZ853atuKu0jSSCiWyFQtHYnxDb15HdZqewX8tZ9PGA0AMuZZMRl2kKlBesw89d26YZcmUrFc5VDkqzv7TwmMIDKpXgb7HP0cOItGLoFwANZjYzz06vfqNxbTmhsFuLY5HjDGoWR7g/s640/19-Cadlina+luteomarginata.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cadlina luteomarginata</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>,</i> Tyee Beach, Canada</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>The yellow-edged cadlina grows up to 45 mm. Again larger in Lamb & Hanby (2005): 83 mm long.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4WpNadgWyYltgUAE1nDwfvf8r-WgP2oIm7PlrcXDeFUOAE43B2AHx8gQbivCNOjMhqAs9kfStXcStS7NwKQ-ym8rkrAYpKA3wG0Eu1gX5vzzbsRRXdmtHxqK0ScL8ztjBcJr8zWyd5Nw/s1600/20-Doris+odhneri+-+white+nudibranch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4WpNadgWyYltgUAE1nDwfvf8r-WgP2oIm7PlrcXDeFUOAE43B2AHx8gQbivCNOjMhqAs9kfStXcStS7NwKQ-ym8rkrAYpKA3wG0Eu1gX5vzzbsRRXdmtHxqK0ScL8ztjBcJr8zWyd5Nw/s640/20-Doris+odhneri+-+white+nudibranch.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Doris odhneri</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>, </i>Tyee Beach, Canada</span></div>
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The white nudibranch, <i>Doris odhneri</i>. Up to 20 cm long. I waited some time before the snail would extract its gills, the feather like organs at the back. Feeds on the sponge <i>Halichondria</i> (Behrens & Hermosillo, 2005).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL6SNsjCMAykpfPhyphenhyphenpLysnHJaflM98I701mZ2bQMp5OsywDz6-edexoKOoQ0fBW1KUUUDGFtAlwewtkGE2tcbV3wNB4qIlhIgO6wROUU6dGF5NMd6MJIF9r7W2cNht4rL9z3LRt3Vf6-M/s1600/21-Dirona+pellucida+-+golden+dirona.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL6SNsjCMAykpfPhyphenhyphenpLysnHJaflM98I701mZ2bQMp5OsywDz6-edexoKOoQ0fBW1KUUUDGFtAlwewtkGE2tcbV3wNB4qIlhIgO6wROUU6dGF5NMd6MJIF9r7W2cNht4rL9z3LRt3Vf6-M/s640/21-Dirona+pellucida+-+golden+dirona.jpg" width="425" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Dirona pellucida,</i></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span><br />
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The golden dirona, <i>Dirona pellucida. </i>Sometimes its hard to distuinguish head from tail in nudibranchs. Up to 12 cm.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHvmXMJp9696PxlJxXK0OLSwxkhQ-ecbDh3RCbhsDHB-IiKO14Rj_UieEM1cRx6MgEjRBtDJSFf63m5eMdZg99YVV1VvX7CvLHS80n9Zb4G9-_DREv-RzqQVA6Cm7Xoly6uFMHVWIHoJ0/s1600/22-Dirona+pellucida+-+golden+dirona.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHvmXMJp9696PxlJxXK0OLSwxkhQ-ecbDh3RCbhsDHB-IiKO14Rj_UieEM1cRx6MgEjRBtDJSFf63m5eMdZg99YVV1VvX7CvLHS80n9Zb4G9-_DREv-RzqQVA6Cm7Xoly6uFMHVWIHoJ0/s640/22-Dirona+pellucida+-+golden+dirona.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Dirona pellucida,</i></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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Behrens & Hermosillo (2005): 'They feed on the bryozoan <i>Bugula pacifica</i>.'<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWAzutI3br5MRTpXCD_TYc_dgk2gYxzV6LNpUZRCF4rMQYjimJ-qdNjtHc6QCsoaGfctufQdNa0_AVUgZdurESy4BheZAgwtQgn5l7x1wreIPB8WsjTjWg04eYxdnFPhcp18sO3Q7miPo/s1600/23-Janolus+fuscus+-+white-and-orange-tipped+nudibranch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="508" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWAzutI3br5MRTpXCD_TYc_dgk2gYxzV6LNpUZRCF4rMQYjimJ-qdNjtHc6QCsoaGfctufQdNa0_AVUgZdurESy4BheZAgwtQgn5l7x1wreIPB8WsjTjWg04eYxdnFPhcp18sO3Q7miPo/s640/23-Janolus+fuscus+-+white-and-orange-tipped+nudibranch.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Janolus fuscus</i>,</span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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I found this white-and-orange-tipped nudibranch, <i>Janolus fuscus,</i> just like the golden dirona, hanging on - mostly upside down - the <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2013/03/seascapes-and-rock-bays-jetty.html" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange;">jetty of Rock Bay</span></a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBrSgSS56ZnqqBKu3TLGsEYYFDVAbqMB2EKYg7VzfCFxsPrdQGh7QLaRDdwuO8gB4H1jOI5sLNgpsujmbNR6WhVRcgk_uo5jwDMF0mP-7kEttAPOAuvg7DH3wesjiCMfj1fquih9s-6-w/s1600/24-Janolus+fuscus+-+white-and-orange-tipped+nudibranch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBrSgSS56ZnqqBKu3TLGsEYYFDVAbqMB2EKYg7VzfCFxsPrdQGh7QLaRDdwuO8gB4H1jOI5sLNgpsujmbNR6WhVRcgk_uo5jwDMF0mP-7kEttAPOAuvg7DH3wesjiCMfj1fquih9s-6-w/s640/24-Janolus+fuscus+-+white-and-orange-tipped+nudibranch.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Janolus fuscus</i>,</span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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Head or tail? You can distuinguish the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinophore" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">rhinophores</span></a> on the head at the top, because they are fringed and lack the orange ring. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Up to 25 mm long. Behrens & Hermosillo (2005): 'They feed on the bryozoans </span><i style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Bugula </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">and</span><i style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Tricellaria</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.'</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYV-38TYi2Jk88r_19lS5nmY_Cx30K0FfjzXmrCUyDZWpMhF-ktUAoN8L78NBD2i__AOZK74-4Ea_IWeAXP-yMpJkO4_izfY1CrIWeKaS0udqfs-i30ZIPVlImIKexqCXPmVaT4lkmiDw/s1600/25-Dendronotus+rufus+-+red+dendronotid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYV-38TYi2Jk88r_19lS5nmY_Cx30K0FfjzXmrCUyDZWpMhF-ktUAoN8L78NBD2i__AOZK74-4Ea_IWeAXP-yMpJkO4_izfY1CrIWeKaS0udqfs-i30ZIPVlImIKexqCXPmVaT4lkmiDw/s640/25-Dendronotus+rufus+-+red+dendronotid.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Dendronotus rufus,</i> Tyee Beach, Canada</span></div>
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A congregation of red dendronotids, <i>Dendronotus rufus</i>. Up to 28(!) cm long.<br />
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Behrens & Hermosillo (2005): 'Feeds on hydroids and scyphozoans.' </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjXqElrsFe9GwVpfta8HBsUmPHvzSFb4i68OccJ9jp-vln4jtUOhmE0PUyFut7wkv9TFp1Zn81NiRhnppSbviBzYZXlK1E4lCJseGB-8ajK_xdpGZ-bn3aJxFQue_kU7Sa4ootRg-D6vg/s1600/26-Dendronotus+rufus+-+red+dendronotid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjXqElrsFe9GwVpfta8HBsUmPHvzSFb4i68OccJ9jp-vln4jtUOhmE0PUyFut7wkv9TFp1Zn81NiRhnppSbviBzYZXlK1E4lCJseGB-8ajK_xdpGZ-bn3aJxFQue_kU7Sa4ootRg-D6vg/s640/26-Dendronotus+rufus+-+red+dendronotid.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Dendronotus rufus,</i> Tyee Beach, Canada</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">No better pictures of this lovely nudibranch? Sorry, I got distracted by another interesting creature and forgot them... </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1xJ2S1z-xYC9nJzKvLauv12uBflkcvxZ6fFCremwrUpSXdHobyEXkUUiv4efhL8KEJ63seQWxfa-6jdS860v2yJw-djLnjAZzAV9K37BeRTrEWrjY4PMtYAIl0dn8un5cXS4cYKoBCzc/s1600/27-Haliotis+kamtschatkana+-+northern+abalone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1xJ2S1z-xYC9nJzKvLauv12uBflkcvxZ6fFCremwrUpSXdHobyEXkUUiv4efhL8KEJ63seQWxfa-6jdS860v2yJw-djLnjAZzAV9K37BeRTrEWrjY4PMtYAIl0dn8un5cXS4cYKoBCzc/s640/27-Haliotis+kamtschatkana+-+northern+abalone.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Haliotis kamtschatkana, </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Neck Point, Canada</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>A well camouflaged northern abalone, <i>Haliotis kamtschatkana. </i>Lamb & Hanby (2005): 'Populations of this species have been obliterated by overharvesting and fisheries mismanagement. ... Prospects for recovery are bleak indeed as illegal poaching activities outpace the many benefits of fishing closures.'<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1e7wZBlHT-oSbds8dDVgAS5EWZkxXtUk8y_8h1pjmtN3pmkl-dnfLYDLEaDNVuYsKMTd6qOiahiZK-HS4yUrOSnn2QVBdrhRS46iucoegODeDHG3N7VRm8-BbWQq5hgTPIBqWrHf7Ejs/s1600/28-Haliotis+kamtschatkana+-+northern+abalone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1e7wZBlHT-oSbds8dDVgAS5EWZkxXtUk8y_8h1pjmtN3pmkl-dnfLYDLEaDNVuYsKMTd6qOiahiZK-HS4yUrOSnn2QVBdrhRS46iucoegODeDHG3N7VRm8-BbWQq5hgTPIBqWrHf7Ejs/s640/28-Haliotis+kamtschatkana+-+northern+abalone.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Haliotis kamtschatkana, </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Neck Point, Canada</span></div>
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Up to 18 cm long.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-2UTV8ld1sWlf5kLtOANUQz-24m4IFsxnk4bpB2JbNFbsvEV6qp1Hh_nH2ninZroBXfHwyveZ2OCQG1e5rxL_IN8Jun93up4K5C2qL6Ux_0eUpmbdbVPdF_jndwcrPZ0FnT3Ed8UgTpk/s1600/29-Haliotis+kamtschatkana+-+northern+abalone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-2UTV8ld1sWlf5kLtOANUQz-24m4IFsxnk4bpB2JbNFbsvEV6qp1Hh_nH2ninZroBXfHwyveZ2OCQG1e5rxL_IN8Jun93up4K5C2qL6Ux_0eUpmbdbVPdF_jndwcrPZ0FnT3Ed8UgTpk/s640/29-Haliotis+kamtschatkana+-+northern+abalone.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Haliotis kamtschatkana, </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Neck Point, Canada</span></div>
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An empty shell with mother of pearl inside.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnFZtKPkO6mfdxn4cZQSbgyzMZzD7ujq3N6Y7M_zO8tZqT6Qz15WwIxeFmgLWNRbvUlJiFp5NU-JCOL3vtJdF32su0SOCct9i4cYS7Kve4EFoApJ2is4Ds1qX24orla_L_lKlHBy1HgCs/s1600/30-Haliotis+kamtschatkana+-+northern+abalone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnFZtKPkO6mfdxn4cZQSbgyzMZzD7ujq3N6Y7M_zO8tZqT6Qz15WwIxeFmgLWNRbvUlJiFp5NU-JCOL3vtJdF32su0SOCct9i4cYS7Kve4EFoApJ2is4Ds1qX24orla_L_lKlHBy1HgCs/s640/30-Haliotis+kamtschatkana+-+northern+abalone.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Haliotis kamtschatkana, </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Neck Point, Canada</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The same specimen with its beautiful red coloured outside. It is a well preserved specimen: at the left you can still see the 'original' abalone with its respiratory apertures. </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkaHfrV8VEUXqJQnBjpFrnpN4N0orUNfBUCsIVvOQx1j_kg8liB2qbNsuTwcgoQwLEGjgYHQcxJGVuZEHOboFOVACBaZl5yEIkBH1wdDk-xQVw5CC1d7GnDnoihCtPbuLYAKyGTDhEKlo/s1600/31-Lirabuccinum+dirum+-+dire+whelk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkaHfrV8VEUXqJQnBjpFrnpN4N0orUNfBUCsIVvOQx1j_kg8liB2qbNsuTwcgoQwLEGjgYHQcxJGVuZEHOboFOVACBaZl5yEIkBH1wdDk-xQVw5CC1d7GnDnoihCtPbuLYAKyGTDhEKlo/s640/31-Lirabuccinum+dirum+-+dire+whelk.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Lirabuccinum dirum,</i> Neck Point, Canada</span></div>
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Hidden between seaweeds and moss animals: the dire whelk, <i>Lirabuccinum dirum</i>. Up to 5 cm long.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinM8JSOrIK6o3Phd6CR1llV3Osgt7vqoT8hxKnwjiKxtmHRo0FdaJs_KlHixW9pRlvf1CHdGyvs1SNGY1PELGduG5KVJdJ-1hLBUrehOx3zRd6G6uWm95w8i1U6mm4j7YC1MG7EW8ku7s/s1600/32-Lirabuccinum+dirum+-+dire+whelk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinM8JSOrIK6o3Phd6CR1llV3Osgt7vqoT8hxKnwjiKxtmHRo0FdaJs_KlHixW9pRlvf1CHdGyvs1SNGY1PELGduG5KVJdJ-1hLBUrehOx3zRd6G6uWm95w8i1U6mm4j7YC1MG7EW8ku7s/s640/32-Lirabuccinum+dirum+-+dire+whelk.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Lirabuccinum dirum, </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span><i style="font-size: small;"> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(staged)</span></div>
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Lamb & Hanby (2005): 'This active snail is a scavenger that particularly prefers injured prey, which it locates with susprising speed.'<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTjzSRSDWAzd2kuswk8pw4HFdCs1v6V-bwkCrrSO4qLjIzZG3oHX1Skva9CuJIsMBFaFqid2KjK0sKWwWgSpqqF1gcXuNXR-VIe9jYWcY8dx9OGOazfvE2m1rjCe7RVVcChtlEOisF4JU/s1600/33-Lirabuccinum+dirum+-+dire+whelk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTjzSRSDWAzd2kuswk8pw4HFdCs1v6V-bwkCrrSO4qLjIzZG3oHX1Skva9CuJIsMBFaFqid2KjK0sKWwWgSpqqF1gcXuNXR-VIe9jYWcY8dx9OGOazfvE2m1rjCe7RVVcChtlEOisF4JU/s640/33-Lirabuccinum+dirum+-+dire+whelk.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Lirabuccinum dirum,</span></i><i style="font-size: small;"> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada<i> </i>(staged)</span></div>
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Head and mantle popping out. You can also see its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">operculum</span></a> and eyes.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTVBSrPR0BrwgvoiZJnaoD-qZ3SeIio0BeOm8MrkzDAIohbfBCQsbGjk-q7IrV9DCys5RuzreSfddhwkNSF2hDbxRLUTSXpFCtO82hkDbT3j1VPiX9KiHQQOiBU_uPA3eFEesGW_o9lqk/s1600/34-Fusitriton+oregonensis+-+Oregon+triton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTVBSrPR0BrwgvoiZJnaoD-qZ3SeIio0BeOm8MrkzDAIohbfBCQsbGjk-q7IrV9DCys5RuzreSfddhwkNSF2hDbxRLUTSXpFCtO82hkDbT3j1VPiX9KiHQQOiBU_uPA3eFEesGW_o9lqk/s640/34-Fusitriton+oregonensis+-+Oregon+triton.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Fusitriton oregonensis, </i>Neck Point, Canada<i> </i></span></div>
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The Oregon triton, <i>Fusitriton oregonensis, </i>up to 15 cm long, with its epidermis (upper layer) still intact.<i> </i>The epidermis wears off, especially in places with heavy surf.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_9HCWDEXQubARVod3MpDY7rGnHQSNhE2STszM1Y4yi0TnxiEDnfJzkzVo61_Ihsep566Be-up1ShzW2rxqkvgThY_X_mwmVeIgWb6FzgLHoqhyphenhyphenwATrqx_JKwSm0cwh8bWnQaT58z4uOU/s1600/35-Fusitriton+oregonensis+-+Oregon+triton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_9HCWDEXQubARVod3MpDY7rGnHQSNhE2STszM1Y4yi0TnxiEDnfJzkzVo61_Ihsep566Be-up1ShzW2rxqkvgThY_X_mwmVeIgWb6FzgLHoqhyphenhyphenwATrqx_JKwSm0cwh8bWnQaT58z4uOU/s640/35-Fusitriton+oregonensis+-+Oregon+triton.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fusitriton oregonensis,</span></i><i style="font-size: small;"> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span><i style="font-size: small;"> </i></div>
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Meinkoth (1981): 'The Oregon triton is an aggressive predator on molluscs and echinoderms, especially sea urchins. It rasps off the outer tissue and bores holes through the shell plates to get at the internal organs. Sometimes urchins are found with blackish scars resulting from encounters with this snail.' Reading this I wondered why this triton was rare, regarding the incredible amount of sea urchins at Rock Bay. See the next photo's.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEL15uLVFozRBT5mefIlf2ZCu-PP6t5pzl6e6QBzbh0MoE1aNGUExNTcd2Js_sgGIgtQljZ_C40hv7UMJoRTse6pI5iofO8NZHy7671t41ZxBc3HTFrqRRP8o9n3ozuMN0hx1GEN7w-Qc/s1600/Strongylocentrotus+pallidus+-+white+sea+urchin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEL15uLVFozRBT5mefIlf2ZCu-PP6t5pzl6e6QBzbh0MoE1aNGUExNTcd2Js_sgGIgtQljZ_C40hv7UMJoRTse6pI5iofO8NZHy7671t41ZxBc3HTFrqRRP8o9n3ozuMN0hx1GEN7w-Qc/s640/Strongylocentrotus+pallidus+-+white+sea+urchin.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Strongylocentrotus pallidus,</i> Rock Bay, Canada</span> </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtazz4ioG79MA3PJmO5q8MKg1zMl1Hp0spmjXYP25berTSjNJ3a9BKV_P6LeKx3fvDfRs5I1nMA_A6V7tyX9nL8UFjIsbT2FrWsvFvo8Sk1LCsAIRurF2aciFdK2T2Xom5KcT1AmJnLHo/s1600/Strongylocentrotus+pallidus+-+white+sea+urchin-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtazz4ioG79MA3PJmO5q8MKg1zMl1Hp0spmjXYP25berTSjNJ3a9BKV_P6LeKx3fvDfRs5I1nMA_A6V7tyX9nL8UFjIsbT2FrWsvFvo8Sk1LCsAIRurF2aciFdK2T2Xom5KcT1AmJnLHo/s640/Strongylocentrotus+pallidus+-+white+sea+urchin-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Strongylocentrotus pallidus,</i> Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvMRSkvuhyphenhyphenscqjyaT-ZBR2YN0Kxi7V7xshjrK55yZjc7Z66l3byDZfQo-X7oYNdX_MXRl0uaz_fGVxcmuA4bisOndpqNj09YSy1Jvx-_5IarXnV9NH_pMH74aD4Ee95DY4U51bZ4nYJTM/s1600/36-Ceratostoma+foliatum+-+leafy+hornmouth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvMRSkvuhyphenhyphenscqjyaT-ZBR2YN0Kxi7V7xshjrK55yZjc7Z66l3byDZfQo-X7oYNdX_MXRl0uaz_fGVxcmuA4bisOndpqNj09YSy1Jvx-_5IarXnV9NH_pMH74aD4Ee95DY4U51bZ4nYJTM/s640/36-Ceratostoma+foliatum+-+leafy+hornmouth.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Ceratostoma foliatum, </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span><i style="font-size: small;"> </i></div>
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A couple of leafy hornmouths, <i>Ceratostoma foliatum.</i><i> </i>A very common species at Rock Bay. Up to 10 cm long. <i> </i><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwadqEi9jZyOQCA3CcxOVe36E10uYr7zBTlZLRVZ3k4oimL2LjIOwPq0REJ55Ebh2VLxumign0qGYJng2pUBLnN-Hxa4RdNvFsogBvZqYUMqRKfWY-xUGQiMlt1a9BFV-iGbqrdfbo3Yg/s1600/37-Ceratostoma+foliatum+-+leafy+hornmouth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwadqEi9jZyOQCA3CcxOVe36E10uYr7zBTlZLRVZ3k4oimL2LjIOwPq0REJ55Ebh2VLxumign0qGYJng2pUBLnN-Hxa4RdNvFsogBvZqYUMqRKfWY-xUGQiMlt1a9BFV-iGbqrdfbo3Yg/s640/37-Ceratostoma+foliatum+-+leafy+hornmouth.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Ceratostoma foliatum, </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span><i style="font-size: small;"> </i></div>
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It preys on oysters, but I found no oysters in Rock Bay. I presume it also preys on barnacles, just like its relative in the next photo, the Japanese rocksnail,<i> Ocenebra inornata </i>(NL: Japanse oesterboorder). In my aquarium small Japanese rocksnails (just as at Vancouver Island an import in the Netherlands) are preying on barnacles.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaJnIaiiT6Bqyku1yNdMf2DBpXHWX7LTva5Jea2DKLlJ8ZbI4D5WoZED7PbNDslTXLUXJ5BFiUZnEraXZhwycDsr-SFiBNofEGbZQqkZd3totEos3hHoRqEkgo1QNjfV0KvNaCCYY5wbg/s1600/Ocenebra+inornata+-+Japanese+rocksnail+-+Japanse+stekelhoren-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaJnIaiiT6Bqyku1yNdMf2DBpXHWX7LTva5Jea2DKLlJ8ZbI4D5WoZED7PbNDslTXLUXJ5BFiUZnEraXZhwycDsr-SFiBNofEGbZQqkZd3totEos3hHoRqEkgo1QNjfV0KvNaCCYY5wbg/s640/Ocenebra+inornata+-+Japanese+rocksnail+-+Japanse+stekelhoren-3.jpg" width="425" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Ocenebra inornata, </i>Gorishoek, The Netherlands</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMOqkW1AAym18mhS5L2qDUxrXwSxx0SZZ0N64P85Uy5s1fayR4bA7jVgOuffsm7ByXUh-cbD-zgS2bI4BNhIx0t48y4OO7cJydf9ECK8rvCLbaKzfnQkYjDGO48zZJGATDN-tO7bwRC2E/s1600/39-Ceratostoma+foliatum+-+leafy+hornmouth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMOqkW1AAym18mhS5L2qDUxrXwSxx0SZZ0N64P85Uy5s1fayR4bA7jVgOuffsm7ByXUh-cbD-zgS2bI4BNhIx0t48y4OO7cJydf9ECK8rvCLbaKzfnQkYjDGO48zZJGATDN-tO7bwRC2E/s640/39-Ceratostoma+foliatum+-+leafy+hornmouth.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Ceratostoma foliatum, </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span><i style="font-size: small;"> </i></div>
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The darker coloured outgrowth shows the snail has grown strong in a short period of time. Otherwise part of it would have changed in the definitive colour. Compare with the more weathered specimen in the next photo.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN9cNNToVuA5WQDwh1T9FNZIRYUBtZw23feWq3q_PfpDIMMewVzgCgNnQ7tBdN2uX7YrVGA4_gjTIC3gLdI7ZZqyCKOM9UIK3T0bTCRNNsNhd74UL8OC2j3B9R7htvCF6cAPXElSN5YzQ/s1600/38-Ceratostoma+foliatum+-+leafy+hornmouth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN9cNNToVuA5WQDwh1T9FNZIRYUBtZw23feWq3q_PfpDIMMewVzgCgNnQ7tBdN2uX7YrVGA4_gjTIC3gLdI7ZZqyCKOM9UIK3T0bTCRNNsNhd74UL8OC2j3B9R7htvCF6cAPXElSN5YzQ/s640/38-Ceratostoma+foliatum+-+leafy+hornmouth.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Ceratostoma foliatum, </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span><i style="font-size: small;"> </i></div>
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Again showing its typical leafy ridges.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlYn8zCUv21AwH7UuRzhzBr3FcIpMTHS6yG7wcJpzvXpFqMuRHe5ZOzmXGUe51pKL5DeVC5GQRH4csAvqh7xAFPUa72szTTFSpg7Xoq5zKnOR6zHIxDJ_IakWVk5VuaRwhx_uo4kDXxdM/s1600/40-Nucella+lamellosa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlYn8zCUv21AwH7UuRzhzBr3FcIpMTHS6yG7wcJpzvXpFqMuRHe5ZOzmXGUe51pKL5DeVC5GQRH4csAvqh7xAFPUa72szTTFSpg7Xoq5zKnOR6zHIxDJ_IakWVk5VuaRwhx_uo4kDXxdM/s640/40-Nucella+lamellosa.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Nucella lamellosa, </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span><i style="font-size: small;"> </i></div>
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The wrinkled dogwinkle, <i>Nucella lamellosa, </i>shares the same biotope as the leafy hornmouth. Up to 12.5 cm long. At first I could not identify this snail. Friend and conchologist Herman Nijhuis identified it as <i>Nucella lamellosa forma hormica</i> (American Seashells by R. Tucker Abbot, 1974). As I looked this species up in Lamb & Hanby (2005) I found: 'Extremely variable shell colour, proportions and sculpturing often confuse the novice naturalist and expert alike.'<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr5SSDtVVXYLEW5QIiFY-hQ17z0yurdy0PyhCS41WJl4XaNW0ZYRBTA2uWLejinhJ8MbhOoUSjuPCHdyvYD0bIkiqFixQ76j_S67QL0kZVj-SRR9aKzoN_xaH6Uc9RUaznw4gxWR3mJgE/s1600/41-Mya+arenaria+-+truncate+softshell+clam+-+afgeknotte+strandgaper.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr5SSDtVVXYLEW5QIiFY-hQ17z0yurdy0PyhCS41WJl4XaNW0ZYRBTA2uWLejinhJ8MbhOoUSjuPCHdyvYD0bIkiqFixQ76j_S67QL0kZVj-SRR9aKzoN_xaH6Uc9RUaznw4gxWR3mJgE/s640/41-Mya+arenaria+-+truncate+softshell+clam+-+afgeknotte+strandgaper.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Mya truncata,</i> Tyee Beach, Canada</span></div>
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Lying empty on the seafloor: the truncate softshell clam, <i>Mya truncata</i> (NL: afgeknotte strandgaper). Up to 8.5 cm.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5QRGQd-_fXp5C4LYnOApL6tAiMBznq_KVKOgg3u2p5b4TSMatIAFeAwoPEielC7xiJbA-MFsp0E9oO7DZOpxkYAIyyU-xsKT6cPh-ct8CR1yfNRMcGV4K8WqzBAroU0Rocw0hettuwTI/s1600/42-Mya+arenaria+-+truncate+softshell+clam+-+afgeknotte+strandgaper.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5QRGQd-_fXp5C4LYnOApL6tAiMBznq_KVKOgg3u2p5b4TSMatIAFeAwoPEielC7xiJbA-MFsp0E9oO7DZOpxkYAIyyU-xsKT6cPh-ct8CR1yfNRMcGV4K8WqzBAroU0Rocw0hettuwTI/s640/42-Mya+arenaria+-+truncate+softshell+clam+-+afgeknotte+strandgaper.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Mya truncata,</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Tyee Beach, Canada</span></div>
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Even after the soft parts of the shell have vanished for months, the tough siphon coverings will be still in place.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeNNWKDU3DaMHGiLJJGWmTRlnebomZi3gxaWyIzEXNKib5l_5QVAxg3LqWEUqPDqqcpodBJy3va1qcS4CuPULgJaXam4TzJnHmkZaWqcE_hW24murin76v2XnnjUE3ZyQPES1m3-dPkcs/s1600/43-Crassadoma+gigantea+-+giant+rock+scallop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeNNWKDU3DaMHGiLJJGWmTRlnebomZi3gxaWyIzEXNKib5l_5QVAxg3LqWEUqPDqqcpodBJy3va1qcS4CuPULgJaXam4TzJnHmkZaWqcE_hW24murin76v2XnnjUE3ZyQPES1m3-dPkcs/s640/43-Crassadoma+gigantea+-+giant+rock+scallop.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Crassadoma gigantea, </i>Neck Point, Canada</span></div>
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The giant rock scallop, <i>Crassadoma gigantea,</i> is almost invisible when closed. Up to 25 cm across.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIu-OCPfk9EwYXB_cZml2gPal8CzDHm9uaEJgCQg7lvqQ7zD2kkz7iIP-lXR0O3HoDyu4gTSnn21NTXPzrqFuzXEzi3HlgAUpDc0LjNy5JtSEgi4ZH6KHu0ai3BAu-Syzd_qESdbzLht0/s1600/44-Crassadoma+gigantea+-+giant+rock+scallop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIu-OCPfk9EwYXB_cZml2gPal8CzDHm9uaEJgCQg7lvqQ7zD2kkz7iIP-lXR0O3HoDyu4gTSnn21NTXPzrqFuzXEzi3HlgAUpDc0LjNy5JtSEgi4ZH6KHu0ai3BAu-Syzd_qESdbzLht0/s640/44-Crassadoma+gigantea+-+giant+rock+scallop.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Crassadoma gigantea,</span></i><i style="font-size: small;"> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Neck Point, Canada</span></div>
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These specimen are overgrown with the same seaweeds, sponges, bryozoans and hydrozoans as their surroundings and the one above even becomes a resting place for the leather star, <i>Dermasterias imbricata.</i><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDmzk9tB8E0fJ5V8p8kwnB0JhVLnbihJqwV_lMMNZ3uhFlT5A4gzteizQJCWF_E87OVEYoBr0HH_SxvAP6NmXsJRVk7uKKyNbux7QB8F1WyTWoaWDJBHm7R8jlL6NGioxWILxeczJSn8Y/s1600/45-Crassadoma+gigantea+-+giant+rock+scallop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDmzk9tB8E0fJ5V8p8kwnB0JhVLnbihJqwV_lMMNZ3uhFlT5A4gzteizQJCWF_E87OVEYoBr0HH_SxvAP6NmXsJRVk7uKKyNbux7QB8F1WyTWoaWDJBHm7R8jlL6NGioxWILxeczJSn8Y/s640/45-Crassadoma+gigantea+-+giant+rock+scallop.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Crassadoma gigantea,</span></i><i style="font-size: small;"> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Neck Point, Canada</span></div>
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Meinkoth (1981): 'This species develops and behaves like other scallops and is free-swimming until its valves grow to about 25 mm. At that time it settles on a solid object and its mantle secrets a limy material, cementing down the lower (right) shell and making the animal sedentary for the rest of its life.'<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnwmzQRA7H0Z6d4j7f6o3z_HVgUq2EM5F45N2u6OEedU4_1csjJ2gleOBh6sr9H-_7A_gupjRN1lziPs4RIdvjSOc13ZWRhlyfv2c9Ud2yvpuauiTfgtlNq0OxWfR_fmUf23JjMzKLvjE/s1600/46-Crassadoma+gigantea+-+giant+rock+scallop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnwmzQRA7H0Z6d4j7f6o3z_HVgUq2EM5F45N2u6OEedU4_1csjJ2gleOBh6sr9H-_7A_gupjRN1lziPs4RIdvjSOc13ZWRhlyfv2c9Ud2yvpuauiTfgtlNq0OxWfR_fmUf23JjMzKLvjE/s640/46-Crassadoma+gigantea+-+giant+rock+scallop.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Crassadoma gigantea, </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Neck Point, Canada</span></div>
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The real beauty reveals itself: the orange mantle and the many, tiny black eyes.<br />
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<a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/p/literature.html" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: orange;">Literature:</span></a><br />
<ul>
<li>mainly: Lamb & Hanby, 2005</li>
<li>quoted: Behrens & Hermosillo, 2005 (excellent guide of Opisthobranchs from Alaska to Central America), Meinkoth, 1981 and Tucker Abbott, 1974.</li>
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Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-21871130891594855002014-01-09T10:58:00.001+01:002017-12-30T15:13:38.571+01:00A Sea of Glass<div style="text-align: left;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFidm2oOPBLMrUYeVa8BqZUOJzRLTuZEd6tUYfxsVIi5hzEXJqAL3zyn4XoUSTiiWTLy4Sa_W1hAqLG6xk3HgK9pg-oJqM44aR5SYmgNU_yb7Q8-uNi1kRfbxjqb01CKK9kXoKIv-aEYg/s1600/01-Een+Zee+Van+Glas3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFidm2oOPBLMrUYeVa8BqZUOJzRLTuZEd6tUYfxsVIi5hzEXJqAL3zyn4XoUSTiiWTLy4Sa_W1hAqLG6xk3HgK9pg-oJqM44aR5SYmgNU_yb7Q8-uNi1kRfbxjqb01CKK9kXoKIv-aEYg/s640/01-Een+Zee+Van+Glas3.jpg" width="408" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">© logo Glasmuseum Leerdam (top image)</span></div>
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Last week I visited an exhibition titled <a href="http://www.nationaalglasmuseum.nl/agenda/nu/532-een-zee-van-glas" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Een Zee van Glas</span></a>, Dutch for <a href="http://www.nationaalglasmuseum.nl/english/exhibitions-whats-on/545-preview-a-sea-of-glass" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">A Sea of Glass</span></a>. This exhibition in the <a href="http://www.nationaalglasmuseum.nl/english/address-a-getting-here" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Nationaal Glasmuseum Leerdam</span></a> (the Netherlands) is inspired by the works of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Ernst Haeckel</span></a>.</div>
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Haeckel lived in Germany from 1834 tot 1919. You could call him a 'homo universalis': he was a biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor and artist. For the exhibition and this post the latter is the most important.<br />
He published 42 books (nearly 13,000 pages) and a lot of beautiful <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">illustrations</span></a> of animals and especially sea creatures. His book '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Kunstformen der Natur</span></a>' (German for Art forms of Nature) was and is a source of inspiration for artists.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs2FWQziCof5BIGV7TmO4ZpHQn-cEAmZfF_eV5dSpiIup4tCRG7jpJ_fZ_wp4S1ukCyXcAvVGHgNbBe_CmsX6cNssM7b2q6y-sfdtqCoUsoVzBl6YPtiJqyr1i7UiEwQ5t1rgW7Tdak30/s1600/02-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs2FWQziCof5BIGV7TmO4ZpHQn-cEAmZfF_eV5dSpiIup4tCRG7jpJ_fZ_wp4S1ukCyXcAvVGHgNbBe_CmsX6cNssM7b2q6y-sfdtqCoUsoVzBl6YPtiJqyr1i7UiEwQ5t1rgW7Tdak30/s640/02-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" width="425" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Illustrations by Haeckel transformed into curtains at the exhibition.</span></div>
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In this post I show work of Haeckel, glass art at the exhibition and photo's of species linked to the exhibition.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJW50CCubtm2VOgBxnK9QoJbzKpxVIxD7NygljsjUqnvX57hRvYNF5mWd4amifBa4msUYEFtamnwE3RxbsWShYokS-TGpnJo8HPe8cj2bcqWlN7XEfreJ3byfx_l6wZLNyKXPWD4Zq-9A/s1600/Haeckel_Actiniae-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJW50CCubtm2VOgBxnK9QoJbzKpxVIxD7NygljsjUqnvX57hRvYNF5mWd4amifBa4msUYEFtamnwE3RxbsWShYokS-TGpnJo8HPe8cj2bcqWlN7XEfreJ3byfx_l6wZLNyKXPWD4Zq-9A/s640/Haeckel_Actiniae-3.jpg" width="448" /></a></div>
This is a beautiful illustration by Ernst Haeckel of sea anemones. Sea anemones were and still are very difficult to preserve. Colours will almost vanish when a sea anemone is preserved in alcohol or formaldehyde. And sea anemones contract in preservative, so you have to sedate them first. But that is not as easy as it sounds. Nowadays photo's are an excellent way of showing colour and shape, but at the time Haeckel made this illustration (published between 1899 and 1904) nature photography was in its infancy, let alone colour photography! Illustrations like these were the only means of recording soft bodied and often very colourful sea creatures for scientific purposes and for presenting them to the general public.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzXV6w6JumMvXnnr1bhsQourTJ0IMRff0F9XtojrAuTlrI6wbX3WpPcuk9Q55PAM2xIJ1tA4gfZXjCmWqxgfb_ZMPiDPmXv4_JUuBIxaeUbmd9bxbobsxtqdUhYsF6Mvx03ng0Bb4ETpA/s1600/Haeckel_Actiniae_big_spots-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzXV6w6JumMvXnnr1bhsQourTJ0IMRff0F9XtojrAuTlrI6wbX3WpPcuk9Q55PAM2xIJ1tA4gfZXjCmWqxgfb_ZMPiDPmXv4_JUuBIxaeUbmd9bxbobsxtqdUhYsF6Mvx03ng0Bb4ETpA/s640/Haeckel_Actiniae_big_spots-3.jpg" width="448" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">illustration Wikipedia</span></div>
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The next photo's - the numbers refer to the numbers in the illustration above - show some specimen for comparison. Some illustrated sea anemones resemble 'the real thing', some not. The shape and proportion of a sea anemone are variable, due to the great elasticity of its tissues and localized muscle contraction. Maybe some of the sea anemones were in a bad condition at the time Haeckel made the illustration.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlGQgKT_nZ_7sgopINWxRJ4S-CPd8tVJL77DaZZahx-qo5dvdBsUjf8BhDyM394HB4uMPjGky4Gvr3Nh0LJeSlxtQMcGWzd3Oeh7SArswGEawb1Q_CeaOyMzQpP8czS5LaITnaJlKLuU0/s1600/25-Cereus+pedunculatus+-+zonneroosje.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlGQgKT_nZ_7sgopINWxRJ4S-CPd8tVJL77DaZZahx-qo5dvdBsUjf8BhDyM394HB4uMPjGky4Gvr3Nh0LJeSlxtQMcGWzd3Oeh7SArswGEawb1Q_CeaOyMzQpP8czS5LaITnaJlKLuU0/s640/25-Cereus+pedunculatus+-+zonneroosje.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">1. <i>Cereus pedunculatus</i>, daisy anemone (NL: zonneroosje), in vitro</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9ZtyPoBOp-ZbZYSl64K_gIphABlmD9zDp4kVUAqXqDJpa2p-NfrlxicEX3Tw5J820FIfSCKba1uOmUEJUatE_Iq3mlrvuMM5HzZ4j_xqnbpBWcaf4PoNTB5O3uHbzjzu_bYQfn7Jg0eg/s1600/27-Sagartia+troglodytes+-+mud+sagartia+-+slibanemoon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9ZtyPoBOp-ZbZYSl64K_gIphABlmD9zDp4kVUAqXqDJpa2p-NfrlxicEX3Tw5J820FIfSCKba1uOmUEJUatE_Iq3mlrvuMM5HzZ4j_xqnbpBWcaf4PoNTB5O3uHbzjzu_bYQfn7Jg0eg/s640/27-Sagartia+troglodytes+-+mud+sagartia+-+slibanemoon.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">7. <i>Sagartia troglodytes, </i>mud sagartia (NL: slibanemoon), Tetjes, The Netherlands</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFhyphenhyphenKANSnANORsLRLupiCz6y36lZKmK_dY7HjO3UkFYsK6ycfiAemv8F747GVWYe2uaE4dmJLHxqHCi0hQiiRxPOE5q_lcbKaFTqJXsMsyPnPAlLgrbjLHXyqKGnjcI-o3SUqQimGtSKE/s1600/22-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFhyphenhyphenKANSnANORsLRLupiCz6y36lZKmK_dY7HjO3UkFYsK6ycfiAemv8F747GVWYe2uaE4dmJLHxqHCi0hQiiRxPOE5q_lcbKaFTqJXsMsyPnPAlLgrbjLHXyqKGnjcI-o3SUqQimGtSKE/s640/22-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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This is one of the beautiful glass sculptures by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_and_Rudolf_Blaschka" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Rudolf Blaschka</span></a> displayed at A Sea of Glass.</div>
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It is supposed to be <i>Sagartia troglodytes, </i>mud sagartia (NL: slibanemoon). See the photo above and Haeckel's illustration (7). The sculpture resembles the species reasonably well. Especially if you observe this anemone when the water has just receded. In situ the column is not visible, because it lives buried in sand or mud.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvrbMhRKJNwE_CHngiLFTdPIfahktI2zt_K1tpskI7wFgZ9KJ0R5FqTB652XYP_wpFsXH9AOPmswD-leY8epLauXYRPnxUb1hK08spVitesNwMQmT_-XjIa9I44w6YwB3vQ50rFawZJjc/s1600/31-Anemonia+sulcata+-+snakelocks+anemone+-+wasroos.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvrbMhRKJNwE_CHngiLFTdPIfahktI2zt_K1tpskI7wFgZ9KJ0R5FqTB652XYP_wpFsXH9AOPmswD-leY8epLauXYRPnxUb1hK08spVitesNwMQmT_-XjIa9I44w6YwB3vQ50rFawZJjc/s640/31-Anemonia+sulcata+-+snakelocks+anemone+-+wasroos.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">8. <i>Anemonia sulcata,</i> snakelocks anemone (NL: wasroos), Pointe de Trévignon, Bretagne, France</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXMt3KNp6OAcHjBNTkwJWAYechOa58i0hpcRgRUt-7LbY-Af1CBkGatOuxhRS-_VedLOAKTDfm6hrWy4Qg8CAEVOhSiKdW6lkeo_KEMkFFOe9yNYzYrt5g-XlzhxbSDi0_QVzy7JAPtrg/s1600/28-Corynactis+viridis+-+juwel+anemone+-+juweelanemoon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXMt3KNp6OAcHjBNTkwJWAYechOa58i0hpcRgRUt-7LbY-Af1CBkGatOuxhRS-_VedLOAKTDfm6hrWy4Qg8CAEVOhSiKdW6lkeo_KEMkFFOe9yNYzYrt5g-XlzhxbSDi0_QVzy7JAPtrg/s640/28-Corynactis+viridis+-+juwel+anemone+-+juweelanemoon.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">12. <i>Corynactis viridis, </i>jewel anemone (NL: juweelanemoon), Kerpape, Bretagne, France</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7T_QsAxr_jENEKl-D0hXlxTRYThSQ_abh4zzp9cnQdhgyJptFP7sglXjSZHE443USeQ1b2mJRXBFpnLhew9IDaSOHCeK9rpdC73OHKXvp14Evis-s-mzXxbeOXs6C14DGuevLuReFvBg/s1600/29-Metridium+senile+-+plumose+anemone+-+zeeanjelier.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7T_QsAxr_jENEKl-D0hXlxTRYThSQ_abh4zzp9cnQdhgyJptFP7sglXjSZHE443USeQ1b2mJRXBFpnLhew9IDaSOHCeK9rpdC73OHKXvp14Evis-s-mzXxbeOXs6C14DGuevLuReFvBg/s640/29-Metridium+senile+-+plumose+anemone+-+zeeanjelier.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">15. <i>Metridium dianthus</i>, Zoetersbout, The Netherlands</span></div>
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As said, the appearance of sea anemones can be very diverse. Compare both photo's of the plumose anemone, <i>Metridium dianthus</i> (NL: zeeanjelier) with Haeckel's illustration. He must have been inspired by a plumose anemone like the one below with its cauliflower appearance.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwtGB75PSUYRJw_14q6M_PfJVafUGBbZ32kF9GbyzmKffXQW0VeH6Hp0dcBTAPLi5n7-iL-jVxApBJA_HdoH7p5ZlWtphYaA3pLtJxp7w3JeqlVh6o36L-i_NiYQfgdDAlq12cyFwAeeo/s1600/30-Metridium+senile+-+plumose+anemone+-+zeeanjelier.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwtGB75PSUYRJw_14q6M_PfJVafUGBbZ32kF9GbyzmKffXQW0VeH6Hp0dcBTAPLi5n7-iL-jVxApBJA_HdoH7p5ZlWtphYaA3pLtJxp7w3JeqlVh6o36L-i_NiYQfgdDAlq12cyFwAeeo/s640/30-Metridium+senile+-+plumose+anemone+-+zeeanjelier.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">15. <i>Metridium dianthus</i>, Burghsluis, The Netherlands</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2X9sU10Vq8etM1o4lsPHeiliEvfCOeR5eOXieGWu74AkZYk1P-fKYc3cnjzrKBtmhmTszYQAPGUfkWPVChLVD6v7xKnPQS-AZF5eIIO-rCCZ-_a5sEzsOcmDP98B7A3pLYL9ReUgI_kI/s1600/23-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2X9sU10Vq8etM1o4lsPHeiliEvfCOeR5eOXieGWu74AkZYk1P-fKYc3cnjzrKBtmhmTszYQAPGUfkWPVChLVD6v7xKnPQS-AZF5eIIO-rCCZ-_a5sEzsOcmDP98B7A3pLYL9ReUgI_kI/s640/23-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
Another glass figure of Rudolf Blaschka is supposed to be Devonshire cup-coral, <i>Caryophyllia smithii </i>(NL: eierdopkoraal). Nice work but as a real-life reproduction it leaves much to be desired. See the photo below and the illustration of Gosse.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpOiW7Q_YYhQZIBOAFki0fA6NrHZUiA7v6Be-Spej4tOKdWdQAP2bM2XGZ64Id39Xno1vNrduH-NAU0Urpks2YeILoZlWvpWIR0MqDW_7a9btBxPQEbSqI4gS3cy_mysZgaXRsJKZqGgA/s1600/24-Caryophyllia+smithii+-+Devonshire+cup-coral+-+eierdopkoraal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpOiW7Q_YYhQZIBOAFki0fA6NrHZUiA7v6Be-Spej4tOKdWdQAP2bM2XGZ64Id39Xno1vNrduH-NAU0Urpks2YeILoZlWvpWIR0MqDW_7a9btBxPQEbSqI4gS3cy_mysZgaXRsJKZqGgA/s640/24-Caryophyllia+smithii+-+Devonshire+cup-coral+-+eierdopkoraal.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Caryophyllia smithii</i>, Ballyhenry (wreck of the Inner Lees - Empire Tana), Northern Ireland</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicMv1VEmQac4mL3niB_IVnaMacX3R8zizAKrT_rzxqB8zv_MNZ6GquNZixuk3iARg3etnzirrbxSlNKwQMWshtZYjlkjUthgc4HlUgqAYFWmhK9zCVbKSUSneiv5Bs8xRf4WXhr-AGvZs/s1600/Gosse+plate+Xk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicMv1VEmQac4mL3niB_IVnaMacX3R8zizAKrT_rzxqB8zv_MNZ6GquNZixuk3iARg3etnzirrbxSlNKwQMWshtZYjlkjUthgc4HlUgqAYFWmhK9zCVbKSUSneiv5Bs8xRf4WXhr-AGvZs/s640/Gosse+plate+Xk.jpg" width="377" /></a></div>
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This and the next illustration are by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Henry_Gosse" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Philip Henry Gosse</span></a> (1810-1888). Gosse is preceding Haeckel with illustrations of sea anemones in his book 'Actinologia Britannica: A History of the British Sea-anemones and Corals'.<br />
They are not part of the exhibition but I want to show these two illustrations because - speaking of real-life reproduction - they outrank Haeckel's illustration of sea anemones. Compare <i>Caryophyllia smithii </i>in the illustration above (upper right) with the photo above and <i>Sagartia troglodytes</i> in the illustration below (anemone with the orange tentacles) with the photo of this species and in Haeckel's illustration above.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwo5qx3cwNEsw4i1p7yRbotXNQf_jjDunUSHjwSRk83CSALZktunO_VbZXBH9PrU0KP_usK64DIrWcCNIX9YQZ8Hzna9qE4IaAOlhIA4n8pvA_rTNr6lc3ujn8VnzQtQ4wIHajoPBZ1x4/s1600/GosseK.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwo5qx3cwNEsw4i1p7yRbotXNQf_jjDunUSHjwSRk83CSALZktunO_VbZXBH9PrU0KP_usK64DIrWcCNIX9YQZ8Hzna9qE4IaAOlhIA4n8pvA_rTNr6lc3ujn8VnzQtQ4wIHajoPBZ1x4/s640/GosseK.jpg" width="380" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr23G46Z7h6cI47d6XAk1wVKeaFfFJ1wSX9Yy0P0Ynz-9fKw-zZZb1OSEeTh0jgBqnRka1pvA4hMaEKPZhslLmxc-iUUKPVUqS9T1hnPYFjhBsTOCw0X0qISJbSKFXTzg3CV78Xfjzeh8/s1600/Haeckel_Discomedusae_8-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr23G46Z7h6cI47d6XAk1wVKeaFfFJ1wSX9Yy0P0Ynz-9fKw-zZZb1OSEeTh0jgBqnRka1pvA4hMaEKPZhslLmxc-iUUKPVUqS9T1hnPYFjhBsTOCw0X0qISJbSKFXTzg3CV78Xfjzeh8/s640/Haeckel_Discomedusae_8-2.jpg" width="444" /></a></div>
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Haeckel's illustration of jellyfish. The problems recording jellyfish do not differ from recording sea anemones. Again: illustrations like Haeckel's were the only means of recording these animals.<br />
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At the bottom right Haeckel illustrated <i>Chrysaora hysoscella</i>, the compass jellyfish (NL: kompaskwal).</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKHe7MIEglpQOhy2OUGGR4uO6CKhWaZbO_lpt0XNAmbq3CVe2jxYbS35dZt_M5IK7SYjD670ANNwdHVL5GWzSGlAf7H-qBdUcIqFaSAhIrzfyUV_-m9fRjHhsVx9_jx_jHfu9RvQhQv1c/s1600/Chrysaora+hysoscella+-+compass+jellyfish+-+kompaskwal-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKHe7MIEglpQOhy2OUGGR4uO6CKhWaZbO_lpt0XNAmbq3CVe2jxYbS35dZt_M5IK7SYjD670ANNwdHVL5GWzSGlAf7H-qBdUcIqFaSAhIrzfyUV_-m9fRjHhsVx9_jx_jHfu9RvQhQv1c/s640/Chrysaora+hysoscella+-+compass+jellyfish+-+kompaskwal-2.jpg" width="425" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Chrysaora hysoscella</i>, Saint John's Point, Ireland</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCHoz6wsvWmAKx8kJVaTw9wihDEUIhhHuMUHMCKL_-3wyOhDepU9rfNuan14jL_kC7bw8vyu2W2f0XXykc-_w3Yd1rUhXPzOyOT09PnYMuizDqVgIxtRg92xXcw568gXZTuDbT5JsO53M/s1600/Chrysaora+hysoscella+-+compass+jellyfish+-+kompaskwal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCHoz6wsvWmAKx8kJVaTw9wihDEUIhhHuMUHMCKL_-3wyOhDepU9rfNuan14jL_kC7bw8vyu2W2f0XXykc-_w3Yd1rUhXPzOyOT09PnYMuizDqVgIxtRg92xXcw568gXZTuDbT5JsO53M/s640/Chrysaora+hysoscella+-+compass+jellyfish+-+kompaskwal.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Chrysaora hysoscella</i>, Wemeldinge, The Netherlands</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrioeytjaYNrjoPnxGYAQUx0gpHkBLyoZdcUYB_fDAB45_boHScwk3o73dZPkdaC3nhggIuV6qwR9ZYSh1C49YByKelbw5WO2-EH2Qclixhgx538ElcQxxEbsiULi3RwSR-xWAqT87Vj8/s1600/20-Aurelia+aurita+-+common+jellyfish+-+oorkwal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrioeytjaYNrjoPnxGYAQUx0gpHkBLyoZdcUYB_fDAB45_boHScwk3o73dZPkdaC3nhggIuV6qwR9ZYSh1C49YByKelbw5WO2-EH2Qclixhgx538ElcQxxEbsiULi3RwSR-xWAqT87Vj8/s640/20-Aurelia+aurita+-+common+jellyfish+-+oorkwal.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"> <i>Aurelia aurita</i>, Den Osse, The Netherlands</span></div>
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The moon jellyfish, <i>Aurelia aurita</i> (NL: oorkwal) is not illustrated by Haeckel. But speaking of animals of glass…<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA2uRUlCKbUX69F7yucJurGgOpH9TkyjNynnrhKBrtnCKC8OTWFaciojYp4SEr_EPIbtluMzJz84QKVI6DuH63gnK8k2iwzpC4-mmHOLQudKJDllldxAF7FGuthmiby-uDB8RXGsjwIp4/s1600/21-Aurelia+aurita+-+common+jellyfish+-+oorkwal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA2uRUlCKbUX69F7yucJurGgOpH9TkyjNynnrhKBrtnCKC8OTWFaciojYp4SEr_EPIbtluMzJz84QKVI6DuH63gnK8k2iwzpC4-mmHOLQudKJDllldxAF7FGuthmiby-uDB8RXGsjwIp4/s640/21-Aurelia+aurita+-+common+jellyfish+-+oorkwal.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Aurelia aurita</i>, Bergsche Diepsluis - Oesterdam, The Netherlands</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNit1B7wKMoGpUo7sCv_gW88n-qTc26GkO-gZGchD_Tiz1mSVLaztjQzhFJ7Q8wm7G2Khd6pYYtDK1i_S_C1dGGAuRoR_ON0CnJZlD5tAejxANKZ3lukfVajXc_Maj8shiKFH3mv7OgUM/s1600/32-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNit1B7wKMoGpUo7sCv_gW88n-qTc26GkO-gZGchD_Tiz1mSVLaztjQzhFJ7Q8wm7G2Khd6pYYtDK1i_S_C1dGGAuRoR_ON0CnJZlD5tAejxANKZ3lukfVajXc_Maj8shiKFH3mv7OgUM/s640/32-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" width="425" /></a></div>
It is not difficult to perceive a jellyfish in this glass sculpture and especially in its reflection and shadow. Designed in 1934 by the world famous (Dutch) glass designer <a href="http://www.nationaalglasmuseum.nl/index.php?option=com_memorixbeeld&view=record&Itemid=25&id=gla:col1:dat10287&tstart=" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Copier</span></a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjc1Z4MRuo9FRCdz55dMq-cZ-Gzx-rhX2gcKoripOu5Jri1Y2KSxpmQ16X5HYZQfPFT-TVA6uTpU6ORALEkW73tLV6v6KlKFcVC0FV6XRnb_W38DuEC8nz39tv98WCw_oTmG2Ua1rUOoA/s1600/17-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjc1Z4MRuo9FRCdz55dMq-cZ-Gzx-rhX2gcKoripOu5Jri1Y2KSxpmQ16X5HYZQfPFT-TVA6uTpU6ORALEkW73tLV6v6KlKFcVC0FV6XRnb_W38DuEC8nz39tv98WCw_oTmG2Ua1rUOoA/s640/17-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
These glass sculptures reveal the extraordinary craftsmanship of Rudolf Blaschka. They show the larval stages of the moon jellyfish, <i>Aurelia aurita</i> (NL: oorkwal), you have just seen in adult form.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmMnOB2KENlJc0gkq4AEnFAOWplR2bTp3ETXzxaUgdUxx2TnHziv4d6cEkEiqyHrM-kGZFTUj2LXzJyih13ClRYwkiFiozuhD4SKMTeVZwasZIDgChypB57iZNFAXsvaSlw75QzRgZW9Y/s1600/18-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmMnOB2KENlJc0gkq4AEnFAOWplR2bTp3ETXzxaUgdUxx2TnHziv4d6cEkEiqyHrM-kGZFTUj2LXzJyih13ClRYwkiFiozuhD4SKMTeVZwasZIDgChypB57iZNFAXsvaSlw75QzRgZW9Y/s640/18-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" width="425" /></a><br />
Rudolf Blaschka (1857-1939) and his father Rudolf (1822-1895) were German glass artist. They made glass models of flowers and sea creatures, like jellyfish, sea anemones (see above) and nudibranchs (see below).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjjKOLRefNNLk5gGUSXsQrZAGtL2FIxvmSyA7b1Td79gEzdJbyyCW7I32s-NZwCs9F5VI-gcVXOvjuJmPM5MIDMUxDIIKtBXGvec0wPbc4QOItrainLMtMDOWOeE2KEgzxwcVvhtE-qBs/s1600/19-Aurelia+aurita+-+common+jellyfish+-+oorkwal+(polyps).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjjKOLRefNNLk5gGUSXsQrZAGtL2FIxvmSyA7b1Td79gEzdJbyyCW7I32s-NZwCs9F5VI-gcVXOvjuJmPM5MIDMUxDIIKtBXGvec0wPbc4QOItrainLMtMDOWOeE2KEgzxwcVvhtE-qBs/s640/19-Aurelia+aurita+-+common+jellyfish+-+oorkwal+(polyps).jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Aurelia aurita</i>, Dreischor, The Netherlands</span></div>
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Moon jellyfish in <a href="http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=3373" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">polyp stage</span></a>. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3iEhqHgwJPkKMH9vRlGphERJe_k5qEnYTJ0SNyXL7yQ4uHJ1B_XJZe5S9Z19l0LlyoPAW9Dr6eYbDZwRiHkWBTxO05k4xROYlmT6NG_R6AziRlZJytZiPz0oSIgG0p4a1Oh6Dp1bnfQU/s1600/38-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="411" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3iEhqHgwJPkKMH9vRlGphERJe_k5qEnYTJ0SNyXL7yQ4uHJ1B_XJZe5S9Z19l0LlyoPAW9Dr6eYbDZwRiHkWBTxO05k4xROYlmT6NG_R6AziRlZJytZiPz0oSIgG0p4a1Oh6Dp1bnfQU/s640/38-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
The Glasmuseum has asked a few artists to design glass sculptures, drawing inspiration from Haeckel's work.<br />
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<a href="http://www.nationaalglasmuseum.nl/agenda/nu/629-een-zee-van-glas-eibert-draisma" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Eibert Draisme</span></a>, the artist who designed the glass sculptures above and below, drawed his inspiration unmistakably from jellyfish, hydroids<span style="font-style: normal;"> and comb jellyfish</span>, like you will see in the photo's below<i>.</i>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCDE552sI0urQYpvPJf_oaoGhA_g1HRvZLT21hdmu8ITtTkhYRIAkkt7xC43_GGazOZFj6PeyPIRKgAycIrXAag-xkg63sZh6pO2eiOAGxzk8neNKXt6hFXPLJg_fjL38H1jGGewj5CSw/s1600/35-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCDE552sI0urQYpvPJf_oaoGhA_g1HRvZLT21hdmu8ITtTkhYRIAkkt7xC43_GGazOZFj6PeyPIRKgAycIrXAag-xkg63sZh6pO2eiOAGxzk8neNKXt6hFXPLJg_fjL38H1jGGewj5CSw/s640/35-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" width="425" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Glass sculpture by Eibert Draisme</span><br />
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<i>Anthomedusae species</i> with a funny twist.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLK3SG_pTQdjOqs_4Be6oHZ_R6fMnLdUOchXMbRJtpuI8_yjTXS1TQeCq69ofnBu3-U8KdyRwaAT5hqiTmW0_Rsdm5qm4aAtaqNO8HnYnk4dIP6ctP2aC4ULH_emZ3GMYybXjyrl8sImA/s1600/36-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLK3SG_pTQdjOqs_4Be6oHZ_R6fMnLdUOchXMbRJtpuI8_yjTXS1TQeCq69ofnBu3-U8KdyRwaAT5hqiTmW0_Rsdm5qm4aAtaqNO8HnYnk4dIP6ctP2aC4ULH_emZ3GMYybXjyrl8sImA/s640/36-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" width="587" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Glass sculpture by Eibert Draisme</span><br />
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The beauty of glass enhanced by its shadow and reflection.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg1dz7k_1S6_HswBNfpeqUk1kfCMziQZa8zB6zjkDwvsROKgkhr649CfaHmx9eZb0f-d2D1TXOuQHHuH0i_yb3G1vllG1hcCN8ehKyd58ZyMWXsHKmbeo8o72h5S9ofgXtuQ50dANJYl4/s1600/Haeckel_Anthomedusae-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg1dz7k_1S6_HswBNfpeqUk1kfCMziQZa8zB6zjkDwvsROKgkhr649CfaHmx9eZb0f-d2D1TXOuQHHuH0i_yb3G1vllG1hcCN8ehKyd58ZyMWXsHKmbeo8o72h5S9ofgXtuQ50dANJYl4/s640/Haeckel_Anthomedusae-2.jpg" width="452" /></a><br />
These animals illustrated by Haeckel look like jellyfish, but they are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroid_(zoology)" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">hydroids</span></a>. They belong to the <i>Anthomedusae</i>, an order of the <i>Hydrozoa</i>.<br />
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The illustration at upper right (showing the animal from below) and lower left (showing the internal organs from the side) is <i>Neoturris pileata</i>; see the photo below.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYd7AjYVFPJ1pkKnPHgBi2SwWpp0OkUAe8hdnXGbi6XI9PTGsNABaiqU1OhlZeQcD7MP3BrhTapf73ffV5xDe2HFv7JVpzlCO-rBm6A20-K8tazaN__CXcllEDPFDuB-LhGrigRRgwsag/s1600/37-Neoturris+pileata.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYd7AjYVFPJ1pkKnPHgBi2SwWpp0OkUAe8hdnXGbi6XI9PTGsNABaiqU1OhlZeQcD7MP3BrhTapf73ffV5xDe2HFv7JVpzlCO-rBm6A20-K8tazaN__CXcllEDPFDuB-LhGrigRRgwsag/s640/37-Neoturris+pileata.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Neoturris pileata</i>, Saint John's Point, Ireland</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNUcb0qrFzErtLxPxpmbH7QWAYfYsDzaHqPj1bDu7OwjRoVbkS1PdCA4Piit6dsEgSwMlj8gVJhqHuDnUveJQkXpt8bogX7YSQeFNaZ_379N7pZf5gf0caPV-qjEXuKujUmroKYU5FrD8/s1600/33-Aequororea+species+-+lampekapje.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNUcb0qrFzErtLxPxpmbH7QWAYfYsDzaHqPj1bDu7OwjRoVbkS1PdCA4Piit6dsEgSwMlj8gVJhqHuDnUveJQkXpt8bogX7YSQeFNaZ_379N7pZf5gf0caPV-qjEXuKujUmroKYU5FrD8/s640/33-Aequororea+species+-+lampekapje.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Aequorea species</i>, Saint John's Point, Ireland</span></div>
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Another hydroid, the water jellyfish, <i>Aequorea species </i>(NL: lampekapje) looks as if it is made of glass.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBp-YHcjeruEL2kgN0eppMTT-uQsJFs9dzQL7tlZEpA1JxsJber_E2sbAjPAcsT2azVldk0pUH8l_xLZJYTnnKMfdvIq201Fc6QCuS5HKFP3Kvf2wFopZEj58YJ9w3lzUqWzHoyZgZNX4/s1600/40-Mnemiopsis+leidyi+%E2%80%93+sea+walnut+-+Amerikaanse+langlob-ribkwal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBp-YHcjeruEL2kgN0eppMTT-uQsJFs9dzQL7tlZEpA1JxsJber_E2sbAjPAcsT2azVldk0pUH8l_xLZJYTnnKMfdvIq201Fc6QCuS5HKFP3Kvf2wFopZEj58YJ9w3lzUqWzHoyZgZNX4/s640/40-Mnemiopsis+leidyi+%E2%80%93+sea+walnut+-+Amerikaanse+langlob-ribkwal.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Mnemiopsis leidyi</i>, Meerzicht, The Netherlands.</span></div>
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Also looking like a jellyfish, but the sea walnut, <span style="font-style: italic;">Mnemiopsis leidyi</span><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span>(NL: Amerikaanse langlob-ribkwal)<span style="font-size: x-small;">,</span> is a representative of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenophora" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Ctenophora</span></a></i>, an entirely different phylum.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjctllyAcd5T8eEW8Sr0geFJCe5xoTIeNSBzQWSafytVSu_L-4mWnB4BdqnGNI-rsjVAdMO41Lsr4a-8L-sWvQqvZX0Z7tZ6nRE36DJ11gU-GHyw-dpdOyLxvvEF9vW_l1-nDjs_eqnxQM/s1600/41-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjctllyAcd5T8eEW8Sr0geFJCe5xoTIeNSBzQWSafytVSu_L-4mWnB4BdqnGNI-rsjVAdMO41Lsr4a-8L-sWvQqvZX0Z7tZ6nRE36DJ11gU-GHyw-dpdOyLxvvEF9vW_l1-nDjs_eqnxQM/s640/41-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" width="425" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Haeckel's illustrations decorating the floor.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-lUmhjz2RuFHIJt0pzm0Avqd7nwwMhz8O0RpU_6d-m1xsM-vFaybVKO6MqlEFFmHG22os7kat8pS5TEe_5fMKq_0fjKQGNeyAECH45ERyZnlJDa8R1VoRjpHQMFr9SjvkvoCu4V7EULk/s1600/Tafel_054_300-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-lUmhjz2RuFHIJt0pzm0Avqd7nwwMhz8O0RpU_6d-m1xsM-vFaybVKO6MqlEFFmHG22os7kat8pS5TEe_5fMKq_0fjKQGNeyAECH45ERyZnlJDa8R1VoRjpHQMFr9SjvkvoCu4V7EULk/s640/Tafel_054_300-2.jpg" width="435" /></a></div>
Very nice drawings by Haeckel of some <i>Cephalopods</i>. The drawing at the bottom left is <i>Octopus vulgaris</i>, the common octopus (NL: gewone achtarm).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3JWh0Z9d5D75zELGSrYkfl-v0ekMON6kfdTBYM-DEwnYHn4P_B_UzyOeFvmR3gzSUW-OywvSQXl6_RSu_uBVZd3NdQU7bB2ozDcXUVvhpbiAgFfe0tpR8p1BT-OjGJqY0a9Q4IDznVqg/s1600/01-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3JWh0Z9d5D75zELGSrYkfl-v0ekMON6kfdTBYM-DEwnYHn4P_B_UzyOeFvmR3gzSUW-OywvSQXl6_RSu_uBVZd3NdQU7bB2ozDcXUVvhpbiAgFfe0tpR8p1BT-OjGJqY0a9Q4IDznVqg/s640/01-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" width="425" /></a><br />
Inspired by Haeckel's drawing, <a href="octopussen: http://www.nationaalglasmuseum.nl/agenda/nu/627-christie-van-der-haak" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Christie van der Haak</span></a> designed a shoal of octopus.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihXFJnXwHqKIFv340xERiJIBn8HfLQ9-ZGFkfykmwe17b8QgiXz5KhqdPB7ndZh60X1AiEe_KQt6-ULcrwiGZF2Y_MYHL89rk2t7GU9Roqmz1Yc5HszaSnPhstzN-TMh0LhD4Ufh9KXO0/s1600/09-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihXFJnXwHqKIFv340xERiJIBn8HfLQ9-ZGFkfykmwe17b8QgiXz5KhqdPB7ndZh60X1AiEe_KQt6-ULcrwiGZF2Y_MYHL89rk2t7GU9Roqmz1Yc5HszaSnPhstzN-TMh0LhD4Ufh9KXO0/s640/09-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" width="425" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh0Xzdj0-NfkeuFWTCcvFBg829YgAlHIL-er5Q6b7kjJSVJbxBdF7roLlrYoO4OL5rTvlDRyLgaVaTEk_gtzOYPInCMjdlA-qV6ZtFc4DfUqQkpIgZVnPZyVPXPgszvuSeTH5dyMJgqXA/s1600/06-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="499" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh0Xzdj0-NfkeuFWTCcvFBg829YgAlHIL-er5Q6b7kjJSVJbxBdF7roLlrYoO4OL5rTvlDRyLgaVaTEk_gtzOYPInCMjdlA-qV6ZtFc4DfUqQkpIgZVnPZyVPXPgszvuSeTH5dyMJgqXA/s640/06-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
Another glass sculpture of an octopus by <a href="http://www.vittoriocostantini.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Vittorio Costantini</span></a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8J_1Va2og0JlNniIAEfsM1FuJ33QyhkG8BgcpH0_N-E44Fi_2bOwFT4qmui6nmmYMYc5YGG9JtTjlDk6HvObyrkBaOAGazl-N0gv9YrcikSlsXLRhIM4d64nQkYgkqZzeoQ_Rb14CpeY/s1600/08-Octopus+vulgaris+-+common+octopus+-+gewone+achtarm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8J_1Va2og0JlNniIAEfsM1FuJ33QyhkG8BgcpH0_N-E44Fi_2bOwFT4qmui6nmmYMYc5YGG9JtTjlDk6HvObyrkBaOAGazl-N0gv9YrcikSlsXLRhIM4d64nQkYgkqZzeoQ_Rb14CpeY/s640/08-Octopus+vulgaris+-+common+octopus+-+gewone+achtarm.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Octopus vulgaris</i>, Scopello, Sicily, Italy</span></div>
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This common octopus does not look as smooth as the glass sculptures. But it can change its appearance in seconds. Whereas its nephew the common cuttlefish, <i>Sepia officinalis</i>, acts like a <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2013/08/common-cuttlefish-chameleon-of-sea.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">chameleon</span></a>, the octopus is <i>the</i> shapeshifter.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOoXqPFLPxqu-uiL7qdojwemFY_SqF_G1RJn9vBXJ_ByU13Ag8NutMKMKU0P8XKk-vjnF-0S7qAxvDA3hfzIM4h6VTPsiLMKKMEMrZOVfQZxpMWuvRztG-aVjW1oc0Pqh89dhKGF-TNMQ/s1600/07-Octopus+vulgaris+-+common+octopus+-+gewone+achtarm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOoXqPFLPxqu-uiL7qdojwemFY_SqF_G1RJn9vBXJ_ByU13Ag8NutMKMKU0P8XKk-vjnF-0S7qAxvDA3hfzIM4h6VTPsiLMKKMEMrZOVfQZxpMWuvRztG-aVjW1oc0Pqh89dhKGF-TNMQ/s640/07-Octopus+vulgaris+-+common+octopus+-+gewone+achtarm.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Octopus vulgaris</i>, The A Frame, South Africa</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQekYM62UIWcS_Jw2ZTP9ri7Na1aA57UHZTHjHeB9ksOOlAS8CK1k-C9FKk9UI5FaSM0Syqpi2vPI-CZCj21mz7GBF1dTHyPDGbMUt6HPcCG5AjV9qm2WMUxIrqXdFewdVYZsKULCABuY/s1600/11-Sepiotheutis+sepioidea+-+Caribbean+reef+squid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQekYM62UIWcS_Jw2ZTP9ri7Na1aA57UHZTHjHeB9ksOOlAS8CK1k-C9FKk9UI5FaSM0Syqpi2vPI-CZCj21mz7GBF1dTHyPDGbMUt6HPcCG5AjV9qm2WMUxIrqXdFewdVYZsKULCABuY/s640/11-Sepiotheutis+sepioidea+-+Caribbean+reef+squid.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Sepioteuthis sepioidea</i>, Eighteenth Palm, Bonaire</span></div>
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Looking at the sculptures of Christie van der Haak, I would have chosen squid (NL: pijlinktvissen) for my design. They are the most 'glassy looking' <i>Cephalopods. </i>For instance the species in Haeckel's illustration at the top middle and these <i>Sepioteuthis sepioidea, </i>Caribbean reef squid.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRGDLEzYUdPmRYm1rmJygItZti_ZwD12f5WwIPNd9mI0HWuscTEm8wE5tH38l764UnuSnu-Yz6tkaIiIacntM91I-iz0pN_Si4i_1T8MQuWYGm50pg7a_3cyAEeQHqOk9u9WpvMCvErkw/s1600/12-Sepiotheutis+sepioidea+-+Caribbean+reef+squid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRGDLEzYUdPmRYm1rmJygItZti_ZwD12f5WwIPNd9mI0HWuscTEm8wE5tH38l764UnuSnu-Yz6tkaIiIacntM91I-iz0pN_Si4i_1T8MQuWYGm50pg7a_3cyAEeQHqOk9u9WpvMCvErkw/s640/12-Sepiotheutis+sepioidea+-+Caribbean+reef+squid.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sepioteuthis sepioidea</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Caribbean reef squid, Eighteenth Palm, Bonaire</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOFJQTpSOaLYxdowssbaUlidjtVmN3Lgj_3ggCUKkqpLmIubde5Se2dm-iABwH0kcH4hMbjk5zKwHfbx85SjoxqfpAGI1wThX5Xg9hJqjxfiDiGe6R9rla_CrnbCJsNLdK_ZdwADBszCc/s1600/03-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOFJQTpSOaLYxdowssbaUlidjtVmN3Lgj_3ggCUKkqpLmIubde5Se2dm-iABwH0kcH4hMbjk5zKwHfbx85SjoxqfpAGI1wThX5Xg9hJqjxfiDiGe6R9rla_CrnbCJsNLdK_ZdwADBszCc/s640/03-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
Glass sculpture of the common cuttlefish, <i>Sepia officinalis </i>(NL: gewone zeekat) by Leopold or Rudolf Blaschka.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie0QHeCjIwrOCk9vvNwoWPAU3oslVbgm8gx2QsV8r88IOTID55ZrUvDGOLPeQzxwFTjBEW_l0W3kqQ1hNex7q1xUhGHHjOI1JVs0D8xZsYw8EX5jnEwAt4XwdXxkbb_0CXzw1GcDh-Pio/s1600/04-Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie0QHeCjIwrOCk9vvNwoWPAU3oslVbgm8gx2QsV8r88IOTID55ZrUvDGOLPeQzxwFTjBEW_l0W3kqQ1hNex7q1xUhGHHjOI1JVs0D8xZsYw8EX5jnEwAt4XwdXxkbb_0CXzw1GcDh-Pio/s640/04-Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Sepia officinalis</i>, Bergsche Diepsluis - Oesterdam, The Netherlands</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWn3rfJzxwByNKqXJUg1cic-bh0j1-gl6js33cs8MvRVfy6UsYS7A6HQu87lWyzpOiSlvEdfB8092Gfe006piu9K8PHUkc0UBB4EHTKDgeKvYW18kDh2iNm-aDkfWVx45itNZmnMIBMIA/s1600/05-Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWn3rfJzxwByNKqXJUg1cic-bh0j1-gl6js33cs8MvRVfy6UsYS7A6HQu87lWyzpOiSlvEdfB8092Gfe006piu9K8PHUkc0UBB4EHTKDgeKvYW18kDh2iNm-aDkfWVx45itNZmnMIBMIA/s640/05-Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sepia officinalis,</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Porthkerris, United Kingdom</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikzsNq7wvg1A9N8hQG_Nz1khYngfIz3afxihh4OiNcZx6QmOuPh2scXdElV6EXV-PTJeNY9nonE9b_xoixXWiLj1E4XqSa5Bbbg5QciUiPI4B1HbdN9pbNbJYdiuLtAj8Ffj9OHr0zpQI/s1600/Haeckel_Nudibranchia-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikzsNq7wvg1A9N8hQG_Nz1khYngfIz3afxihh4OiNcZx6QmOuPh2scXdElV6EXV-PTJeNY9nonE9b_xoixXWiLj1E4XqSa5Bbbg5QciUiPI4B1HbdN9pbNbJYdiuLtAj8Ffj9OHr0zpQI/s640/Haeckel_Nudibranchia-2.jpg" width="449" /></a></div>
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An illustration of Nudibranchs by Haeckel. They are as soft and as colourfull as sea anemones, so a perfect reason for Haeckel to make illustrations. In the middle: <i>Dendronotus frondosus, </i>top right: <i>Facelina auriculata </i>(see photo's below).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEa1AyPdB2MIKaf76dIbiWRuXcaQwMa3yuZNcEWreOkFZ3osM00RjSJFcgZIwBmBPTMEmnmZQtyRqEed25hZO_YTelxNa_ZCsvwI_6uo1_5Nb_MbEZZziWIZnzFdevDrvHKXHTtY7SANA/s1600/15-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEa1AyPdB2MIKaf76dIbiWRuXcaQwMa3yuZNcEWreOkFZ3osM00RjSJFcgZIwBmBPTMEmnmZQtyRqEed25hZO_YTelxNa_ZCsvwI_6uo1_5Nb_MbEZZziWIZnzFdevDrvHKXHTtY7SANA/s640/15-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;">At A Sea of Glass.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKDYrODzOpsnFCmigLDN0bY_3tPEghLOLBbzmK9erummYmRh0hmNF2VX9ZRwozA0mM701FKO8bw1Oaw5GmTNL3GM6Mf-FHqiW7wKUNLXh0g34sWI2SGaPNvcj-5he_DAqCRvXyCDaVkIU/s1600/Facelina+auriculata+-+slanke+ringsprietslak.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKDYrODzOpsnFCmigLDN0bY_3tPEghLOLBbzmK9erummYmRh0hmNF2VX9ZRwozA0mM701FKO8bw1Oaw5GmTNL3GM6Mf-FHqiW7wKUNLXh0g34sWI2SGaPNvcj-5he_DAqCRvXyCDaVkIU/s640/Facelina+auriculata+-+slanke+ringsprietslak.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Facelina auriculata </i>(NL: slanke ringsprietslak), Westkapelle, The Netherlands (in vitro)</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRTRVRPt_LHr_axPNj9p8lg3liqoUte7ofcpWvaG3-k4-pa5iTbgUWiOmOCjyyIPruc4dqeNsys3zNUm7bQRQuC04KZakdQONXbk9tB0ji4HPbNtsTCAq1M27yCA5jb-FAJHS1s7iElng/s1600/16-Dendronotus+frondosus+-+frond-aeolis+-+boompjesslak.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRTRVRPt_LHr_axPNj9p8lg3liqoUte7ofcpWvaG3-k4-pa5iTbgUWiOmOCjyyIPruc4dqeNsys3zNUm7bQRQuC04KZakdQONXbk9tB0ji4HPbNtsTCAq1M27yCA5jb-FAJHS1s7iElng/s640/16-Dendronotus+frondosus+-+frond-aeolis+-+boompjesslak.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Dendronotus frondosus</i>, frond-aeolis (NL: boompjesslak), Burghsluis, The Netherlands</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5IXMXBZ0I5M_d8m-q1D4l5FF5N1w9NrlJaapaK-dEvxWHWtgoJfkeg5aOd_IbWk0MZEvaliXJVfIuIdnDG7uj777LDq96vuNWPoOoEm3gM4fXHYSmeBBa_XXiqGGVdaKcdS0bRbkxybk/s1600/13-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5IXMXBZ0I5M_d8m-q1D4l5FF5N1w9NrlJaapaK-dEvxWHWtgoJfkeg5aOd_IbWk0MZEvaliXJVfIuIdnDG7uj777LDq96vuNWPoOoEm3gM4fXHYSmeBBa_XXiqGGVdaKcdS0bRbkxybk/s640/13-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
A glass sculpture of the grey sea slug, <i>Aeolidia papillosa</i> (NL: grote vlokslak) by Leopold or Rudolf Blaschka.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpOo-JBx43l8a7faVi6KQPKFYcVoKfloubADhL7jxqvdzvImGvs5otf1rZmdFEoJZLQYj-icHhldAHUwDB6iuQVsELLlj1GaerQmaKH91jl8wY07b4ZTMpMXNQP6YlpdJyAcyO6dDK-QM/s1600/14-Aeolidia+papillosa+-+grey+sea+slug+-+vlokkige+zeeslak.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpOo-JBx43l8a7faVi6KQPKFYcVoKfloubADhL7jxqvdzvImGvs5otf1rZmdFEoJZLQYj-icHhldAHUwDB6iuQVsELLlj1GaerQmaKH91jl8wY07b4ZTMpMXNQP6YlpdJyAcyO6dDK-QM/s640/14-Aeolidia+papillosa+-+grey+sea+slug+-+vlokkige+zeeslak.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Aeolidia papillosa</i>, Anna Jacobapolder, The Netherlands </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiGrDfjf5zBOlUgnssWVWShc5S43F10G5f1MWp7waeFvbQ6gK_TO_Iu55EaCnawny5stH7F6p1LP8aye1WFyPfE86GW8pOOlGYhcIPLIxGu_ci4OoCKjn7xos_veGiCD_bKkD2q8FlAow/s1600/Haeckel_Ophiodeak.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiGrDfjf5zBOlUgnssWVWShc5S43F10G5f1MWp7waeFvbQ6gK_TO_Iu55EaCnawny5stH7F6p1LP8aye1WFyPfE86GW8pOOlGYhcIPLIxGu_ci4OoCKjn7xos_veGiCD_bKkD2q8FlAow/s640/Haeckel_Ophiodeak.jpg" width="451" /></a></div>
Moving on to the phylum of <i>Echinodermata </i>in Haeckel's<i> </i>illustrations, like brittle stars, <i>Ophiuriodea </i>(above) and sea urchins, <i>Echinoidea</i> (further on). At the top right and photo below: <i>Ophiothrix fragilis</i>, the common brittle star (NL: brokkelster).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3qPUMRM29NJvv5bsmkrk3few8SBooSYggARjSZ9D04Urrw2z0RCdnskyOc-gMP7W-5jMY-VuD07iMAvz11d5N8QrQJprD-wm0FUqnY5YPLs5XUcvPs8Ipq50dCao_yTK_H7aUjM7s1tw/s1600/50-Ophiotrix+fragilis+-+common+brittle+star+-+brokkelster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3qPUMRM29NJvv5bsmkrk3few8SBooSYggARjSZ9D04Urrw2z0RCdnskyOc-gMP7W-5jMY-VuD07iMAvz11d5N8QrQJprD-wm0FUqnY5YPLs5XUcvPs8Ipq50dCao_yTK_H7aUjM7s1tw/s640/50-Ophiotrix+fragilis+-+common+brittle+star+-+brokkelster.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Ophiothrix fragilis</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Zeelandbrug, The Netherlands</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEineIk-DdaDKLlZOYC-a8MfaZXD9vaOsxATpjm6THbTG89sfScpQHsXFGGR-fOB3DImTrJcngtLANFj0wRHWfkCeNk1QRr9s-DB9ShLqB5c4Ehpw0nqqWkEQkRpMpCOdTzm3gCMJHphUwg/s1600/47-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEineIk-DdaDKLlZOYC-a8MfaZXD9vaOsxATpjm6THbTG89sfScpQHsXFGGR-fOB3DImTrJcngtLANFj0wRHWfkCeNk1QRr9s-DB9ShLqB5c4Ehpw0nqqWkEQkRpMpCOdTzm3gCMJHphUwg/s640/47-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" width="436" /></a></div>
An illustration by the famous Dutch architect <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Petrus_Berlage" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Berlage</span></a>, displayed at A Sea of Glass, of discs of brittle stars. In their natural form and converted in graphical designs. Berlage was highly influenced by Haeckel's work.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfZD8Hq-7Rm8GzuOM0U_7Y3w-aUmX50q8DSsoc4o0Su3KBDnEPN7pphPyQfJolwxJPVumfqB-CM_gnufJOY5IFE7GjWESQpk6fVvNlIY-fw3XN73hcjmIqgY05JBgDMX99GLVFuRvfhsw/s1600/49-Ophiopholis+aculeata+-+daisy+brittle+star.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfZD8Hq-7Rm8GzuOM0U_7Y3w-aUmX50q8DSsoc4o0Su3KBDnEPN7pphPyQfJolwxJPVumfqB-CM_gnufJOY5IFE7GjWESQpk6fVvNlIY-fw3XN73hcjmIqgY05JBgDMX99GLVFuRvfhsw/s640/49-Ophiopholis+aculeata+-+daisy+brittle+star.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Ophiopholis aculeata</i>, crevice brittle star, Neck Point, Vancouver Island, Canada</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8A9XhOZSZoN1rrd97scv5X6BNYPjS1bvcJy0A0enoojnZTgY0JJJJqvIfYuIORvHgSuDl-dExOHb6n12uYGfU2YV8uJvptockOmRN7YvsmDEtg0V1CRKafNaFvJX8r_Wvr9SHuqcuK6U/s1600/48-Ophiura+ophiura+-+serpent+star+-+gewone+slangster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8A9XhOZSZoN1rrd97scv5X6BNYPjS1bvcJy0A0enoojnZTgY0JJJJqvIfYuIORvHgSuDl-dExOHb6n12uYGfU2YV8uJvptockOmRN7YvsmDEtg0V1CRKafNaFvJX8r_Wvr9SHuqcuK6U/s640/48-Ophiura+ophiura+-+serpent+star+-+gewone+slangster.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Ophiura ophiura</i>, serpent star (NL: gewone slangster), Brouwersdam, The Netherlands</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRj1m-_cdQBFl9u3o91YQr_3hbLHYeTXVBIy1gvx0LqJqH63LDPyk603QLRWmX9ri2NbqN5ey-_-qC1z_3qGzsAJqy74qZ4BlOVUQaQh42tquU0QRbIubOxpz91NKUiHG8Lq_1QIB58m4/s1600/echinoidea.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRj1m-_cdQBFl9u3o91YQr_3hbLHYeTXVBIy1gvx0LqJqH63LDPyk603QLRWmX9ri2NbqN5ey-_-qC1z_3qGzsAJqy74qZ4BlOVUQaQh42tquU0QRbIubOxpz91NKUiHG8Lq_1QIB58m4/s640/echinoidea.jpg" width="436" /></a></div>
Haeckel's illustration of details of sea urchins, like a spine (center left) and the mouth (top left). </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH3tvVMqJrU3Oi3yKSFp93GJblPh7zNGrlQFuED5yb-_K4tw28e4p9_LrZ6YM67Jzeoc1qkaQolZK6YqqrEtxWO8gK1a5FgSnO0rfVxsAT-Mdfjaa7NEl-yrRh7On2HY_oRnPOX9sFVj0/s1600/Psammechinus+miliaris+-+shore+sea+urchin+-+gewone+zeeappel-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH3tvVMqJrU3Oi3yKSFp93GJblPh7zNGrlQFuED5yb-_K4tw28e4p9_LrZ6YM67Jzeoc1qkaQolZK6YqqrEtxWO8gK1a5FgSnO0rfVxsAT-Mdfjaa7NEl-yrRh7On2HY_oRnPOX9sFVj0/s640/Psammechinus+miliaris+-+shore+sea+urchin+-+gewone+zeeappel-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Psammechinus miliaris, </i>Neeltje Jans, The Netherlands</span></div>
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Spines (above) and mouth (below) of the shore sea urchin, <i>Psammechinus miliaris</i> (NL: gewone zeeappel).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJKwPbRkGhbJVH5b6KFSybarv4CYNjt-wzvrGQxhC6UMJGAdXoq8e8V1voRdf3t0PqLIfsvzQ1l8U7o75W-2_jzRYABJSpPd6IiluGVPiiAwrBtPSFiEBfz37f1xn5G6sf3herMlre6Hc/s1600/Psammechinus+miliaris+-+shore+sea+urchin+-+gewone+zeeappel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="435" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJKwPbRkGhbJVH5b6KFSybarv4CYNjt-wzvrGQxhC6UMJGAdXoq8e8V1voRdf3t0PqLIfsvzQ1l8U7o75W-2_jzRYABJSpPd6IiluGVPiiAwrBtPSFiEBfz37f1xn5G6sf3herMlre6Hc/s640/Psammechinus+miliaris+-+shore+sea+urchin+-+gewone+zeeappel.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Psammechinus miliaris, </i>Neeltje Jans, The Netherlands, staged</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRJSimVjsLswhoclQBPgVut7qVEHYVd4ueQhKwlWjtKs0dSLC5uen-SCYjhb1o3ORUABKSqvq-lEAejVnA86LG9kaJ9JDFdxLnYJ2lHiN4aFGnLVK7EgvMqTubkIIsMKYEt1F7sV5MxFI/s1600/43-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRJSimVjsLswhoclQBPgVut7qVEHYVd4ueQhKwlWjtKs0dSLC5uen-SCYjhb1o3ORUABKSqvq-lEAejVnA86LG9kaJ9JDFdxLnYJ2lHiN4aFGnLVK7EgvMqTubkIIsMKYEt1F7sV5MxFI/s640/43-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<a href="http://www.nationaalglasmuseum.nl/agenda/nu/634-marc-barreda" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Marc Barreda</span></a> must be inspired by sea urchins.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAhPnqQWWBS7GWNp3Iqsv6Qs95ZejkYC8_47XQ1hSg5hE64G1hnJlWeMquQeb2qkf5N8HhH2mzxdLsgKZU_Ytg3VvOii64S9ZY6xWv9Upo49lCkRa-DhgBbvzs6nX_QdDtvOqCY_nmvhw/s1600/46-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAhPnqQWWBS7GWNp3Iqsv6Qs95ZejkYC8_47XQ1hSg5hE64G1hnJlWeMquQeb2qkf5N8HhH2mzxdLsgKZU_Ytg3VvOii64S9ZY6xWv9Upo49lCkRa-DhgBbvzs6nX_QdDtvOqCY_nmvhw/s640/46-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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This sculpture by <a href="http://www.newtglass.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Newt Grover</span></a> resembles the shape of sea urchins. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWs5Dn3OoE3-HarB3bsBAyJK42O1GIhghQU_D0UEYzCe-B6TOHsx7TIONaxlZiYhqfvmnueEeC9hxV7lID8-MsghGVinfL41fp8sCfcTsfb35nV5WKxvB9_rCRIxir0LqHrZ9UuuNlrFw/s1600/44-Echinus+esculentus+-+++edible+sea+urchin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWs5Dn3OoE3-HarB3bsBAyJK42O1GIhghQU_D0UEYzCe-B6TOHsx7TIONaxlZiYhqfvmnueEeC9hxV7lID8-MsghGVinfL41fp8sCfcTsfb35nV5WKxvB9_rCRIxir0LqHrZ9UuuNlrFw/s640/44-Echinus+esculentus+-+++edible+sea+urchin.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Echinus esculentus</i>, edible sea urchin (NL: eetbare zeeappel), Pointe de Trévignon, Bretagne, France</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Krejvqtw7bqNTK1yw48PaMpABp-57QDjQaeHX-ejFbska3TOs11TDjVcJirH4xC-f5flfiGKupI_QT7xNxC7v5bxVwnQ_Who3zWm5HaPh43bSxhRhbgBn2MwBudoUaIDH17jLvKUCs4/s1600/45-Echinus+esculentus+-+++edible+sea+urchin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Krejvqtw7bqNTK1yw48PaMpABp-57QDjQaeHX-ejFbska3TOs11TDjVcJirH4xC-f5flfiGKupI_QT7xNxC7v5bxVwnQ_Who3zWm5HaPh43bSxhRhbgBn2MwBudoUaIDH17jLvKUCs4/s640/45-Echinus+esculentus+-+++edible+sea+urchin.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Echinus esculentus</i>, Ballyhenry (wreck Inner Lees / Empire Tana), Strangford Loch, Northern Ireland</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPtuWYGM2w1QY6x3osHwZAeKSHvK-WdWuC3duXSomcAJJ3x6KkxKpOY6IC70A_HbAF09Xhhmc_92cvRqd4IGuXxAdmZbAOzIUsu9uvLreDUHEPMwpx7mxAp16HRV78VbFXwAC2hlJMhDc/s1600/Haeckel_Cyrtoideak.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPtuWYGM2w1QY6x3osHwZAeKSHvK-WdWuC3duXSomcAJJ3x6KkxKpOY6IC70A_HbAF09Xhhmc_92cvRqd4IGuXxAdmZbAOzIUsu9uvLreDUHEPMwpx7mxAp16HRV78VbFXwAC2hlJMhDc/s640/Haeckel_Cyrtoideak.jpg" width="451" /></a></div>
The last wonderful illustration by Haeckel in this post shows <i>Cyrtoidea</i> <span style="color: orange;">(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiolaria" target="_blank"><i><span style="color: orange;">Radiolaria</span></i></a>)</span>. This zooplankton produces intricate and incredibly beautiful mineral skeletons.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJnPQ-kRjLR5fLZN7MW9wt4693Ga4wqG_Mzh4-eaOb24683Xvyp9Ru6bOBfWt69t3s1z4FyYQp8ID1y4YVYXQ73QS_l6M1i6P5q-UqyDsyjufirFAyzpY016X1L1beHPqIex7Yixxeg5E/s1600/42-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJnPQ-kRjLR5fLZN7MW9wt4693Ga4wqG_Mzh4-eaOb24683Xvyp9Ru6bOBfWt69t3s1z4FyYQp8ID1y4YVYXQ73QS_l6M1i6P5q-UqyDsyjufirFAyzpY016X1L1beHPqIex7Yixxeg5E/s640/42-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
This glass sculpture of <a href="http://www.nationaalglasmuseum.nl/agenda/nu/630-irene-bussemaker" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Irene Bussemaker</span></a> could well be inspired by the illustration above.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi007wOsG3nWbb_A9TzVea-8ds4VM-I9jj9FvSeqKvhFjet9bEqWGM03cJtHprR52NOYQseN92v69GB3kLYWdYLAKRQ_UTO6mmR7Ml3_lNZy3AcFLgveJDvXNmA9ac9HHwtLhe0-LdaJqE/s1600/34-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi007wOsG3nWbb_A9TzVea-8ds4VM-I9jj9FvSeqKvhFjet9bEqWGM03cJtHprR52NOYQseN92v69GB3kLYWdYLAKRQ_UTO6mmR7Ml3_lNZy3AcFLgveJDvXNmA9ac9HHwtLhe0-LdaJqE/s640/34-Een+Zee+Van+Glas.jpg" width="425" /></a></div>
This is a glass sculpture by <a href="http://www.nationaalglasmuseum.nl/agenda/nu/628-gabrielle-van-de-laak" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Gabrielle van de Laak</span></a>. It looks like a lamp, just as some <i>Radiolaria</i>.<br />
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About the exhibition: as you will be aware by now, it is absolutely worthwhile to see it for yourself! It lasts till 26 october 2014.<br />
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When you will be visiting the museum, do not miss out on the <a href="http://www.nationaalglasmuseum.nl/english/address-a-getting-here" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Glasblazerij</span> <span style="color: orange;">(Glass Studio</span></a><span style="color: orange;">),</span> where you can experience the production of glass art. The modern glass sculptures shown in this post were made here. </div>
Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-86864680137929478382013-11-06T14:41:00.001+01:002018-03-19T17:01:18.094+01:00Fish of Vancouver Island - some under threat of overfishing<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFzODJET2UefGqpY9gna5IpB6IKRcfrrwjfOf9dxn_PCNH-kbHB_43dqJBe3HYC1RwHh9EOvH8GfZcVbMj3eMOno2mQGhYsUpGD4xTTIF3gOvsb0nCcHIR41Ck9aw-4eU7DE-96t2PL7o/s1600/01-Sebastes+caurinus+-+copper+rockfish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFzODJET2UefGqpY9gna5IpB6IKRcfrrwjfOf9dxn_PCNH-kbHB_43dqJBe3HYC1RwHh9EOvH8GfZcVbMj3eMOno2mQGhYsUpGD4xTTIF3gOvsb0nCcHIR41Ck9aw-4eU7DE-96t2PL7o/s640/01-Sebastes+caurinus+-+copper+rockfish.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Sebastes caurinus</i>, Neck Point, Canada</span></div>
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In this post I show some species of fish and the seascape in which they are living. Photo's and descriptions are from the following dive spots: Rock Bay, Neck Point, Tyee Beach and Cottam Point.<br />
All are situated in the Strait of Georgia at the east side of Vancouver Island (respectively from north to south), Canada. I will take you from the low water mark to about 19 m deep.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwbCO3Oc_syI1omIhDcpAt7ASuS58pFd657Bk1ZMELyJoh9eWIVrUP4TisVOHuvc-9CU4IQQK-5lu_mC6AUgOpQnQsP4APOlW95fMSLs-60-bDgRcopgY8Wu1MiWbkxMYHCDvQOqbea3c/s1600/02-Oligocottus+maculosus+-+tidepool+sculpin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwbCO3Oc_syI1omIhDcpAt7ASuS58pFd657Bk1ZMELyJoh9eWIVrUP4TisVOHuvc-9CU4IQQK-5lu_mC6AUgOpQnQsP4APOlW95fMSLs-60-bDgRcopgY8Wu1MiWbkxMYHCDvQOqbea3c/s640/02-Oligocottus+maculosus+-+tidepool+sculpin.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Oligocottus maculosus, </i>Neck Point, Canada</span></div>
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Let's begin in very shallow water in an environment with rocks, pebbles and sand. Here you can find a small fish in abundance: the tidepool sculpin, <i>Oligocottus maculosus</i>. They were not shy and I saw them frequently chasing each other. Up to 9 cm, but usually smaller.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwPUvYTCiFgllta4VLo4QF_UzCIehv3Xngc_RiU48lIostWlxYxXm_sP7qOEPr5Ok3jAzqLeemGgM7VhF0E1cM1QO_7Zjtt-zb6Txqhyphenhyphenr1my9zHKyy-geNOjxYoLaECV_sLRRrqsL4SL0/s1600/03-Oligocottus+maculosus+-+tidepool+sculpin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwPUvYTCiFgllta4VLo4QF_UzCIehv3Xngc_RiU48lIostWlxYxXm_sP7qOEPr5Ok3jAzqLeemGgM7VhF0E1cM1QO_7Zjtt-zb6Txqhyphenhyphenr1my9zHKyy-geNOjxYoLaECV_sLRRrqsL4SL0/s640/03-Oligocottus+maculosus+-+tidepool+sculpin.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oligocottus maculosus,</span></i><i style="font-size: small;"> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Neck Point, Canada</span></div>
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Sculpins (NL: zeedonderpadden) are an important order (of the <i>Scorpaeniformes</i>) in these waters. They are represented with 37 species (Lamb & Edgell (1986)), against 7 species in Europe (Lythgoe (1976)). To be honest I did only find three species. The tidepool sculpin, the prickly sculpin and the second largest sculpin on earth: the great sculpin, <i>Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus</i>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiX9Zt9ML7VWR1zvqIBy1Cm-X2K30yt4H0QDI8XbkO8Ipu0oxU6kOPNm46VN7XaRdsP8YA06tLzon7HbjyKx5JIUITFSgTfU1VjaIanvSk5VoXJ32gYZPCr6mDvqJGpAMxsV4R3Ps3LQE/s1600/04-Oligocottus+maculosus+-+tidepool+sculpin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiX9Zt9ML7VWR1zvqIBy1Cm-X2K30yt4H0QDI8XbkO8Ipu0oxU6kOPNm46VN7XaRdsP8YA06tLzon7HbjyKx5JIUITFSgTfU1VjaIanvSk5VoXJ32gYZPCr6mDvqJGpAMxsV4R3Ps3LQE/s640/04-Oligocottus+maculosus+-+tidepool+sculpin.jpg" width="425" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oligocottus maculosus,</span></i><i style="font-size: small;"> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Neck Point, Canada</span></div>
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I saw one great sculpin at Neck Point and I would love to show you this monster of about 75 cm long, but unfortunately I had some problems with my photo gear. The glass of the port of my underwater housing steamed up, because of the difference in watertemperature (23ºC at entry, 13ºC at about 13 meter). The great sculpin was patient, I was not. Because I had to wait for the glass to clear up, I wandered off looking for other fauna. To my shame: when the glass was clear I could not find the sculpin any longer...<br />
For two other species of sculpin at Vancouver Island have a look at <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2008/09/fish.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">this post</span></a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnHx0hN_6ZIq3qGym3JZQQASVPTq0cFWUxnPNWoxWg6jAC_uzq7u24K_AGRZSH7CXQLvz_bgeRtH1Uhar6HorklMHb_KgkRSOFu694CiYNqeio1YOnHhrdwYxHp2uC-pARY9q9Ns1y7LI/s1600/33+Cottus+asper+-+prickly+sculpin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnHx0hN_6ZIq3qGym3JZQQASVPTq0cFWUxnPNWoxWg6jAC_uzq7u24K_AGRZSH7CXQLvz_bgeRtH1Uhar6HorklMHb_KgkRSOFu694CiYNqeio1YOnHhrdwYxHp2uC-pARY9q9Ns1y7LI/s640/33+Cottus+asper+-+prickly+sculpin.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Cottus asper</i>, Tyee Beach, Canada </span></div>
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<i>Cottus asper, </i>the prickly sculpin, is also a shallow water inhabitant (to 10 m deep). One of the distinguishing features of this species is the dark spot on its first dorsal fin. I like its stocky head. Up to 30 cm.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_nUcyKNFFSX7wnssF6R3su1hT-azrjBHLV5mO7Rpmm7cscueZlwP5hOgxk3lhGpS8aYn4GMGdcZ7yWpz1UhUIDv5o4oQ_IHUyqT5FGjVIvqK64DHSIuI4pphn2WBsUoZh5VvoTmH_ORs/s1600/34+Cottus+asper+-+prickly+sculpin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_nUcyKNFFSX7wnssF6R3su1hT-azrjBHLV5mO7Rpmm7cscueZlwP5hOgxk3lhGpS8aYn4GMGdcZ7yWpz1UhUIDv5o4oQ_IHUyqT5FGjVIvqK64DHSIuI4pphn2WBsUoZh5VvoTmH_ORs/s640/34+Cottus+asper+-+prickly+sculpin.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cottus asper</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Tyee Beach, Canada</span></div>
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All sculpins are bad swimmers. They just rest motionless on the bottom waiting for small fish, shrimps and crabs to pass by. When they attack, they quickly jump forwards and suck their prey into their big mouth.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXVouakQdJiPNQyfWjYxBCTsDLAywb3iqrjf-UNfvg5mFeZN_AN7_givPXUMvCQG82G23S4KQaXAEuYWQULDZ4_uejpS0h29-XK7pmvPe0P3FIFdz4ihaChhV_BQnm0Ir_RfzeKBEc7yw/s1600/05-Embiotoca+lateralis+-+striped+seaperch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXVouakQdJiPNQyfWjYxBCTsDLAywb3iqrjf-UNfvg5mFeZN_AN7_givPXUMvCQG82G23S4KQaXAEuYWQULDZ4_uejpS0h29-XK7pmvPe0P3FIFdz4ihaChhV_BQnm0Ir_RfzeKBEc7yw/s640/05-Embiotoca+lateralis+-+striped+seaperch.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Embiotoca lateralis</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Tyee Beach, Canada</span></div>
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This is the striped seaperch, <i>Embiotoca lateralis</i>. Quite exotic with their bronze-gold colour and blue stripes. They are living near seaweed-covered rocks in shallow water. While diving I noticed one specimen, but in fact there were three. Have a look at the photo below. It shows how well they are camouflaged if you are looking from above. Up to 38 cm.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTNwx3D8LCgNrtHDfoQwP6rKPHlT_OqUMTlSmHQ1XXldle5Le-YjiU7KbUXdhYWmuT7rWdAYtRsmOyawYg3WDuI8IOMvSS2GGsJ5oY1y10CKoOpLHrDDIkTON9oP5gCg2WmGI6npMu0v4/s1600/07-Embiotoca+lateralis+-+striped+seaperch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTNwx3D8LCgNrtHDfoQwP6rKPHlT_OqUMTlSmHQ1XXldle5Le-YjiU7KbUXdhYWmuT7rWdAYtRsmOyawYg3WDuI8IOMvSS2GGsJ5oY1y10CKoOpLHrDDIkTON9oP5gCg2WmGI6npMu0v4/s640/07-Embiotoca+lateralis+-+striped+seaperch.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Embiotoca lateralis</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSKykELja7ASuQ95lfj_Rh8Pr73uZ5EFE-Fg2HD9Q3A7lteYjqS7pJFOThwyEnYu9zpZy3J98f9pZC-B8L8sGXs9Ky5FhvqufNObsZW-WLZ1PFHSxm6a6gasXKBeMzdQSCsARAVKlaKe4/s1600/06-Embiotoca+lateralis+-+striped+seaperch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSKykELja7ASuQ95lfj_Rh8Pr73uZ5EFE-Fg2HD9Q3A7lteYjqS7pJFOThwyEnYu9zpZy3J98f9pZC-B8L8sGXs9Ky5FhvqufNObsZW-WLZ1PFHSxm6a6gasXKBeMzdQSCsARAVKlaKe4/s640/06-Embiotoca+lateralis+-+striped+seaperch.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Embiotoca lateralis</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Tyee Beach, Canada</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYoig6_S_0WBQRYrURUKKbjCmu2_U8mK7Uhl0rJNP9lFDCy01o7ddFFpNxVMhSptZMQE1EezEMJVMGtQeMUirPOYxpD3h19Zcdnk8_Htr8_yd7keXpkYFZ1Tu0JAZkX1-1B49chBFq5Ss/s1600/08-Hexagrammos+decagrammus+-+kelp+greenling.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYoig6_S_0WBQRYrURUKKbjCmu2_U8mK7Uhl0rJNP9lFDCy01o7ddFFpNxVMhSptZMQE1EezEMJVMGtQeMUirPOYxpD3h19Zcdnk8_Htr8_yd7keXpkYFZ1Tu0JAZkX1-1B49chBFq5Ss/s640/08-Hexagrammos+decagrammus+-+kelp+greenling.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hexagrammos decagrammus</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">, female, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Canada </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
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From shallow water up to 45 m deep you can find the kelp greenling, <i>Hexagrammos decagrammus</i>. Male and female are quite different. I am not surprised that in the past they were seen as two different species. Up to 60 cm long.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpnVjWdGNAkXk2XGN-ojnEvUObB6zXBuxpqY1MqgyVz3a3ycKQUKzqFFj-3SQA0Uu-T9xHGS8ynoDp7rfHPG918kOrfS0AiByG4-8q3JotA8MelrzIJojqB8RI1fOhvDAMN-j5U_hPVU4/s1600/09-Hexagrammos+decagrammus+-+kelp+greenling+(female).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpnVjWdGNAkXk2XGN-ojnEvUObB6zXBuxpqY1MqgyVz3a3ycKQUKzqFFj-3SQA0Uu-T9xHGS8ynoDp7rfHPG918kOrfS0AiByG4-8q3JotA8MelrzIJojqB8RI1fOhvDAMN-j5U_hPVU4/s640/09-Hexagrammos+decagrammus+-+kelp+greenling+(female).jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hexagrammos decagrammus</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">, female, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Canada </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQP8GmhQcxShI4FRgADcRiyeJaSTitzYM2Xhyphenhyphend04nQqwOOwPj5bTqHkb6OLVtMbs4RH9PH-VqKUqRlmlJtfjFrBxY2qr-6SOw2iwKuGdiicHxXztOc2a_M0JOpGFgo_yYgWsgEog9mcc4/s1600/10-Hexagrammos+decagrammus+-+kelp+greenling+(female).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQP8GmhQcxShI4FRgADcRiyeJaSTitzYM2Xhyphenhyphend04nQqwOOwPj5bTqHkb6OLVtMbs4RH9PH-VqKUqRlmlJtfjFrBxY2qr-6SOw2iwKuGdiicHxXztOc2a_M0JOpGFgo_yYgWsgEog9mcc4/s640/10-Hexagrammos+decagrammus+-+kelp+greenling+(female).jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hexagrammos decagrammus</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">, female, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Canada </span></div>
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In the world of fish usually the male is the more colourful, the more beautiful. It is a matter of taste, but I think female kelp greenlings are well matched.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhauNvmcaVJRW4R21ilE8lAsowaAkzAvIOJR0DXf5epY0lPoa1aO70xFD9UGxFK7aQ8KGvRwwMYLbKEU6uvmy0gHVGG6auj2HzPBpq-3xcjIVKXO_-Ph8rBTsCHguRwuBbDNu4AdoQC5Do/s1600/11-Hexagrammos+decagrammus+-+kelp+greenling+(male).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhauNvmcaVJRW4R21ilE8lAsowaAkzAvIOJR0DXf5epY0lPoa1aO70xFD9UGxFK7aQ8KGvRwwMYLbKEU6uvmy0gHVGG6auj2HzPBpq-3xcjIVKXO_-Ph8rBTsCHguRwuBbDNu4AdoQC5Do/s640/11-Hexagrammos+decagrammus+-+kelp+greenling+(male).jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hexagrammos decagrammus</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">, male, Rock Bay, Canada </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh5Ys3WjGbPc3r-z58ObyJ367snJYq2qan-xuwDEFKn5eHmhvaPQ9Tb8qr4OHlLGDKp3GI6zPttamxETe_6R2XW1ewPPaYdY9VQskMfUGK4eI1Mz65M7SsH_GT0iv0sLun4HQGNnT3HXM/s1600/12-Hexagrammos+decagrammus+-+kelp+greenling.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh5Ys3WjGbPc3r-z58ObyJ367snJYq2qan-xuwDEFKn5eHmhvaPQ9Tb8qr4OHlLGDKp3GI6zPttamxETe_6R2XW1ewPPaYdY9VQskMfUGK4eI1Mz65M7SsH_GT0iv0sLun4HQGNnT3HXM/s640/12-Hexagrammos+decagrammus+-+kelp+greenling.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Hexagrammos decagrammus</i>, male, Neck Point, Canada </span></div>
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They were common and curious, but they kept their distance. Lamb & Hanby (2005): 'Is this species the next one to be designated for slaughter, as fishers, politicians and fisheries managers look for another underutilized species to exploit?'<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0VPaNc5o0Nav3uRMguH-VY14tAUEzkMb-aCov2vqdHqJ4J59tTQECo-lKoe2HS6H7u7FNj-a0dvV9JcqC1ZZN7BXes26yjss5QlfGrMSFkymBXdCmoVqilxFkxv2tFLHLbjVypW5m3oU/s1600/13-Hexagrammos+decagrammus+-+kelp+greenling.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0VPaNc5o0Nav3uRMguH-VY14tAUEzkMb-aCov2vqdHqJ4J59tTQECo-lKoe2HS6H7u7FNj-a0dvV9JcqC1ZZN7BXes26yjss5QlfGrMSFkymBXdCmoVqilxFkxv2tFLHLbjVypW5m3oU/s640/13-Hexagrammos+decagrammus+-+kelp+greenling.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hexagrammos decagrammus</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">, male, Neck Point, Canada </span></div>
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A most extraordinary coloured eye. First prize in the beauty contest!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1BZIfMlPUT6FnqB19Fg3fCfoCiBpf2R5mgseRqA51FsMDcRiMGHi8ocwL42f7g1rSOW3tsK9XCZ0ROpTlO0dfwTEm05QmS1CwnCpzaSaFO0Vrr7hIY7NAZ6QnKdjD_FPn6O9449cM_lM/s1600/14-Hexagrammos+decagrammus+-+kelp+greenling.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1BZIfMlPUT6FnqB19Fg3fCfoCiBpf2R5mgseRqA51FsMDcRiMGHi8ocwL42f7g1rSOW3tsK9XCZ0ROpTlO0dfwTEm05QmS1CwnCpzaSaFO0Vrr7hIY7NAZ6QnKdjD_FPn6O9449cM_lM/s640/14-Hexagrammos+decagrammus+-+kelp+greenling.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hexagrammos decagrammus</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">, female, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Canada </span></div>
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Two female kelp greenlings between seagrass.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjebkAV1jT4WPTHjPdLdCJb-qBfD8QoBJi3RO4Vauhx95_PmnmC3RlybTtHbqabgOvPr7T_WLcxDp6UaJGu6Dw12MuYVpngbYeiIiAKzFFTF0wgLzL3mOPUNM3iGRjpFd0ReYjTNHrRE10/s1600/15-Parophrys+vetulus+-+english+sole.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjebkAV1jT4WPTHjPdLdCJb-qBfD8QoBJi3RO4Vauhx95_PmnmC3RlybTtHbqabgOvPr7T_WLcxDp6UaJGu6Dw12MuYVpngbYeiIiAKzFFTF0wgLzL3mOPUNM3iGRjpFd0ReYjTNHrRE10/s640/15-Parophrys+vetulus+-+english+sole.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Parophrys vetulus & Himatina trophina,</i></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Cottam Point, Canada</span></div>
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<i>Parophrys vetulus</i>, the english sole in its sandy biotope. Next to it the nudibranch <i>Himatina trophina, </i>Long-mouthed aeolid. More about this and other molluscs in my next post.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizNC7OmBUyr2hY1eTsDqyzA1__4mqGb805EI5jsFWgEXFIUyYXdUC0UPH_CDL-nbO5rZTBodfHPAODZMLFGmzIBwD1QcNkyBrJNjd88-OcWMuTf1HO35ET9vYnpcG79zT5ndV3g1VZ9sQ/s1600/16-Parophrys+vetulus+-+english+sole.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizNC7OmBUyr2hY1eTsDqyzA1__4mqGb805EI5jsFWgEXFIUyYXdUC0UPH_CDL-nbO5rZTBodfHPAODZMLFGmzIBwD1QcNkyBrJNjd88-OcWMuTf1HO35ET9vYnpcG79zT5ndV3g1VZ9sQ/s640/16-Parophrys+vetulus+-+english+sole.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Parophrys vetulus,</i></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Cottam Point, Canada</span></div>
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Up to 61 cm long. Its form is more slender than its family member, the rock sole (below), which is more rounded.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNOhz31jRwKXQQjjgXcGphvUh3pTzcXsnm8x-pXwhrKpAGu6aqRw47OfGqfL9Qb0Us_BysvmkoMlScdOq2YowTka_bnwc-1VTg7jhnpKUIIkgi1Wk-iEokmqOLF_TWyY9CqsMnsn7H9e0/s1600/17-Lepidopsetta+bilineata+-+rock+sole.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNOhz31jRwKXQQjjgXcGphvUh3pTzcXsnm8x-pXwhrKpAGu6aqRw47OfGqfL9Qb0Us_BysvmkoMlScdOq2YowTka_bnwc-1VTg7jhnpKUIIkgi1Wk-iEokmqOLF_TWyY9CqsMnsn7H9e0/s640/17-Lepidopsetta+bilineata+-+rock+sole.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Lepidopsetta bilineata, </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cottam Point, Canada</span></div>
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<i>Lepidopsetta bilineata, </i>the rock sole. Lamb & Edgell (1986): 'The active rock sole commonly dwells upon sandy or muddy bottoms but may frequently, though briefly, move onto smooth rocky outcroppings.' Up to 60 cm.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_DYeZ1yVtLfXbFc7SiTHt2LsBXlxqtKZJ5Ac4Q5UkHgP9hCbIMqEXuOHs_mbh83umVex-aE5qtb7w-n7-Qfv-uLi3a5kZmto_igDcpudjPNc1PWxHpF6nrQEK5nQVtjPYMWM5YbBh-aQ/s1600/18-Lepidopsetta+bilineata+-+rock+sole.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_DYeZ1yVtLfXbFc7SiTHt2LsBXlxqtKZJ5Ac4Q5UkHgP9hCbIMqEXuOHs_mbh83umVex-aE5qtb7w-n7-Qfv-uLi3a5kZmto_igDcpudjPNc1PWxHpF6nrQEK5nQVtjPYMWM5YbBh-aQ/s640/18-Lepidopsetta+bilineata+-+rock+sole.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Lepidopsetta bilineata, </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cottam Point, Canada</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyXDuj2-M1Ra0HHz0vQN-wuLNBxaJNPVmV9ZOApti_rOHJdIzrSEGwtl446MeVy76rNhAnjOIgPrdhznn3Nyqxf6xw00en4gnqWjDNLihY_gFAseWxNUgDcm3sIKYcFdgqluis_hXvGbU/s1600/19-Ophiodon+elongatus+-+lingcod.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyXDuj2-M1Ra0HHz0vQN-wuLNBxaJNPVmV9ZOApti_rOHJdIzrSEGwtl446MeVy76rNhAnjOIgPrdhznn3Nyqxf6xw00en4gnqWjDNLihY_gFAseWxNUgDcm3sIKYcFdgqluis_hXvGbU/s640/19-Ophiodon+elongatus+-+lingcod.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Bassozetus elongatus, </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>This lingcod, <i>Bassozetus elongatus</i>, and the one on the next photo are juvenile specimens of about 25 to 35 cm. Lamb & Hanby (2005): 'Overfishing has reduced virtually every population of this species.'<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil1u5sQugQWY629h_QnC45fWwppJ241UrOHeIbB5fLX-gu7W-shpCEd9y57_mvErr2qHXgTYQSiS26dUF7JCI6b_7ZomTCeqmSFMTlUkYvSmB3d6b7DKePacYTE5royNHr9FWmdRBxoEM/s1600/20-Ophiodon+elongatus+-+lingcod.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil1u5sQugQWY629h_QnC45fWwppJ241UrOHeIbB5fLX-gu7W-shpCEd9y57_mvErr2qHXgTYQSiS26dUF7JCI6b_7ZomTCeqmSFMTlUkYvSmB3d6b7DKePacYTE5royNHr9FWmdRBxoEM/s640/20-Ophiodon+elongatus+-+lingcod.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Bassozetus</span></i><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> elongatus, </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGI-uPMRdG-aUFZkmKCT8mIe2m_SaNnltv7skZ0nmu7V_ZlInAwfEGRSyrCjKGLp7RYRcuoJmjHHb9Np-QtfUe_i19rNow5jwEzxBk3x8VgwzoV61Yz_1FUYVqOKvxWAQwtcfDjByPflA/s1600/21-Ophiodon+elongatus+-+lingcod.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGI-uPMRdG-aUFZkmKCT8mIe2m_SaNnltv7skZ0nmu7V_ZlInAwfEGRSyrCjKGLp7RYRcuoJmjHHb9Np-QtfUe_i19rNow5jwEzxBk3x8VgwzoV61Yz_1FUYVqOKvxWAQwtcfDjByPflA/s640/21-Ophiodon+elongatus+-+lingcod.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Bassozetus</span></i><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> elongatus, </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Tyee Beach, Canada</span></div>
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They can reach an impressive size and weight: up to 1.5 m long and a weight of 48 kg! The specimen on this photo was about 80 cm. As I tried to come closer to take some more photo's, because the opossum shrimps were ruining my picture (as you can see), it just swam away. To be honest I was a bit wary and was glad that there was a big photo apparatus between him/her and me.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX_vzPon6bYXaqcUiYhbT45viODKgJTBgWOAV1gzgnKp1B0j9OM0YLuBY5oABvvbcNJanL0GwgCtwpKXEw01fdIfyBSpmhBcCqGZj6Aq36JzIfmJUp2FjbSNBKM_oAGaojFAygLrfTYp8/s1600/22-Rhinogobiops+nicholsii+-+blackeye+goby.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX_vzPon6bYXaqcUiYhbT45viODKgJTBgWOAV1gzgnKp1B0j9OM0YLuBY5oABvvbcNJanL0GwgCtwpKXEw01fdIfyBSpmhBcCqGZj6Aq36JzIfmJUp2FjbSNBKM_oAGaojFAygLrfTYp8/s640/22-Rhinogobiops+nicholsii+-+blackeye+goby.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rhinogobiops nicholsii, </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Tyee Beach, Canada</span></div>
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In a more secluded biotope between rocks and sand you can find <i>Rhinogobiops nicholsii</i>, the blackeye goby. It is not shy at all. Strange, because in the same neighbourhood you will find big predators like the lingcod. Up to 15 cm long.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLqcQ3OzLdiAwSnnqcJbGszf_SVWLAiEdtrrIkS3c8HXYOnwNVgqhykc1B44Qd15a3JXn6AlJ1ZXJTfpsC-bPg2I3I0gn13PF5ReCgjAKa4uFD4aZ8gQU8wuijeICRmGoscPtynXIvMzM/s1600/23-Pycnopodia+helianthoides+-+Agarum+fimbriatum+-+Rhinogobiops+nicholsii+-+Fucus+gardneri.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLqcQ3OzLdiAwSnnqcJbGszf_SVWLAiEdtrrIkS3c8HXYOnwNVgqhykc1B44Qd15a3JXn6AlJ1ZXJTfpsC-bPg2I3I0gn13PF5ReCgjAKa4uFD4aZ8gQU8wuijeICRmGoscPtynXIvMzM/s640/23-Pycnopodia+helianthoides+-+Agarum+fimbriatum+-+Rhinogobiops+nicholsii+-+Fucus+gardneri.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Rhinogobiops nicholsii, Pycnopodia helianthoides, Agarum fimbriatum </i>(top right)<i>, Fucus gardneri </i>(bottom right)<i>, </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Neck Point, Canada</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb5zKKSyi2Q2g-kK6jejbyD9dZGKuhv-kqDsVJeGO0mE0BDfsvgaJvKa1rhxExIXr6q3WoR8ANoRO04u1luJ6n9xT4zHkPGoE3u5LzTcmzFWiQj2GdGNpyJcJ7GGrlyTAyKpTlSNavby8/s1600/24-Rhinogobiops+nicholsii+-+blackeye+goby.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb5zKKSyi2Q2g-kK6jejbyD9dZGKuhv-kqDsVJeGO0mE0BDfsvgaJvKa1rhxExIXr6q3WoR8ANoRO04u1luJ6n9xT4zHkPGoE3u5LzTcmzFWiQj2GdGNpyJcJ7GGrlyTAyKpTlSNavby8/s640/24-Rhinogobiops+nicholsii+-+blackeye+goby.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rhinogobiops nicholsii, </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Tyee Beach, Canada</span></div>
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In this photo you can see the blackeye goby 'standing' on its pectoral and pelvic fins. Like all <i>Gobiidae</i>, they have their pelvic fins transformed into a kind of sucker. But it is not by far as strong and sticky as the sucker of <i><a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2013/08/clingfish-crabs-and-best-marine-biology.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Gobiesox maeandricus</span></a></i>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfX7gzZrOlck7QmsonSb8OzP_vgPHAFlC4Qw-OFaP9adMF8iAZtCJgy5i8uZ5N5cfnRSCmEqh7oBFm5R17EtAZ5JV_dmT-VfLXV72k6yjbpa_Ef32wDVIKgk5m4G232oXZ4O290GinIlQ/s1600/25-Rhinogobiops+nicholsii+-+blackeye+goby.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfX7gzZrOlck7QmsonSb8OzP_vgPHAFlC4Qw-OFaP9adMF8iAZtCJgy5i8uZ5N5cfnRSCmEqh7oBFm5R17EtAZ5JV_dmT-VfLXV72k6yjbpa_Ef32wDVIKgk5m4G232oXZ4O290GinIlQ/s640/25-Rhinogobiops+nicholsii+-+blackeye+goby.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rhinogobiops nicholsii, </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Neck Point, Canada</span></div>
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In my <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2013/08/clingfish-crabs-and-best-marine-biology.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">last post</span></a> I told about the total absence of <i>Blenniidae</i> in this part of the Pacific. It is almost the same with the <i>Gobiidae</i>, because the blackeye goby is one of only three representatives of this genus here. Against more than 40 species in Europe (Lythgoe (1976)). These families live in about the same biotope as sculpins and <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2008/09/fish.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">gunnels</span></a>, which are very well represented in the waters around Vancouver Island. Why is family X so successful in Pacific waters and family Y in Europe? Your guess is as good as mine.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNoiioQbnLJL87NET-9cInaOMNDVhODjzXhe1tPkdWSRYDujn-GB6UH_p3ZzodfLMdKggofdc3NUtjEiR7kogYKdY4xAexKxgBWOA9t51vDhfmXog19DT40brclGIcRVe1jbU01eiw9KM/s1600/26-Sebastes+maliger+-+quillback+rockfish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNoiioQbnLJL87NET-9cInaOMNDVhODjzXhe1tPkdWSRYDujn-GB6UH_p3ZzodfLMdKggofdc3NUtjEiR7kogYKdY4xAexKxgBWOA9t51vDhfmXog19DT40brclGIcRVe1jbU01eiw9KM/s640/26-Sebastes+maliger+-+quillback+rockfish.jpg" width="425" /></a></div>
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sebastes maliger</span></i><i style="font-size: small;"> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">near </span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nereocystis luetkeana</span></i><i style="font-size: small;">, </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><br />
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<i>Sebastes maliger, </i>the quillback rockfish, swimming along bull kelp, <i><a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2013/02/underwater-forest-of-bull-kelp-dream.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Nereocystis luetkana</span></a></i>. The big 'dogs' - like the ones in the photo above - were hovering over the bottom searching for prey, but when resting they were swimming near the big bull kelps for cover. Smaller specimens were always near the bottom and sometimes resting on the rocks (see the first photo of this post, its relative, the copper rockfish).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjivV1pQS_SU4SV_AJHbBKzhTHnv5MS17gTEu6ya91vhNSEgRLoF5Zk60Dtx7PHrdm7SJHc9dB9l-DQGLqHwajiMISsdUdwpJOVGILQ98T571TKQvPBu_dv5A3CcFxh88La4ALIDHJQWsk/s1600/27-Sebastes+maliger+-+quillback+rockfish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjivV1pQS_SU4SV_AJHbBKzhTHnv5MS17gTEu6ya91vhNSEgRLoF5Zk60Dtx7PHrdm7SJHc9dB9l-DQGLqHwajiMISsdUdwpJOVGILQ98T571TKQvPBu_dv5A3CcFxh88La4ALIDHJQWsk/s640/27-Sebastes+maliger+-+quillback+rockfish.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Sebastes maliger, </i>Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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As you can see there was a lot of debris in the water. I am used to troubled water: in comparison this would be called clear water in the Netherlands. Usually a flash is causing 'backscatter': tiny debris particles which are reflected/highlighted by the flashlight(s). So you would think I used a flash in this photo and none in the next photo. But it is the other way round. Maybe it was slack tide at the moment I took the next photo and there was a lot less debris swirling around.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjywMchcdVpe-MWy1EGZX_-uga4zftH-4wn74XR3JzxWP7iPIAygsADt8vbxnSvFQAhAZBdV9AcdLaKGgDfch0ipVjpwzlPZYhLWww9cyP3ZaMKO5d2hkalXudPyXJ-u2m1jMwfk9_rrHA/s1600/28-Sebastes+maliger+-+quillback+rockfish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjywMchcdVpe-MWy1EGZX_-uga4zftH-4wn74XR3JzxWP7iPIAygsADt8vbxnSvFQAhAZBdV9AcdLaKGgDfch0ipVjpwzlPZYhLWww9cyP3ZaMKO5d2hkalXudPyXJ-u2m1jMwfk9_rrHA/s640/28-Sebastes+maliger+-+quillback+rockfish.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sebastes maliger,</span></i><i style="font-size: small;"> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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This species can live as long as 95 years (Lamb & Hanby (2005)). It lives subtidal to a depth of 275 m. Up to 60 cm long.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyQou-8dnihdPazRBSffN6Wt3KAUSubHnYs3FjsVktdFxAz718w276Xes2sOmvOXa6IzL6J_-mq-hnLWQI-Wo8VlzBkUEmnc7Zg-i_7rCU2pyjIbtTDydHA9b56d0XJpCzBq0TwdO91Go/s1600/29-Sebastes+caurinus+-+copper+rockfish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyQou-8dnihdPazRBSffN6Wt3KAUSubHnYs3FjsVktdFxAz718w276Xes2sOmvOXa6IzL6J_-mq-hnLWQI-Wo8VlzBkUEmnc7Zg-i_7rCU2pyjIbtTDydHA9b56d0XJpCzBq0TwdO91Go/s640/29-Sebastes+caurinus+-+copper+rockfish.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sebastes caurinus,</span></i><i style="font-size: small;"> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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This is another species of rockfish: <i>Sebastes caurinus</i>, the copper rockfish. One distinguishing feature compared to <i>S. maliger</i> is the white stripe along the lateral line. Contrary to <i>S. maliger</i> you can also find <i>S. caurinus</i> in the intertidal zone. Up to 66 cm long.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjitZ9l1AQuvDmpT638i7KI-LhSQrm4_5SKU1o23buQXsKdNOrxT5FEFhJwyTLwvA4RXMtQIBDgyWrXI0y-6kotoVf4ICKpqGfxhKWfHKyEchmR45ocbkdf5RAWDrMNgMbOOMjPAMkP8fE/s1600/30-Sebastes+caurinus+-+copper+rockfish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjitZ9l1AQuvDmpT638i7KI-LhSQrm4_5SKU1o23buQXsKdNOrxT5FEFhJwyTLwvA4RXMtQIBDgyWrXI0y-6kotoVf4ICKpqGfxhKWfHKyEchmR45ocbkdf5RAWDrMNgMbOOMjPAMkP8fE/s640/30-Sebastes+caurinus+-+copper+rockfish.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Sebastes caurinus,</span></i><i style="font-size: small;"> </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay, Canada</span></div>
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A more reddish variety of the copper rockfish.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_HIFYNfq2VxzyfNYq4tsfM-4Y0ytW4_3U1stYN92Fi4ETUqRsOWlOWJqKx6G2B7tnh9Mj53ltTuuD9FcEgf-IBuSXHYLkynG9ZOnK0iwR2XVzsWw8-_Cu0vNeZXzd7OLRXfjBJHs8IlA/s1600/31-Sebastes+caurinus+-+copper+rockfish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_HIFYNfq2VxzyfNYq4tsfM-4Y0ytW4_3U1stYN92Fi4ETUqRsOWlOWJqKx6G2B7tnh9Mj53ltTuuD9FcEgf-IBuSXHYLkynG9ZOnK0iwR2XVzsWw8-_Cu0vNeZXzd7OLRXfjBJHs8IlA/s640/31-Sebastes+caurinus+-+copper+rockfish.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sebastes caurinus</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Neck Point, Canada</span></div>
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The next quotations are from Lamb & Hanby (2005): 'Steadily and alarmingly Pacific Northwest populations of this once-abundant species are declining. The main reasons are the commercial fishery.... '. About its congener <i>S. maliger</i>: 'Like other rockfish, this species is easily caught by novice anglers. Extraction activities, which continue unabated, can lift virtually every specimen from a reef.' A fishing quotum is imperative, but: 'Fishery managers, facing political pressure from consumers, appear powerless to stop it.'<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjirclIettesosHfQus1yejiBaxEHNRYB2fGyQPcFXFO3U9gP7rVTNlzpAO1igEsEUvjKjxrwMiL1BU_yJM37omfyiLwGo9oSUFEQVQFh5jGs22w5n_8sWUsgxLf2j8HhpsCYr4itXMRJA/s1600/32-Sebastes+caurinus+-+copper+rockfish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjirclIettesosHfQus1yejiBaxEHNRYB2fGyQPcFXFO3U9gP7rVTNlzpAO1igEsEUvjKjxrwMiL1BU_yJM37omfyiLwGo9oSUFEQVQFh5jGs22w5n_8sWUsgxLf2j8HhpsCYr4itXMRJA/s640/32-Sebastes+caurinus+-+copper+rockfish.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sebastes caurinus</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Tyee Beach, Canada</span></div>
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As you have read in this post, some species of fish are under threat. I don't object to eating fish, but I hope this post will encourage you to enjoy these species just by looking at them. And by that I don't mean on your dinner plate. Protect them by fishing quota or marine reserves before it is too late!<br />
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Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-23964953448227933292013-10-04T15:39:00.000+02:002018-04-20T23:19:10.965+02:00Clingfish, crabs and the best marine biology day I ever had<div style="text-align: left;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGHGLYoBvqjyMqa7187Z_W0Ah9vZM8evDriuCTjBjl4A9Sbfkmg2PsqKuGNH_Gd-uxpJUz4txPdRPzwSgJJscf3HUBNP8Va5RRtBofAZA6d_mEoeZkAqxE-tP18hsn0hyBMsD_nSh1TTc/s1600/01Gobiesox+maeandricus+-+northern+clingfishA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGHGLYoBvqjyMqa7187Z_W0Ah9vZM8evDriuCTjBjl4A9Sbfkmg2PsqKuGNH_Gd-uxpJUz4txPdRPzwSgJJscf3HUBNP8Va5RRtBofAZA6d_mEoeZkAqxE-tP18hsn0hyBMsD_nSh1TTc/s640/01Gobiesox+maeandricus+-+northern+clingfishA.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i style="font-size: small;">Gobiesox maeandricus </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(captive/staged)*</span></div>
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This is the northern clingfish, <i>Gobiesox maeandricus</i>. Are there (m)any divers who have met this species? I only met these clingfish while beachcombing<span style="text-align: center;"> </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG0_PtfKGyOTExW6x-O9-9E2aH2-WBPXICXrt1mwcaI68kRIJrhbmv7Z_hbOO5VDqNP19e0UWT7cdMtZB4N7K3nzcDzZzpNlG4D_tJ5ITp0yQZuas1JxEkxSMFnNDi8CXbG13g27-ScNc/s1600/04Rock+Bay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG0_PtfKGyOTExW6x-O9-9E2aH2-WBPXICXrt1mwcaI68kRIJrhbmv7Z_hbOO5VDqNP19e0UWT7cdMtZB4N7K3nzcDzZzpNlG4D_tJ5ITp0yQZuas1JxEkxSMFnNDi8CXbG13g27-ScNc/s640/04Rock+Bay.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Rock Bay at extreme low water.</span></div>
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On what would eventually became the best marine biology day I ever had, I woke up at 7.30. I had planned to make my first two dives in Rock Bay (Vancouver Island, Canada) that day. But when I stepped out of our RV, I noticed it was extreme low water. As landlubber (as contrary to a diver) this means rich pickings and hopefully some new species. So I took my gear and went beachcombing and photographing. After 30 minutes I decided to skip photographing and to collect. Because in that short time I found 5 species I had never seen before, like the northern clingfish. Partly on, but mostly hidden between and beneath rocks.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6z3E3foqI8J7Qu1iVCMW6l5hqZXreiVDd9_pM1zTWKmzwRUTdEN0V3L0tNLg3a9QvP-P0VJL89bdjr_GLotIfoULZh-jE5aWAtUm6qmqTIRJA59GgQdeQjueV8kCC73nJdGj79EUg7KY/s1600/05Rock+Bay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6z3E3foqI8J7Qu1iVCMW6l5hqZXreiVDd9_pM1zTWKmzwRUTdEN0V3L0tNLg3a9QvP-P0VJL89bdjr_GLotIfoULZh-jE5aWAtUm6qmqTIRJA59GgQdeQjueV8kCC73nJdGj79EUg7KY/s640/05Rock+Bay.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Again Rock Bay at extreme low water.</span><br />
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A lot of fish, crab, sea anemones, tunicates, sponges, worms and molluscs hide this way from the sun (against dehydration) and for protection against predators. So you just have to overturn rocks to find certain species. </div>
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None of these new species did I see afterwards while diving! Maybe if I had made a night dive I would have seen a few. A lot of these creatures, especially crabs and lobsters, are very cryptic and are mostly active after dark. The crabs and the clingfish I present in this post are partly photographed in their natural surrounding, but all staged.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigAJKgm4-Z2YPvTiv6rB05ecTsZ-SmohlwsUUXrenCkR7gE8j-rwjFuXdpZ5C9-chs2dRHCdnYMuA-Z6QTJNy1vNuH0-Q7Tj9PsO58fxlaWL8ZeaB_s8_pOwREpIrqJg5_AvizCUM_BrE/s1600/10Petrolisthes+eriomerus+-+flattop+crab.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigAJKgm4-Z2YPvTiv6rB05ecTsZ-SmohlwsUUXrenCkR7gE8j-rwjFuXdpZ5C9-chs2dRHCdnYMuA-Z6QTJNy1vNuH0-Q7Tj9PsO58fxlaWL8ZeaB_s8_pOwREpIrqJg5_AvizCUM_BrE/s640/10Petrolisthes+eriomerus+-+flattop+crab.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Petrolisthes eriomerus </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(staged)</span><br />
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This is the flattop crab, <i>Petrolisthes eriomerus</i>. Sometimes it is difficult, even impossible, to identify a species by means of a photograph. This crab was easy to identify because of its blue mouthparts. Its lookalike, <i>Petrolisthes cinctipes</i>, has red mouthparts. To 2 cm across carapace.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEWPCQbELo5HEA_2t9uARbWbh8zeDdcWhPbAqzZtRKvzheZMixc1k2so9Ddd-Mo0xdBNyw7oR3pT7N1aPl0PjlmSdUQZTsOQuHuDuHH03UvVj1BsOPTPyx-dzenDVaC4AxYVPz1qB5Dac/s1600/11Petrolisthes+eriomerus+-+flattop+crab.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEWPCQbELo5HEA_2t9uARbWbh8zeDdcWhPbAqzZtRKvzheZMixc1k2so9Ddd-Mo0xdBNyw7oR3pT7N1aPl0PjlmSdUQZTsOQuHuDuHH03UvVj1BsOPTPyx-dzenDVaC4AxYVPz1qB5Dac/s640/11Petrolisthes+eriomerus+-+flattop+crab.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Petrolisthes eriomerus </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(staged)</span><br />
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It is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomura" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Anomuran</span></a> and related to hermit crabs. 'True' crabs have 4 pair of walking legs. Anomuran crabs have 3 pair of walking legs. Their last, fourth pair of legs is very small. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1LK5vEy-zkWSdkB0YqeP_dRkbWhq_TTukdL0t7Hn66ZUuJPhAx3TR8ICHoRCOHF5R9Za2Y26w7TALaEmEw95gIXREW04JuD8K6Wj2QG0cCAIfUGjmJtKVKUo_yXN3SoZrEim4n3_pL_E/s1600/12Hapalogaster+mertensii+-+hairy+crab.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1LK5vEy-zkWSdkB0YqeP_dRkbWhq_TTukdL0t7Hn66ZUuJPhAx3TR8ICHoRCOHF5R9Za2Y26w7TALaEmEw95gIXREW04JuD8K6Wj2QG0cCAIfUGjmJtKVKUo_yXN3SoZrEim4n3_pL_E/s640/12Hapalogaster+mertensii+-+hairy+crab.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hapalogaster mertensii</span></i><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(staged)</span><br />
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Another Anomuran crab (count the walking legs!), the hairy crab, <i>Hapalogaster mertensii</i>. To 3.5 cm across carapace.<br />
Compared to European waters, this part of the Pacific is very rich in Anomuran crabs.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkP1PpRjhy2COViV60OmeXTEa-SnwZhVOuZcx5NIVRdzVDA4APcHaYZGk8OugrKQG-cgtJhoUh_u37u8sw3ajDEUZO9dRK4MIq4s3CgtzNTS5A2XkE7GPZoxUMMnB47XivEPPNK8PQFdk/s1600/14Hapalogaster+mertensii+-+hairy+crab.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkP1PpRjhy2COViV60OmeXTEa-SnwZhVOuZcx5NIVRdzVDA4APcHaYZGk8OugrKQG-cgtJhoUh_u37u8sw3ajDEUZO9dRK4MIq4s3CgtzNTS5A2XkE7GPZoxUMMnB47XivEPPNK8PQFdk/s640/14Hapalogaster+mertensii+-+hairy+crab.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hapalogaster mertensii</span></i><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(staged)</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9m407XPOBMkwmwjoa79aYnBnPg0p3azdyX9zjZK1Bp1PbHIsYXsM0hKPlBe2kZb6UQCZkDisSCX_hOwCWWyiqx6rQ3CWfMLIbaszfkP88P7XeoTbd4QXJ2ELwQTjVmUgf68jF5_2NS7Q/s1600/15Cancer+oregonensis+-+pygmy+rock+crab.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9m407XPOBMkwmwjoa79aYnBnPg0p3azdyX9zjZK1Bp1PbHIsYXsM0hKPlBe2kZb6UQCZkDisSCX_hOwCWWyiqx6rQ3CWfMLIbaszfkP88P7XeoTbd4QXJ2ELwQTjVmUgf68jF5_2NS7Q/s640/15Cancer+oregonensis+-+pygmy+rock+crab.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cancer oregonensis</span></i><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(staged)</span><br />
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The typical shape of its carapace with indentations that look like the rim of an apple pie, makes the genus of this crab easy to identify: a Cancer species. It is <i>Cancer oregonensis, </i>the<i> </i>pygmy rock crab. And a pygmy it is: to 5 cm across carapace. Other Cancer crabs can become huge, like<i> </i>the red rock crab, <i><a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2008/09/heavy-and-strong-red-rock-crab-and.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Cancer productus</span></a></i>, up to 20 cm, and the edible crab, <i><a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2008/09/heavy-and-strong-red-rock-crab-and.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Cancer pagurus</span></a> </i>(NL: Noordzeekrab) over 30 cm.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPx8kq7R5CV39LTnKEzAal2aue2mJcvV251inxBxeDrpFYWAvnAfKMCAqu6_2zA4j44CpuaX4_DU9REfdw0BOD-NQvy72INhhunDDe1Uq21fdVbv0-zRS9XOwYdVOtqAWXIqiX2aYL8WA/s1600/16Cancer+oregonensis+-+pygmy+rock+crab.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPx8kq7R5CV39LTnKEzAal2aue2mJcvV251inxBxeDrpFYWAvnAfKMCAqu6_2zA4j44CpuaX4_DU9REfdw0BOD-NQvy72INhhunDDe1Uq21fdVbv0-zRS9XOwYdVOtqAWXIqiX2aYL8WA/s640/16Cancer+oregonensis+-+pygmy+rock+crab.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cancer oregonensis</span></i><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(staged)</span><br />
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I like Cancer crabs. Their locomotion is a bit clumsy and for me they look a bit like teddy bears. But look out for their claws, because they are extremely strong.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhonQsjVZ62GhYjlsJXz_g3WC3JRp22T_by9vcHBiHqV0QXOrx4Sdl0yuz5OIoZtEKDHnMJQxsi_qPhgT5m3kK4QinhiYs-xB2drSTCegfALdkU4V2AfZbYa_8v2PGvKTI6FavfYi7CqRU/s1600/19Lophopanopeus+bellus+-+black-clawed+crab.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhonQsjVZ62GhYjlsJXz_g3WC3JRp22T_by9vcHBiHqV0QXOrx4Sdl0yuz5OIoZtEKDHnMJQxsi_qPhgT5m3kK4QinhiYs-xB2drSTCegfALdkU4V2AfZbYa_8v2PGvKTI6FavfYi7CqRU/s640/19Lophopanopeus+bellus+-+black-clawed+crab.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Lophopanopeus bellus</i><i> </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(staged)</span><br />
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The black-clawed crab, <i>Lophopanopeus bellus</i>, is a crab that lives in the same habitat as Cancer crabs. They are smaller, but also have formidable claws, especially older male specimens. This (youngish) specimen has brown pincers. I don't think the pincers really colour to black, as its name suggests, but it is a bit atypical. As is its smaller right claw, which it has lost and is now regenerating.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhY0Dm0_q72tk49nmkaDSyzoz6S3FhYCCmWrTGZGiuF_BDHYSYIRzF64xiSiUhgx7keK7LpDrycqcIDrVbq3tU9tgRZ1TbREw30vFk_hyQaHK_rEOO4rGIJHJlOD1ZpTRZd-STFOB_KiA/s1600/18Lophopanopeus+bellus+-+black-clawed+crab.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhY0Dm0_q72tk49nmkaDSyzoz6S3FhYCCmWrTGZGiuF_BDHYSYIRzF64xiSiUhgx7keK7LpDrycqcIDrVbq3tU9tgRZ1TbREw30vFk_hyQaHK_rEOO4rGIJHJlOD1ZpTRZd-STFOB_KiA/s640/18Lophopanopeus+bellus+-+black-clawed+crab.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Lophopanopeus bellus</i><i> </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(staged)</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjctjpPCut8cObKYrt4s54vv_AzxaBQTdITivq5mJaKep9bLMeSv3DcIrFtDYJetwXfs8VH5Wn6OM4Af2hPTbs2nr1cJzQt1PvOAv8aj2NlyfZxEY8S2mjfiP6BcouUG9SdBDU4hwHMFkg/s1600/17Lophopanopeus+bellus+-+black-clawed+crab.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjctjpPCut8cObKYrt4s54vv_AzxaBQTdITivq5mJaKep9bLMeSv3DcIrFtDYJetwXfs8VH5Wn6OM4Af2hPTbs2nr1cJzQt1PvOAv8aj2NlyfZxEY8S2mjfiP6BcouUG9SdBDU4hwHMFkg/s640/17Lophopanopeus+bellus+-+black-clawed+crab.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Lophopanopeus bellus</i><i> </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(staged)</span><br />
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These black-clawed crabs are more typical and you can see that the claws of the specimen at the right are relatively big. I am sure that is a male. Have big claws something to do with making an impression to the ladies? Very well possible because that seems to be the case with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddler_crab" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">fiddler crabs</span></a>. To 4 cm across carapace.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyOSfeHbkVM63pm7zGk34j-Xc_58WeTQpA5eFF4vuczXukmiGTdI_2xZW9aDUf1DJsP-jV85pi__4doLbAo2K7ZVtCMWbY_cjKlhIcdyGNWrD-wH6hTkxTFbkLdbs6IFj9GwEOMSf_mUA/s1600/20Hemigrapsus+oregonensis+-+yellow+shore+crab.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyOSfeHbkVM63pm7zGk34j-Xc_58WeTQpA5eFF4vuczXukmiGTdI_2xZW9aDUf1DJsP-jV85pi__4doLbAo2K7ZVtCMWbY_cjKlhIcdyGNWrD-wH6hTkxTFbkLdbs6IFj9GwEOMSf_mUA/s640/20Hemigrapsus+oregonensis+-+yellow+shore+crab.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Hemigrapsus oregonensis</i><i> </i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">(staged)</span><br />
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The yellow shore crabs, <i>Hemigrapsus oregonensis</i>, were abundant and I had seen a few while snorkeling. To 5 cm across carapace.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJQytO0pWYXEUmcSO8JxvS5AvliKuKKklvnMxOrlv9BgWMG7f4LZQnRfWoO9fA5ZCztpqyXOfjUfa1NHDx3rBlp49M0iFHfUkqQ5IMMQukl7i6G_EqTVvH3BfcFsIDd9UO7hqzvyaUmM8/s1600/22Hemigrapsus+oregonensis+-+yellow+shore+crab.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJQytO0pWYXEUmcSO8JxvS5AvliKuKKklvnMxOrlv9BgWMG7f4LZQnRfWoO9fA5ZCztpqyXOfjUfa1NHDx3rBlp49M0iFHfUkqQ5IMMQukl7i6G_EqTVvH3BfcFsIDd9UO7hqzvyaUmM8/s640/22Hemigrapsus+oregonensis+-+yellow+shore+crab.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Hemigrapsus oregonensis</span></i><i style="font-size: small;"> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(staged)</span><br />
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The typical angular shape of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapsidae" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Grapsid</span></a> crabs. Click <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2008/11/shore-crabs.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">here</span></a> for my post about its relative, the purple shore crab, <i>Hemigrapsus nudus</i>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm1MCs1qP1WAZWnnsrDOxAtx_WxWaiay9ibMd6vTZqow0Y_ZmaPX7se733hK8XhYriIju9OpIQy8BhceoebRg4cRuOLcRMTXbvv1ksBbab85toximXmBL6np9Qo2PNrFTU9LabmlN_Mr4/s1600/21Hemigrapsus+oregonensis+-+yellow+shore+crab.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm1MCs1qP1WAZWnnsrDOxAtx_WxWaiay9ibMd6vTZqow0Y_ZmaPX7se733hK8XhYriIju9OpIQy8BhceoebRg4cRuOLcRMTXbvv1ksBbab85toximXmBL6np9Qo2PNrFTU9LabmlN_Mr4/s640/21Hemigrapsus+oregonensis+-+yellow+shore+crab.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<i style="font-size: small;">Hemigrapsus oregonensis</i><i style="font-size: small;"> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(staged)</span><br />
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Hemigrapsus species are not relying on their strength, but on their agility and speed.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-T-G7tZEtY18mtF9hGAM0cDDE2WO1a8xGblUvb5V5nXaEyaEL-KbWiA_7g1Rv_9Re9jONNd-GghCPzmp6RQ2Nruxruqqt7XQpFnP91DCIUGqEXHySrvmPuzOdxf8QKo_keVqG8XOgEeA/s1600/07Cryptochiton+stelleri+-+giant+pacific+chiton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-T-G7tZEtY18mtF9hGAM0cDDE2WO1a8xGblUvb5V5nXaEyaEL-KbWiA_7g1Rv_9Re9jONNd-GghCPzmp6RQ2Nruxruqqt7XQpFnP91DCIUGqEXHySrvmPuzOdxf8QKo_keVqG8XOgEeA/s640/07Cryptochiton+stelleri+-+giant+pacific+chiton.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
At this low tide seascape I found the clingfish and crabs. It looks a bit chaotic, but I know where to look. The pinkish blob is a giant pacific chiton, <i>Cryptochiton stelleri</i> (more about this and other shells in one of the next posts).<br />
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Do not ever forget to return the rocks and do it cautiously. If not, the seaweeds on the rocks will perish because they need the sun and the current, and sponges, tunicates etc. will die because of the sun and predators. I have seen a lot of sites in France and the Netherlands destroyed, because people are not aware or simply do not care for the life on and under rocks. So spread the word!</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk6wudQ8dtte7XLr0hcX12RaF63FkjbLxQqOsxrErlz6KxHiHGmHP8802AVSkbFAGPCcXrmPaZtnNgi9d_ZLcG3PieLEkUwDlzVMq639cVCGL8TzZVX25rXLnorp_KBpZov5xRp6zIdJI/s1600/09.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk6wudQ8dtte7XLr0hcX12RaF63FkjbLxQqOsxrErlz6KxHiHGmHP8802AVSkbFAGPCcXrmPaZtnNgi9d_ZLcG3PieLEkUwDlzVMq639cVCGL8TzZVX25rXLnorp_KBpZov5xRp6zIdJI/s640/09.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo: Hetty van der Hoeven</span></div>
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I put the collected animals in a bucket with water and after some time I went back to the RV (just 50 mtr away). My first dive was due to begin in one hour time, so I had not sufficient time for photographing. Where could I put them to stay overnight? My suitcase looked watertight...<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoyde6-Q2hc_iuhb0dutWAYd2JpgH4LTyqqanTeA72UEfpIRj82RBRWdLq6_0WGFLK89H0lXOzq_G62uqmLFIiIcuS8Hr0xMqTDbnKewuykZr2cDDuOzHa9jD9UOInnwwk0derB5s1mYg/s1600/08.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoyde6-Q2hc_iuhb0dutWAYd2JpgH4LTyqqanTeA72UEfpIRj82RBRWdLq6_0WGFLK89H0lXOzq_G62uqmLFIiIcuS8Hr0xMqTDbnKewuykZr2cDDuOzHa9jD9UOInnwwk0derB5s1mYg/s640/08.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
My wife is accustomed to such strange behaviour, the other guests of the camping site were not. But they already thought I was a bit strange.<br />
With some effort of my wife to keep the suitcase filled with water and out of the sun, all survived (when it became dark I removed the seaweed). The next day I made photo's and returned all the animals within a few meters of the location I collected them.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZSsw5YAAnB7gH3skaQx1pUbVIKsp50Q6AilWu_EyO4kRJAYa2W1otT5EPypooH_2xn9W2tI7F0ptyfhrHwSXG-u8nGxZWjjCsk2-67TNFttr_nWMy8t0V7-63GdYBPI7NiCoHN-sabCg/s1600/02Gobiesox+maeandricus+-+northern+clingfish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZSsw5YAAnB7gH3skaQx1pUbVIKsp50Q6AilWu_EyO4kRJAYa2W1otT5EPypooH_2xn9W2tI7F0ptyfhrHwSXG-u8nGxZWjjCsk2-67TNFttr_nWMy8t0V7-63GdYBPI7NiCoHN-sabCg/s640/02Gobiesox+maeandricus+-+northern+clingfish.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gobiesox maeandricus</span></i><i style="font-size: small;"> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(staged)</span><br />
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Back to the northern clingfish. As you can see, it looks like a flattened tadpole. It can grow to 16 cm, which is quite large for a clingfish species. All clingfish have a large sucker on their belly: their pelvic fins are formed into an adhesive disc. They have no scales that are easily lost or damaged. Instead they have a slimy hide.<br />
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That makes it the top gun fish in shallow waters with heavy current and crashing waves: it simply clings itself against the rocks. Clinging in itself costs no energy; it is a vacuum. Only freeing itself will be a little effort.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-DGDlFSPZVmjfEuQP4qAx0wKwtZfgw5n-cxcmuWcSl4xu_M4Bw2y3bHUi2LNO1rXWs7xKfBaKQMqVR1KWpNsvCru1FO56ia2uP6W9TIsk8H1limMgnoVzjmzlgJm1hRu4S26kdJuxQQg/s1600/34Lipophrys+pholis+-+shanny+-+steenslijmvis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-DGDlFSPZVmjfEuQP4qAx0wKwtZfgw5n-cxcmuWcSl4xu_M4Bw2y3bHUi2LNO1rXWs7xKfBaKQMqVR1KWpNsvCru1FO56ia2uP6W9TIsk8H1limMgnoVzjmzlgJm1hRu4S26kdJuxQQg/s640/34Lipophrys+pholis+-+shanny+-+steenslijmvis.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Lipophrys pholis</i> (captive, Kerpape, France)</span><br />
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And they have no competitors. In Europe the shore clingfish, <i>Lepadogaster lepadogaster</i> (NL: zuignapvis) and its relatives have competitors: about 20 species of blennies, like the shanny, <i>Lipophrys pholis</i> (NL: steenslijmvis). Shannies are agile, also have no scales and are adapted to breathing out of water. See the next photo of three shannies which I exposed after overturning a rock at low tide. No competition for the northern clingfish: in this part of the Pacific there is not one single blenny species to be found!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGYiU1T7RxSsnKJ0oZSBHSC_j-_z-nM1hVC_mq1YfhM-Iw8-ANHRgOp49vBp0SMw-j24Uv9MdgQ-Zn-eNiOKU1Bl8SAtYtre5pF7IzMHdQmx_ipP7lW3He-hT1hPUyANcElZayRAagzOs/s1600/33Lipophrys+pholis+-+shanny+-+gewone+slijmvis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGYiU1T7RxSsnKJ0oZSBHSC_j-_z-nM1hVC_mq1YfhM-Iw8-ANHRgOp49vBp0SMw-j24Uv9MdgQ-Zn-eNiOKU1Bl8SAtYtre5pF7IzMHdQmx_ipP7lW3He-hT1hPUyANcElZayRAagzOs/s640/33Lipophrys+pholis+-+shanny+-+gewone+slijmvis.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Lipophrys pholis</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (Zierikzee, The Netherlands)</span><br />
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<span style="text-align: left;">The northern clingfish hides its entire life and I think its 'lebensraum' is quite small. Lamb & Edgell (1986) note that while diving it is very infrequently sighted. 'Beachcombers overturning rocks commonly encounter this clingfish clinging tenaciously to its shelter. Various small snails, worms and shrimp-like creatures sharing the rocky abode of this fish also form much of is diet.'</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinQJjqD7Ys6ckr4qm0XhtznKmWHdcHYO9BF_U4avZnVJwNE4a8hD0gtjIE_D5kByh7BWX65QEAjIVy8J73NRrQ_pzt30K3gjuifVW3G0amfb7PIXa9kH5rggGOLpDbA_X4kpfdx5wEnx0/s1600/03Gobiesox+maeandricus+-+northern+clingfish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinQJjqD7Ys6ckr4qm0XhtznKmWHdcHYO9BF_U4avZnVJwNE4a8hD0gtjIE_D5kByh7BWX65QEAjIVy8J73NRrQ_pzt30K3gjuifVW3G0amfb7PIXa9kH5rggGOLpDbA_X4kpfdx5wEnx0/s640/03Gobiesox+maeandricus+-+northern+clingfish.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gobiesox maeandricus</span></i><i style="font-size: small;"> </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(staged)</span><br />
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As I know of its European counterpart, the already mentioned shore clingfish, <i>Lepadogaster lepadogaster,</i> you have to slide him forwards, shoving a piece of seaweed under its sucker to free him from the rock. If you push him backwards, the vacuum gets stronger and you will injure the fish considerably.<br />
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At the camping site they told me they were called bullheads and every year they are sought after for one day by children. As a competition who can collect the most. Last year (2011) they had collected 80 bullheads, this year only a few. He suspected that they had almost died out because of the heavy rainfall that year, that made the salinity too low. I found five specimens.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg-1FI7Ru8WTGgxwMieAfLRRAc6GNvYlP7kllvk1vT9xy6OQ3EmMZ6cNU6YEaJzcByTNuA8U-474lRMSGurnX5jcDOp8mV9s0ARPH7yQGKWoskX1Zck0H6nRwbumEgbZhYjk9SYKuywx4/s1600/30.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg-1FI7Ru8WTGgxwMieAfLRRAc6GNvYlP7kllvk1vT9xy6OQ3EmMZ6cNU6YEaJzcByTNuA8U-474lRMSGurnX5jcDOp8mV9s0ARPH7yQGKWoskX1Zck0H6nRwbumEgbZhYjk9SYKuywx4/s640/30.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Where the sea meets land (author unknown)</span><br />
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But why the best marine biology day I ever had? An hour after this magnificent beachcombing adventure (illustrated above) at Rock Bay I had my first dive here. Swimming in an underwater forest a <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2013/02/underwater-forest-of-bull-kelp-dream.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">dream came true</span></a> and I saw the <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2013/02/meet-fascinating-spotted-ratfish.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">spotted ratfish</span></a>. In between this and the next dive my wife yelled: orca's! We saw four killer whales, <i>Orcinus orca</i>, passing by. And after I had warmed up in the sun I had another wonderful dive.</div>
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* I would have preferred a more natural background, but contrary to the other photo's of the clingfish I wanted to make a photo of these clingfish in water. Especially to get rid of the reflections caused by the slimy skin. So the glass baking dish (provided with the RV) on a white table was convenient at the time. And it is better than my lyme coloured suitcase... Even so I still had to do some background photoshopping. Ofcourse the specimens themselves have not been altered in any way!</div>
Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-841680772676452312013-08-04T16:23:00.001+02:002017-04-25T22:20:55.068+02:00Common cuttlefish: chameleon of the sea<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPbTKE1d4LA3hJhQJn3KyzizB000iGQDZscfGY9P3xpFc5-a7geNXTTLrFi2sElPqehfxu4hOAt78M91yDznon3H34U6_6cMDHU5bk960w7KT8pv1ygYNYZNMPFYN6QXc6yGh4s2Bj6b4/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPbTKE1d4LA3hJhQJn3KyzizB000iGQDZscfGY9P3xpFc5-a7geNXTTLrFi2sElPqehfxu4hOAt78M91yDznon3H34U6_6cMDHU5bk960w7KT8pv1ygYNYZNMPFYN6QXc6yGh4s2Bj6b4/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat01.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
As promised in my previous post I would show and tell about young common cuttlefish, <i>Sepia officinalis</i> (NL: zeekat).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifY9s5OcrruOkMFkxpuc8by_jXwfG8iBVTVNONEj3ZSf7pSf30nR2_2zvLxp6Yfa4R8_XaZd68rjQ9EYmggvw4PHT_ZQ3aBqzBu-pCq1FbVUV-uCIcuu5u3fdluf6f_XBD8oqJaOq4oEk/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifY9s5OcrruOkMFkxpuc8by_jXwfG8iBVTVNONEj3ZSf7pSf30nR2_2zvLxp6Yfa4R8_XaZd68rjQ9EYmggvw4PHT_ZQ3aBqzBu-pCq1FbVUV-uCIcuu5u3fdluf6f_XBD8oqJaOq4oEk/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat02.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">time: 14:09:25</span><br />
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I found this specimen lying in the sand at <a href="http://www.vvvzeeland.nl/nl/vakantie/duiklocaties/37266/duiklocatie-kats-haven-zuid-(60)/noord-beveland/kats" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Katshaven Zuid</span></a>, August 23, 2012. It looks a bit like a piece of shell. Not as inobtrusive as I would expect of a vulnerable animal of about 15 mm long.<br />
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To prevent misunderstanding: the first 7 photo's of this post are of one and the same specimen! As you will read, they can change their appearance in seconds. That is why I put the time below each photo. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYJIiSKVkeE6lr7JvmMWJR1AD-EzKfp9Ml1YzBbdan69Vh9qPvg9jITl64m5XYav3mopNDHRGaJdseshF6bio8tEMUgK_ZF_LlJ4V0akeW6mrzzhiB4eK0ypalpr8K-QJVknfg5G9Buk8/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYJIiSKVkeE6lr7JvmMWJR1AD-EzKfp9Ml1YzBbdan69Vh9qPvg9jITl64m5XYav3mopNDHRGaJdseshF6bio8tEMUgK_ZF_LlJ4V0akeW6mrzzhiB4eK0ypalpr8K-QJVknfg5G9Buk8/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat03.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">14:10:03</span><br />
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As I came closer the cuttlefish changed its appearance. In the two photo's above it became aware of my presence and it raised four arms. Usually two arms, which makes it look like an elephant raising its trunk (see the second next photo while he is taking off). But the one above is definitely in <span style="color: orange;">'<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triceratops" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Quatroceratops</span></a>'</span> pose.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF9U1wYC-zjAmxtmX3ABkCN9fPAuf_i5sjoaRTwj4ALMKj7NVBqf1T1QGm8YzNvmCsw1j57cpaPAexKUiNovPsIaiIZ4Au_MgXQhLzM_m7YIQReGZL2NxVkroZnGr3p3wKd0V_U_ckBI0/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat30.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF9U1wYC-zjAmxtmX3ABkCN9fPAuf_i5sjoaRTwj4ALMKj7NVBqf1T1QGm8YzNvmCsw1j57cpaPAexKUiNovPsIaiIZ4Au_MgXQhLzM_m7YIQReGZL2NxVkroZnGr3p3wKd0V_U_ckBI0/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat30.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">14:10:35</span><br />
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Some seconds later the 'collar' and the white patches disappeared and the arms were lowered. No disguise at all. They change their colour by means of what is called chromatophores: cells with little bags of pigment which they can expand or shrink. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTw_LglW_sndfc6EIlnmcZMRW9-sKpx6a7OUl_qGTGA2H60WY6DukyWpMDt6DHhJ8S5IhZolWfAEOFqAo0iigEOegV_S8FapleRK88ZNNw-gmdO28Qz6G2AeXpUAal1flfiJKksm_rlZw/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTw_LglW_sndfc6EIlnmcZMRW9-sKpx6a7OUl_qGTGA2H60WY6DukyWpMDt6DHhJ8S5IhZolWfAEOFqAo0iigEOegV_S8FapleRK88ZNNw-gmdO28Qz6G2AeXpUAal1flfiJKksm_rlZw/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat04.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">14:10:46</span><br />
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Now with its arms closed, without the protrusions on its body and the colour of a bivalve shell, this is a much better camouflage. </div>
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Naylor (2005) about camouflage: 'If a cuttlefish swims off over a varying seabed, its shade can change instantly to match its surroundings, going dark over kelp-covered rocks and almost white over sand. The animal seems to calculate all the angles, apparently matching the seabed against which the observer is seeing it, rather than directly below it. ... To further improve camouflage, projections on the skin's surface will change its texture to replicate that of the surroundings.'</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX5GNcBzjSxvD00-Fch7-WXGwDwSdVlcMwiz9zxl7lFuUmalDH1YFvyZaIFMLZa90UUoMB9NJ6Bj0BtqAOjdzaaSsarYlWvi2gzNgEH8z65cCwf-zii4wnNvsddWiZdSPPwh07VCBZU2A/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat05.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX5GNcBzjSxvD00-Fch7-WXGwDwSdVlcMwiz9zxl7lFuUmalDH1YFvyZaIFMLZa90UUoMB9NJ6Bj0BtqAOjdzaaSsarYlWvi2gzNgEH8z65cCwf-zii4wnNvsddWiZdSPPwh07VCBZU2A/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat05.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">14:11:09</span><br />
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<span style="text-align: left;">The elephant pose. Was I coming to close? Did he knew his cover was blown?</span></div>
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I have seen young cuttlefish more often than adults. The first time was in 1986 when <span style="text-align: left;">I found a bunch of Sepia's eggs washed upon the shore. I took them home and put them in my aquarium. After some days about 100 very cute cuttlefish appeared. Proper food was hard to come by in these days. Eventually (and sadly enough) only one specimen survived for almost four months. </span><br />
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<span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span><span style="text-align: left;">I enjoyed them a lot. As little as they were, they had the same habits as adults. The cautious way they approach their prey and then the quick attack with their two much longer extendable arms. Sepia's have eight arms, but beneath those arms they are hiding these 'catch' tentacles.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;">And especially the tiny clouds of ink they spit out when annoyed. Charming and cuddly!</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibBQE7MGajr0P94QB9FRLInwOqNeURra5TjQrqEjK48Z1CZhu65Zq6Oq5GamMPYiPC4t_rfQyxOorHFAsDBfYvkUGxOKGkbLXwCRoYfkjO0M8gymFcG0JIYH9209CvtWQjO4g7LbcctCw/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat06.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibBQE7MGajr0P94QB9FRLInwOqNeURra5TjQrqEjK48Z1CZhu65Zq6Oq5GamMPYiPC4t_rfQyxOorHFAsDBfYvkUGxOKGkbLXwCRoYfkjO0M8gymFcG0JIYH9209CvtWQjO4g7LbcctCw/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat06.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">14:13:38</span><br />
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This photo shows how little the cuttlefish is. So small, it is easy prey for fish or - as could be but did not happen after I took the photo above - shore crabs (<i>Carcinus maenas</i>, NL: strandkrab). But it will not be for long, when roles are reversed and the shore crab is predated by Sepia.<br />
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The next photo's are taken at dive location <a href="http://www.vvvzeeland.nl/nl/vakantie/duiklocaties/38204/duiklocatie-pijlers-zeelandbrug-%2832%29/schouwen-duiveland/zierikzee#general" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Zeelandbrug</span></a>, September 5, 2012.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdPtF-eRyBYjlYZwyUe9fGrlJeXvrA2Ip2qofA4ZhyAzoJ16jg_y-A3w9JyFRq5Iu1CKPIaxW8xYcQwRjs6Cz-Hc-ZktqRt3EK-zW8B8XT5dC9uznq1siZs95ppubpPdpf0rwQXWrek9k/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat07.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdPtF-eRyBYjlYZwyUe9fGrlJeXvrA2Ip2qofA4ZhyAzoJ16jg_y-A3w9JyFRq5Iu1CKPIaxW8xYcQwRjs6Cz-Hc-ZktqRt3EK-zW8B8XT5dC9uznq1siZs95ppubpPdpf0rwQXWrek9k/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat07.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
If it had not moved and hid between the yellow ringed sea squirts (<i>Ciona intestinalis</i>, NL: doorschijnende zakpijp) it was easily overlooked. But luckily it did move.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYyGRGcfrSYi8fVedzI7G4ifpKPwdjJoS2dibIjUOuHvfNpjR3DR0mzM9Yv4wOU0RdmI0WAtD59OGTy9MUjGO5vbOgxtemywAdU7GqKrsEYs7rY80ihvImPOLEbH1pMykWFDbBVMNBggE/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat08.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYyGRGcfrSYi8fVedzI7G4ifpKPwdjJoS2dibIjUOuHvfNpjR3DR0mzM9Yv4wOU0RdmI0WAtD59OGTy9MUjGO5vbOgxtemywAdU7GqKrsEYs7rY80ihvImPOLEbH1pMykWFDbBVMNBggE/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat08.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
This is why we love young animals: their relative big eyes and head. And stocky build or is that only my preference?<br />
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Next to the cuttlefish is a nudibranch, a far 'cousin': the harlequin (<i>Polycera quadrilineata</i>, NL: harlekijnslak). It is a strange idea that snails, bivalves and cephalopods (like the cuttlefish) originate from a common ancestor. Albeit half a billion years ago.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvYawUTbRCh1fPikDgVxngKIRIbIxK2a5ayd92WNPD30KgM5KP71_QeTHZ3aauvxp6AMANw4H9rLU8DpDyqaEumR5O2VGuR62HZz5B_C30pmQ6h-E8AyqAD6HekFgqTcnPDXa_BYVftT8/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat20.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvYawUTbRCh1fPikDgVxngKIRIbIxK2a5ayd92WNPD30KgM5KP71_QeTHZ3aauvxp6AMANw4H9rLU8DpDyqaEumR5O2VGuR62HZz5B_C30pmQ6h-E8AyqAD6HekFgqTcnPDXa_BYVftT8/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat20.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">time: 12:02:05</span><br />
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This was another specimen I found that dive. I was looking for small nudibranchs so I was focused for small animals (I usually am, partly because the water is not very clear and the only way to see flora and fauna is to come as close as possible). But on the rocks overgrown with hydroids, polydora worm-tubes, sponges and sea squirts this cuttlefish is easily overlooked. It was 36 mm long.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPAOGNBjp9TJt8QjLE_B4HH6tbwHV6eAlctqNk2-0uLfMf5ReGxzCqUkfMYm83HxdrF1WPOxMdQicMp4bYTorlyOdD04GHDJABsxPwGQPAqIYuWZHbFWqZDOWN5BZVikIjc9T8nQ0VaNY/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPAOGNBjp9TJt8QjLE_B4HH6tbwHV6eAlctqNk2-0uLfMf5ReGxzCqUkfMYm83HxdrF1WPOxMdQicMp4bYTorlyOdD04GHDJABsxPwGQPAqIYuWZHbFWqZDOWN5BZVikIjc9T8nQ0VaNY/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat10.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">12:02:09</span><br />
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4 seconds later as it hovered a bit further, the surroundings changed because of the colour and pattern of the cement foundation of barnacles (bottom left on photo). And so the cuttlefish changed appearance.<br />
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Naylor (2005): '... cuttlefish use all sorts of patterns in an attempt to break up their outline and generally confuse potential predators. From hatching, young cuttlefish can display at least 13 types of body pattern, made up from over 30 different components.' The exact purpose is still unknown. 'Watching a cuttlefish flash through part of its repertoire is an awe-inspiring sight.'<br />
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<span style="text-align: left;">'One of the most common patterns is known as the 'white square', which is accompanied by a white stripe on the head and a small white triangle at the rear.' Quick changing patterns and colours especially occur when these cuttlefish are hunting or are unsettled. Naylor (2005): 'They sometimes respond in this unsettled way with divers, but, at other times, appear unperturbed.'</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj62Lz3460Sf0gay2WjFUtQ2xahrGshs9ZxzqBdg32dan-T5B2cIfEJ4v1GSzzQ-4xCXtS3b_rPHeqh_nVbfzWeaGwYJ0gmOBAtdbHwopkQCGtlxVxi8DoKTihRV8NpDEHu9wWFyMEyc1c/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj62Lz3460Sf0gay2WjFUtQ2xahrGshs9ZxzqBdg32dan-T5B2cIfEJ4v1GSzzQ-4xCXtS3b_rPHeqh_nVbfzWeaGwYJ0gmOBAtdbHwopkQCGtlxVxi8DoKTihRV8NpDEHu9wWFyMEyc1c/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat11.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">12:02:29</span><br />
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A beautiful jade colour appeared on the outer arms...</div>
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In addition to <i>adult</i> cuttlefish in my previous post: The first living Sepia I ever saw was in 1976. I was walking with Jaap Engberts near dusk on a beach at Ambleteuse, France. There we found a big cuttlefish stranded on the beach. To our amazement it was alive, so we picked it up (I can't remember how; they are quite slippery) and put it in a big rock pool. It was a beautiful sight: its colour and pattern where changing in seconds, like fireworks. And he kept it changing for minutes. Then it slowed down and the zebra-pattern stayed static. The pool was deep enough, he could hide beneath a huge boulder and the water was rising, so after some time we left him alive and kicking.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQtBJhpBYQaS1uDmgLfepjD0lmWjYPpAFfs-QR6qrzlYTgngj6ZeszGYwnuSp9M9ehsbunDI8-XyuEyrWNOJLbIXz20YyKZcKeKOLbVkOhHqxm5zkV89lJwc6rK4nVa5D6lpeuQrWKxbg/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQtBJhpBYQaS1uDmgLfepjD0lmWjYPpAFfs-QR6qrzlYTgngj6ZeszGYwnuSp9M9ehsbunDI8-XyuEyrWNOJLbIXz20YyKZcKeKOLbVkOhHqxm5zkV89lJwc6rK4nVa5D6lpeuQrWKxbg/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat12.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">12:02:36</span><br />
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... to disappear in 7 seconds.</div>
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<span style="text-align: left;">This Sepia was not shy at all: I took some live size photo's (1:1 magnification; that is why I am sure it was 36 mm long). So the front glas of my underwater housing was a few cm in front of him/her! Some time ago I wondered why crabs run away from me; I just did not realise how close the underwater housing is.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGGQsbYAHXtGb9G_ZKWIHPl8E0ROICfz_tNXA7eXqi63VYKYFqT8vD_qO32NgsYtcR_kn50i7kMBIU-L4nuJRKajpAHRYJkC2OThbAbyoxkEBFvJqEKl5LKyJTJtB5-qObshIf8ENDAKk/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGGQsbYAHXtGb9G_ZKWIHPl8E0ROICfz_tNXA7eXqi63VYKYFqT8vD_qO32NgsYtcR_kn50i7kMBIU-L4nuJRKajpAHRYJkC2OThbAbyoxkEBFvJqEKl5LKyJTJtB5-qObshIf8ENDAKk/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat13.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGGQsbYAHXtGb9G_ZKWIHPl8E0ROICfz_tNXA7eXqi63VYKYFqT8vD_qO32NgsYtcR_kn50i7kMBIU-L4nuJRKajpAHRYJkC2OThbAbyoxkEBFvJqEKl5LKyJTJtB5-qObshIf8ENDAKk/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"></a>Have a close look at the beautiful eye and the colourful chromatophores. Norman (2003): 'Cuttlefish have a W-shaped eye, which when closed, forms two separate pupil openings.' </div>
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I was not aware at the moment I took the photo's, but this cuttlefish was just devouring an arch-fronted swimming crab (<i>Liocarcinus navigator</i>, NL: gewimperde zwemkrab). You can see its eye and two walking legs between the cuttlefish arms. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4RcgE53Gcy-Z_vztIVAjCNlrLIVjoat8z8oGrTIEBNw3un_dUS4UpT1AtUmpRDPaR5_mRfLz_new3MBoAfZlrRMbYD2gJ53Jk8q0Uf7zSvkI5QKU1rtpXEh07iB_ybZ-3JfTQZDzbGrU/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4RcgE53Gcy-Z_vztIVAjCNlrLIVjoat8z8oGrTIEBNw3un_dUS4UpT1AtUmpRDPaR5_mRfLz_new3MBoAfZlrRMbYD2gJ53Jk8q0Uf7zSvkI5QKU1rtpXEh07iB_ybZ-3JfTQZDzbGrU/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat14.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWZUKIEf2dRHohgr0E3-ez-mzskUJDF8cGfTII37rNhXvyy-MBgmsYeRI78Rr4V7NEf_5DmWxO_sCm-jznLjBIL4Ogt7XDl5rDoRfhdRMYf4Xueu9MJRdN0NlF6iIdXWNwSrLfm9ykeBM/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWZUKIEf2dRHohgr0E3-ez-mzskUJDF8cGfTII37rNhXvyy-MBgmsYeRI78Rr4V7NEf_5DmWxO_sCm-jznLjBIL4Ogt7XDl5rDoRfhdRMYf4Xueu9MJRdN0NlF6iIdXWNwSrLfm9ykeBM/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat15.jpg" width="425" /></a></div>
After a while he had emptied the crab and discarded the remains. You can see the crab's carapace (shield) beneath its arms.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh49370plu2GD93f-C_qJ7ycSuqQbx-nAc-nTaUMqTpNL2QVIwRUu-2Mao2F8J1ZOTsLetH_BJtw7cHLcKSiANutrVuV-YfMlxSJDQ3K90F1cWGWhgp9o_ui-OWBRNVbm7pZc6v0w_BUkI/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh49370plu2GD93f-C_qJ7ycSuqQbx-nAc-nTaUMqTpNL2QVIwRUu-2Mao2F8J1ZOTsLetH_BJtw7cHLcKSiANutrVuV-YfMlxSJDQ3K90F1cWGWhgp9o_ui-OWBRNVbm7pZc6v0w_BUkI/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat16.jpg" width="425" /></a></div>
What has this and the next photo to do with this post? It looks like a crude Japanese ink-and-wash painting. It is ink from a common cuttlefish that was washed ashore at Jacobahaven (also Oosterschelde but not a diving spot) and was dragged away by a gull. The Sepia's ink bladder was ruptured in the process and left this abstract drawing on the sand.<br />
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<span style="text-align: left;">Sepia ink was used for centuries to make drawings. These drawings fade away in a particular purplish brown colour. Hence 'sepia coloured'.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih5FbWtHfIhq1D11h2-psAlYf0xv8-yxblgC9qzt4mBsIJUDwmOy-QhFrZ-orN93kHtXDYn4GvGbJZwZx5kA_1v21yLzYygAtsmTN0DXeytKWGys6s8DPyxy0zIhn8lUNNw8QW321V3d0/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat18.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih5FbWtHfIhq1D11h2-psAlYf0xv8-yxblgC9qzt4mBsIJUDwmOy-QhFrZ-orN93kHtXDYn4GvGbJZwZx5kA_1v21yLzYygAtsmTN0DXeytKWGys6s8DPyxy0zIhn8lUNNw8QW321V3d0/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat18.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
As you know by now, a Sepia can be a master in disguise: the chamaeleon of the sea. But I still don't know why it is sometimes so clumsily recognisable. Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-5358307479223460942013-07-19T17:47:00.004+02:002017-04-25T22:23:56.359+02:00Sepia frenzy: the common cuttlefish is back in town<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGQMrX9hO6uB9Islf19q4YiZDqw0hNhPFLnmzlA6HGs1qJA_2JMhAyQezCEefBHte2iTMdtscMOy2asJNxcq05oaF6T6MyKSewsNSLd7L9ydqcXBJjYB1rSRGiIL-Z2K7dnTiRYm6-tvM/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat19.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGQMrX9hO6uB9Islf19q4YiZDqw0hNhPFLnmzlA6HGs1qJA_2JMhAyQezCEefBHte2iTMdtscMOy2asJNxcq05oaF6T6MyKSewsNSLd7L9ydqcXBJjYB1rSRGiIL-Z2K7dnTiRYm6-tvM/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat19.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Sepia officinalis: male (top) and female (bottom)</span><br />
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As the water temperature in the Oosterschelde, the Netherlands, is reaching 12º C, the common cuttlefish, <i>Sepia officinalis</i> (NL: gewone zeekat), who spends the winter in deeper waters, appears to spawn. The Oosterschelde is a heaven for these cuttlefish: it is an estuary and guarantees better protection against predators and rough seas. This year the cuttlefish' journey was delayed by a month <a href="http://www.natuurbericht.nl/?id=10721&cat=strand_en_zee" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">(Van Bragt, 2013)</span></a> because of the extending cold weather.<br />
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<span style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihyP-KE40mCgrdUcgjGSlfoCiv-06zVxbyRd0GBZqIodbn55uMZR7E7LxzqRgc9_dZZHNGjLpnkNlX-LM48YOpg3ZCrnYrrSXUaZTTxXl3opr4jhI1QK16ffw_qfI4-4tn1tljPK5sQgs/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihyP-KE40mCgrdUcgjGSlfoCiv-06zVxbyRd0GBZqIodbn55uMZR7E7LxzqRgc9_dZZHNGjLpnkNlX-LM48YOpg3ZCrnYrrSXUaZTTxXl3opr4jhI1QK16ffw_qfI4-4tn1tljPK5sQgs/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat23.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;">Not only the water temperature rises: also the body temperature of divers in the Netherlands (and Belgium and Germany). Sepia frenzy! From the moment the first cuttlefish is spotted, some divespots are crowded with divers. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL-LWvyHejeaob3KqbnxjsAbeU3ARoMGO5kc7_lz1Fr9shyphenhyphenHi1Q7VRwjfqEg-wHfJwCRngq8SGoJt5iZ8qehQWUdWU2BAmUZvpZM48pyzRKa4K2lwLUGw57zlJ-OWOXFp2yyPPmrtX7hs/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat32.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL-LWvyHejeaob3KqbnxjsAbeU3ARoMGO5kc7_lz1Fr9shyphenhyphenHi1Q7VRwjfqEg-wHfJwCRngq8SGoJt5iZ8qehQWUdWU2BAmUZvpZM48pyzRKa4K2lwLUGw57zlJ-OWOXFp2yyPPmrtX7hs/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat32.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<span style="text-align: left;">Let's be honest: the common cuttlefish is a spectacular animal. With their extraordinary eyes. With their quick shifting colours, patterns and texture. Their behaviour in the mating season and the way their mood shows in those colours, patterns and texture. And let's not forget the way they jet-propulsion (see the jet-funnel in the photo above) to quickly retreat </span><span style="text-align: left;">or gently hoover above the bottom.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcs1J8wwUaq4rSEC_sUtc3YwPRkWNXAh8MfEmY9MGhyBdQShCCsYgIY6cjS4fW0AprElVq_fwFe8AzphAiM-aOJJC2m2Vi_wjhn5sx_K9q11y6haG0G5lW7fJyyQ_mfth18Upf7mUy7cU/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat24.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcs1J8wwUaq4rSEC_sUtc3YwPRkWNXAh8MfEmY9MGhyBdQShCCsYgIY6cjS4fW0AprElVq_fwFe8AzphAiM-aOJJC2m2Vi_wjhn5sx_K9q11y6haG0G5lW7fJyyQ_mfth18Upf7mUy7cU/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat24.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;">Location: Zeelandbrug (2012)</span><br />
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<span style="text-align: left;">Since my buddy Ruud Versijde and I are diving together (november 2009), we never saw a common cuttlefish, how hard we tried. But in 2012 our persistence paid. We saw two adult cuttlefish at divespot </span><a href="http://www.digischool.nl/bi/onderwaterbiologie/html/frames/frduikze.htm" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Zeelandbrug</span></a><span style="text-align: left;">. Unfortunately - and as usual - the water wasn't clear, but we could observe them and took photo's. Just 8 minutes. </span><br />
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<span style="text-align: left;">That was all we were allowed to see. No mating behaviour, no female cuttlefish laying the eggs. But we were lucky to see (very) small cuttlefish at several divespots in the following months. More of juvenile Sepia's in the next post.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg60aisJN0MtmtVKkEeZRF5nGysLAIEdygyd4udM3hyr88s0yASF_QVKyrVGdquG1NSEO8tn1hE7uKIynJAWDJcL7uJNqqMUYzbrePJm8OjGTRLI2pyhNulolNceIz8RUQPhOw3GYURZE/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat27.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg60aisJN0MtmtVKkEeZRF5nGysLAIEdygyd4udM3hyr88s0yASF_QVKyrVGdquG1NSEO8tn1hE7uKIynJAWDJcL7uJNqqMUYzbrePJm8OjGTRLI2pyhNulolNceIz8RUQPhOw3GYURZE/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat27.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="text-align: left;">2013 was better. On June, 12 we went diving at</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><a href="http://www.vvvzeeland.nl/nl/vakantie/duiklocaties/48440/duiklocatie-bergse-diepsluis-oesterdam-(81)/tholen-en-sint-philipsland/tholen" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Bergsche Diepsluis</span></a><span style="text-align: left;">, also known as Oesterdam. All the photo's in this post (except two photo's with a mentioned location) were taken at this diving spot. The water was not very clear. Visibility was between 0.5 to 3 m, but beggars can't be choosers. Swimming to the west side of the divers staircase at a depth of 10 m at low water I found some poles, mostly upright, like a kind of mikado game.</span><br />
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I don't think these poles are part of the '<a href="http://www.sepiaproject.nl/" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">Sepiaproject</span></a>' of Joop and Felice Stalenburg. They are two Dutch divers who tie tree branches together in the form of a shack. They place these shacks on the bottom; the branches are hammered into the sand/mud to anchor the lot. Because of lack of other suitable substrate, this is a very effective way to encourage the cuttlefish ladies to drop their eggs on the sticks. Have a look at the <a href="http://www.sepiaproject.nl/Fotos/index.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">photo's of Joop Stalenburg</span></a>!</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTeUUpLT-EH3CsdZmhUXTKIv1Ua9aegC5RTst1RnZ1iYgvyrpb3cGctPdM3S__YzvPDZg7rHXLdXR0JY4G9GSMRujs-YwoG7yUEsFssATMjwdU7zcnh-1ARYA7Kyan2J9XXfSV6VU-FHs/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat26.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTeUUpLT-EH3CsdZmhUXTKIv1Ua9aegC5RTst1RnZ1iYgvyrpb3cGctPdM3S__YzvPDZg7rHXLdXR0JY4G9GSMRujs-YwoG7yUEsFssATMjwdU7zcnh-1ARYA7Kyan2J9XXfSV6VU-FHs/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat26.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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These poles were placed too haphazard, so I think they were put there by other divers. But they did their job: I saw a familiar zebra pattern appearing in the misty water. Sepia! Three specimens. At least one big male and a smaller female. They can grow to 50 cm (Lacourt & Huwae, 1981) and this male could have been that large. But human eyes can be deceitful (under water everything looks 1/3d bigger).</div>
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The third disappeared after a few minutes. He was smaller than the male and I think he was a rival.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXaNIFwBmZqKLVOxFcEoo4DpFAp00vzl9LUzSYr4NsC6hwsYWBURVWwewG85HrbHYVAKfDm9eo0tJw7EKCPR1cZwITwE6eS0xC3YeyRR6odi2gLHOrfWJyWVp_tjmbVJutbg83lUe6WHc/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat31.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXaNIFwBmZqKLVOxFcEoo4DpFAp00vzl9LUzSYr4NsC6hwsYWBURVWwewG85HrbHYVAKfDm9eo0tJw7EKCPR1cZwITwE6eS0xC3YeyRR6odi2gLHOrfWJyWVp_tjmbVJutbg83lUe6WHc/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat31.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="text-align: left;">The male was very protective towards the female. He positioned himself between the female and the rival, as well as me. Well mannered towards the lady and clever in relation to its offspring. The better she is protected, the more eggs are glued to the sticks, the more of their sons and daughters will appear. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitqnl_wtXHTQ5Dc9uK4rQhVnxpKnh_kiytN7jienDDut1iPJrYcf68YsYm_ldOBp9PZdDyzPhBrf5kqmRWVwQYIeYFC2pP_MuHEqHH0LRJKlKvUPWPH-8l_BG4Nzld0KqCZXQ0lE5YCg0/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat28.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitqnl_wtXHTQ5Dc9uK4rQhVnxpKnh_kiytN7jienDDut1iPJrYcf68YsYm_ldOBp9PZdDyzPhBrf5kqmRWVwQYIeYFC2pP_MuHEqHH0LRJKlKvUPWPH-8l_BG4Nzld0KqCZXQ0lE5YCg0/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat28.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="text-align: left;">With some intermezzo's she was laying eggs.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCH4HK7SLiMLClmZ7XHCUVZjVS8nZq9wIS_-YTz_W95F_KAtatRpw7DHyqHyorSeD8oXCMEamIAEz4Liu0BJfLUZhbhzoKm6_lu8p_yLYa_wcuxq5bonjEV-nUTCkauQL5tIwLeVRyTCc/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCH4HK7SLiMLClmZ7XHCUVZjVS8nZq9wIS_-YTz_W95F_KAtatRpw7DHyqHyorSeD8oXCMEamIAEz4Liu0BJfLUZhbhzoKm6_lu8p_yLYa_wcuxq5bonjEV-nUTCkauQL5tIwLeVRyTCc/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat29.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<span style="text-align: left;">Naylor (2005): '</span><span style="text-align: left;">After the male has passed her a packet of sperm, she lays her eggs and dyes them with ink.'</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiys7-syQBbS1tevT9Jh7dusWjzg8AvY3utNQi_XHLqsOn68O61LnVk0joINrAf80GsyhcbPB5NY-oV2k64puOrCP-saLWl5q0etwzfm09-0L8RRNxxvwCQLaRdV1rwQYW9HmUcdK-joRQ/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat35.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiys7-syQBbS1tevT9Jh7dusWjzg8AvY3utNQi_XHLqsOn68O61LnVk0joINrAf80GsyhcbPB5NY-oV2k64puOrCP-saLWl5q0etwzfm09-0L8RRNxxvwCQLaRdV1rwQYW9HmUcdK-joRQ/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat35.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
Has she ran out of ink?<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1SS5xT2cdxr8aLgjKXXaD2LSqweIBnpmquufyEJ7Yv7FXdaFdIhR5g-gqfhHtSl83Oq3IU69FMDgE3YzFCcb8PBZez-J0gRSP3Oc0R7-WO6BKz10SaIb7tAH6j93R4sJBISeSl211fG0/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat36.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1SS5xT2cdxr8aLgjKXXaD2LSqweIBnpmquufyEJ7Yv7FXdaFdIhR5g-gqfhHtSl83Oq3IU69FMDgE3YzFCcb8PBZez-J0gRSP3Oc0R7-WO6BKz10SaIb7tAH6j93R4sJBISeSl211fG0/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat36.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Location: Strijenham (2012)</span><br />
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The eggs look like grapes or small black olives. Naylor (2005): 'The eggs hatch after 2 to 3 months. Females only breed once and die soon after laying the eggs. They do not take care of them.'<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAcCmk5iBy8DaGI7PckCtyE1y4ZTThKayyPNKWJFwS6Tz0qJKzdU5-o294ZqdfBSyl_Hwib286shFN4-7ygfwHx3FSVN_rgR5d9z9fN-XPtcKUR8o9hUVcnBBxV76uf5fTlUAc6tFJLCI/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat34.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAcCmk5iBy8DaGI7PckCtyE1y4ZTThKayyPNKWJFwS6Tz0qJKzdU5-o294ZqdfBSyl_Hwib286shFN4-7ygfwHx3FSVN_rgR5d9z9fN-XPtcKUR8o9hUVcnBBxV76uf5fTlUAc6tFJLCI/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat34.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXCLjg4LT9kRfp6d0VdfxlScp7Cdm0h5GxifLTJ45_C49UumRWwJoN78EmJisxDrLmM9Ms4vxt2rMRVhQZYQfoXXkH-GNNtwOiShzHudtV0hbXm87ySWKLk9ACnA5ZWqtgMkaXkRuYYEk/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat30.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXCLjg4LT9kRfp6d0VdfxlScp7Cdm0h5GxifLTJ45_C49UumRWwJoN78EmJisxDrLmM9Ms4vxt2rMRVhQZYQfoXXkH-GNNtwOiShzHudtV0hbXm87ySWKLk9ACnA5ZWqtgMkaXkRuYYEk/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat30.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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Then again two cuttlefish arrived on the scene. Both were males. They are quite easily distinguished. Have a look at the pattern and colour of the outer arms: the males show zebra stripes and at the end white dots. They emphasize the dots and zebra stripes in order to impress the ladies and warn of competitors. The outer arms of the females lack stripes and dots.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgisNBbKcu5hb2iakTaLPL811wZIzJ6iJfhWHyHsVBnlaQZDB2behAZ02TOkC3MtlSkX6PozZ_ptNQk1gkGLv3czbiiKpfku_lMuK13Nr1M4dLH2LWxdwQS7vy8sb-mIquoYwxgZEx5eM4/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat20.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgisNBbKcu5hb2iakTaLPL811wZIzJ6iJfhWHyHsVBnlaQZDB2behAZ02TOkC3MtlSkX6PozZ_ptNQk1gkGLv3czbiiKpfku_lMuK13Nr1M4dLH2LWxdwQS7vy8sb-mIquoYwxgZEx5eM4/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat20.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
One swam away, the other approached the couple. And wanted to make an impression, hence the reddening of its head. But as said: the big male was very protective to his mate, so after a few minutes the contender decided to give up. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh889g9OrtcWpWYsdPeveiV0vLSzhDSfLWJ-jy7D-jIaF5NcPs__vKmRhUWn-9WxKT8t48QAU_5FiGN0lLtsmoePHpDaQqRizIPEHoE2hk12YO7-1RPQaOBEw1I8kgAulO37BSdrhqQHnU/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat33.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh889g9OrtcWpWYsdPeveiV0vLSzhDSfLWJ-jy7D-jIaF5NcPs__vKmRhUWn-9WxKT8t48QAU_5FiGN0lLtsmoePHpDaQqRizIPEHoE2hk12YO7-1RPQaOBEw1I8kgAulO37BSdrhqQHnU/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat33.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="text-align: left;">For me a good opportunity to take some photo's of a faster swimming cuttlefish. So I swam after him and was able to take some photo's, before he disappeared in the mist. They can swim forwards but if they want to escape, they use their jet propulsion (literally; they are the founding fathers of this propulsion system) and catapult backwards.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidr3G2DvYLU8BbLcRWZN64mdo1FjhNkaTIyhKltbwwVjGI0Duk6mm2Q8QpTCm_nqIofP2tEtzn_gvSG-LHSzKZI093YZm-7SMXc9Zm-ktZpZLL3rNTYIH1px9vO_zQiHMjC9d-2nZkCz4/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat25.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidr3G2DvYLU8BbLcRWZN64mdo1FjhNkaTIyhKltbwwVjGI0Duk6mm2Q8QpTCm_nqIofP2tEtzn_gvSG-LHSzKZI093YZm-7SMXc9Zm-ktZpZLL3rNTYIH1px9vO_zQiHMjC9d-2nZkCz4/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat25.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
Cuttlefish hoovering above the earth? The grey substance is a mould that covers the muddy bottom, but with some imagination it looks like an aerial view.<br />
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<span style="text-align: left;">It was also a good reason to relieve the couple from my presence and flashlights. It is pretty obvious they don't like flashlight. It appears to be like giving them a little knock on their head: they withdraw their 'head' a bit. However, I got the feeling they didn't seem to care after a while. But that could be because they were already a bit dizzy.</span><br />
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<span style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCjn5CNWGQABjmcYipZ8so8h1nAPD0okVragOiwnTEXTj7FRl0w9LRIa5UOjw90P_dOCqt06YKOIQfVlBhoHA1O3uke6PXXmZUByG6ahIiWrHQML6szcvlOv5MPA5H6mV4uF26VLeuvMI/s1600/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCjn5CNWGQABjmcYipZ8so8h1nAPD0okVragOiwnTEXTj7FRl0w9LRIa5UOjw90P_dOCqt06YKOIQfVlBhoHA1O3uke6PXXmZUByG6ahIiWrHQML6szcvlOv5MPA5H6mV4uF26VLeuvMI/s640/Sepia+officinalis+-+common+cuttlefish+-+gewone+zeekat22.jpg" width="640" /></a></span>
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Maybe you thought after my previous posts that I ran out of interesting marine life of Vancouver Island? No, not at all. But fellow diver Filip Staes (have a look <a href="http://www.fsfotografie.be/" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">here</span></a> at his marvellous photo's) mailed me that I should not forget the interesting marine life of my home country. So now I have redeemed myself.</div>
Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-62053383180047805992013-05-23T19:55:00.002+02:002016-10-04T22:26:08.845+02:00Beautiful tube dwelling worms <div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjePO7IP9SdD7JCXtJGiCuyM7oKX3V86Mw6PR3uA-8-PHiQgZq5LcSbWsBGAfmj9JalQOHCzpqcAZABpGDn6dEddTV-1CnRrzk_PrA7t9pK5JaPKbeWn7aM-s1k3R4VdnPUerVBExu1CkE/s1600/01Crucigera+species+-+calcareous+tubeworm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjePO7IP9SdD7JCXtJGiCuyM7oKX3V86Mw6PR3uA-8-PHiQgZq5LcSbWsBGAfmj9JalQOHCzpqcAZABpGDn6dEddTV-1CnRrzk_PrA7t9pK5JaPKbeWn7aM-s1k3R4VdnPUerVBExu1CkE/s640/01Crucigera+species+-+calcareous+tubeworm.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<i style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Crucigera species</span></i></div>
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'Ugly' earthworms and nasty parasites. That is probably your first thought, when I mention worms. But worms are a vital source of food in the sea and can be very beautiful. So far I have not described one single worm in my blog. Shame on me!</div>
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In this post I will show and describe a few beautiful and interesting worms, like calcareous tubeworms and feather-duster worms. The worms pictured in this post inhabit the jetty of Rock Bay, Vancouver Island, Canada (or otherwise mentioned), which I described in the previous post<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrLIU75hsprJIXKxx3rMFfzToLmTVYH07_2OLz06WKFiSVQswSaD1BfpVHmgiCqB08cpv3Gb07DH72QWTEyoGczUja3B6jZTT1Frey93QlFxlOpC0xxj32rusdxIZddS0W4YRUN-z7On0/s1600/02Crucigera+species+-+calcareous+tubeworm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrLIU75hsprJIXKxx3rMFfzToLmTVYH07_2OLz06WKFiSVQswSaD1BfpVHmgiCqB08cpv3Gb07DH72QWTEyoGczUja3B6jZTT1Frey93QlFxlOpC0xxj32rusdxIZddS0W4YRUN-z7On0/s640/02Crucigera+species+-+calcareous+tubeworm.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Crucigera species</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i>
The photo's above and the one below show a <i>Crucigera species</i>. In this region there are two <i>Crucigera</i> species: <i>C. zygophora</i>, the yoke-bearer calcareous tubeworm, and <i>C. irregularis</i>. Unfortunately the distinctive differences between these two species are not visible on the photo's (and other photo's I took). Length up to 4.5 cm.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEDgf4pmW_TXaBmo9LkTr-HlozhVolBPWQyZK1kCns5Xj6qFJ9x91H5jaf626b5jMoPmVK6g5GjzmdO9Rcu0gBa4Y37GmMMy29e6eeDMBPiHU0elfvcQrWzKWbPgv9hrlwB6q7CF99f4A/s1600/03Crucigera+species+-+calcareous+tubeworm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEDgf4pmW_TXaBmo9LkTr-HlozhVolBPWQyZK1kCns5Xj6qFJ9x91H5jaf626b5jMoPmVK6g5GjzmdO9Rcu0gBa4Y37GmMMy29e6eeDMBPiHU0elfvcQrWzKWbPgv9hrlwB6q7CF99f4A/s640/03Crucigera+species+-+calcareous+tubeworm.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Crucigera species</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i>
Worms are difficult to study. To begin with: what we call worms, can be animals of very different <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum" target="_blank">phyla</a>. There are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm" target="_blank">13 phyla</a> that include worm-like animals. The worms in this post all belong to the <i>Annelida</i>, in particular to the class <i>Polychaeta</i>, the bristle worms.<br />
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All <i>Polychaetae</i> are segmented animals. They are called bristle worms because of the many bristles on their parapodia: fleshy protrusions on each segment often used for movement. Hence their name: in Latin <i>poly</i> means many and <i>chaetae</i> means bristle = many bristles. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7mgCSHzM5ARj35-pPlLfyWPDmtRczwKxWv9fUNTQUBTLI3OLbbZ4vWEW5XzNvFTNLTH33wxHi1DL1Pbh17aC70AJYkf1Cq9Hx-L8RnmJY_HWm6UYgQhCz0Z_FestJvwhHMMbJGoZNJdM/s1600/05Serpula+columbiana+-+red-trumpet+calcareous+tubeworm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7mgCSHzM5ARj35-pPlLfyWPDmtRczwKxWv9fUNTQUBTLI3OLbbZ4vWEW5XzNvFTNLTH33wxHi1DL1Pbh17aC70AJYkf1Cq9Hx-L8RnmJY_HWm6UYgQhCz0Z_FestJvwhHMMbJGoZNJdM/s640/05Serpula+columbiana+-+red-trumpet+calcareous+tubeworm.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Serpula columbiana</span></i></div>
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This is <i>Serpula columbiana</i>, the red-trumpet calcareous tubeworm. It forms, just as <i>Crucigera</i>, a tube made of calcium carbonate, mucus and carbohydrates. Length up to 6.5 cm.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUx_2fOahvMtvkTPGfB-l8F_Hw9ewVEtfLX9CNFRUjkkB83rpWvEWI_qWhhUbItn8Za89Jjm6UbC6jSM1nLEgXLdx7oYGGn4mLEkDNjuWdxtCInST_pm6A0qCOLqfKsJUxpFjA8NBgGRE/s1600/04Serpula+columbiana+-+red-trumpet+calcareous+tubeworm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUx_2fOahvMtvkTPGfB-l8F_Hw9ewVEtfLX9CNFRUjkkB83rpWvEWI_qWhhUbItn8Za89Jjm6UbC6jSM1nLEgXLdx7oYGGn4mLEkDNjuWdxtCInST_pm6A0qCOLqfKsJUxpFjA8NBgGRE/s640/04Serpula+columbiana+-+red-trumpet+calcareous+tubeworm.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Serpula columbiana</span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ32xTsHIvNDfpQxGSIfCpgZV3QG1s9rOSmyn60dipnYBw69ygQ-8g1DCh6QPhbJ-hKB5Ki4mtbA26KFtmOFXOVqa7KNOnqEVZDGH74ltBx1tuUp4Myv3bYjp20Pwd_xPSQaQ9IKwL0LI/s1600/06Serpula+columbiana+-+red-trumpet+calcareous+tubeworm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ32xTsHIvNDfpQxGSIfCpgZV3QG1s9rOSmyn60dipnYBw69ygQ-8g1DCh6QPhbJ-hKB5Ki4mtbA26KFtmOFXOVqa7KNOnqEVZDGH74ltBx1tuUp4Myv3bYjp20Pwd_xPSQaQ9IKwL0LI/s640/06Serpula+columbiana+-+red-trumpet+calcareous+tubeworm.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Serpula columbiana (Tyee Beach)</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i>
Both species of calacareous tubeworms have a trumpet like trap door, the operculum, to seal of the entrance of the tube against predators and if need be against dehydration. This trumpet like shape is easy to see in the photo above.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih6tNkAse9wyD1puvuA8XFNTIUfGoFA5dpJn2d7OBrfX4Zu_LKROca2RNdq7ePuCloQGOyj6KiKQLiMNopmGXmhaiGA3ffXmf-5lT_kRw43l2NICYlsFrBw9EBhdaa8Z9Yv0TdlI3819k/s1600/07Serpula+columbiana+-+red-trumpet+calcareous+tubeworm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih6tNkAse9wyD1puvuA8XFNTIUfGoFA5dpJn2d7OBrfX4Zu_LKROca2RNdq7ePuCloQGOyj6KiKQLiMNopmGXmhaiGA3ffXmf-5lT_kRw43l2NICYlsFrBw9EBhdaa8Z9Yv0TdlI3819k/s640/07Serpula+columbiana+-+red-trumpet+calcareous+tubeworm.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Serpula columbiana </span></i><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Tyee Beach)</span></i></div>
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All the worms in this post have a crown of tentacles. These feather like tentacles, called radioles, are arranged in two spiralled lobes and are for feeding and respiration.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPKhduhWdUewDmasc3KJPg7766AZ27vecoLg_t5JQSjjyxZ9AT_6mH3BZncRJG6Gt0pzLbYO-OGBMhTQHfoUVdLnXk7CdlGrCXf9Y-0VkIOZz2QYieIcSW_b5Nk7rqL9Y7ht5CN1iXD18/s1600/08Serpula+columbiana+-+red-trumpet+calcareous+tubeworm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPKhduhWdUewDmasc3KJPg7766AZ27vecoLg_t5JQSjjyxZ9AT_6mH3BZncRJG6Gt0pzLbYO-OGBMhTQHfoUVdLnXk7CdlGrCXf9Y-0VkIOZz2QYieIcSW_b5Nk7rqL9Y7ht5CN1iXD18/s640/08Serpula+columbiana+-+red-trumpet+calcareous+tubeworm.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Serpula columbiana </span></i><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Tyee Beach)</span></i></div>
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Close-up. The lateral branches of the radioles are called pinnules.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGtZDhyphenhyphenMtHbApSRRL-9nraz38UwdwCkTh4YK1dH7pxfxiWKzOeD8prlDcWPsB2XF1t4-q4qd0K58TkEn0UFdaElGoBaoeYppSbHccWGo4jjsLgfOZu_Oqz1-WlipbqbgGMsYBbRKl9CGQ/s1600/09Serpula+columbiana+-+red-trumpet+calcareous+tubeworm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGtZDhyphenhyphenMtHbApSRRL-9nraz38UwdwCkTh4YK1dH7pxfxiWKzOeD8prlDcWPsB2XF1t4-q4qd0K58TkEn0UFdaElGoBaoeYppSbHccWGo4jjsLgfOZu_Oqz1-WlipbqbgGMsYBbRKl9CGQ/s640/09Serpula+columbiana+-+red-trumpet+calcareous+tubeworm.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Serpula columbiana </span></i><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Tyee Beach)</span></i></div>
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A white specimen emerging from its calcareous tube.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-pw8s3-NswLMsQjqo411tIiKoeQZdy6psHUepna-1gY0d8iybYJ8tcgVFg-efpzolPblmtqeY4ce7q6mZvADz3c8NmHPpdou90QYbYv_EShy-SB9zfmpxqiHXyThIZ9eg2qOiGc73bTA/s1600/10Schizobranchia+insignis+-+split-branch+feather-duster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-pw8s3-NswLMsQjqo411tIiKoeQZdy6psHUepna-1gY0d8iybYJ8tcgVFg-efpzolPblmtqeY4ce7q6mZvADz3c8NmHPpdou90QYbYv_EShy-SB9zfmpxqiHXyThIZ9eg2qOiGc73bTA/s640/10Schizobranchia+insignis+-+split-branch+feather-duster.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Schizobranchia insignis</span></i></div>
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Palm tree beach? No, feather-duster worms heaven. This is the split-branch feather-duster, <i>Schizobranchia insignis</i>. The tubes of feather-duster worms consist of a mucus and sediment combination.<br />
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A lot of the photo's in this post are actually 90º or 180º rotated: in real life these worms were hanging upside down or tilted downwards. As I have a very strong preference to look at things from a 'normal' perspective, as most humans do, I rotated the photo's.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrzbtj08zUb0wJw2vVHUG1V5KrGN1kMXIMTsBnHc0TzBanUog5tojje7qKepNgws1RmKxiHH1yR4o1L4is0usEJxTh7OXML_OSIuIo7aRW1sLy6l5RhSQs_F3jtVrTuw-Ktqmpg99UTH4/s1600/11Schizobranchia+insignis+-+split-branch+feather-duster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" height="499" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrzbtj08zUb0wJw2vVHUG1V5KrGN1kMXIMTsBnHc0TzBanUog5tojje7qKepNgws1RmKxiHH1yR4o1L4is0usEJxTh7OXML_OSIuIo7aRW1sLy6l5RhSQs_F3jtVrTuw-Ktqmpg99UTH4/s640/11Schizobranchia+insignis+-+split-branch+feather-duster.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Schizobranchia insignis</span></i></div>
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Beautiful crown of feathers. You can discern the dichotomously split feathers. The little blacks dots on the feathers are unpaired compound eyes.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaNnz_2S8sckv3zos27lsHpTvztYAvanM8eBJzo8m_Sn_SLdxWmgJbsH4oYUarsaQNtTiH2g3nAPuKxzO0MokwbTFUwWiExczsafWLUmMTqBYE-iJVfPFj7R3UP9LqPcKpk_05q8Zd8Gs/s1600/12Schizobranchia+insignis+-+split-branch+feather-duster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="547" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaNnz_2S8sckv3zos27lsHpTvztYAvanM8eBJzo8m_Sn_SLdxWmgJbsH4oYUarsaQNtTiH2g3nAPuKxzO0MokwbTFUwWiExczsafWLUmMTqBYE-iJVfPFj7R3UP9LqPcKpk_05q8Zd8Gs/s640/12Schizobranchia+insignis+-+split-branch+feather-duster.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Schizobranchia insignis</span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1IP-46pajctao9dBYsJHHssA69JAc-OZbaoJ7MEfsm79BxxJzAd_fNuAdGTMSqFso2UvfS3LnPi2cmPz0dhKsobWC0VekeDSw5ZKB5mZXq6Noc9MYc3tR1NgZyQlVypIe3Gt3DS4K6GM/s1600/13Schizobranchia+insignis+-+split-branch+feather-duster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1IP-46pajctao9dBYsJHHssA69JAc-OZbaoJ7MEfsm79BxxJzAd_fNuAdGTMSqFso2UvfS3LnPi2cmPz0dhKsobWC0VekeDSw5ZKB5mZXq6Noc9MYc3tR1NgZyQlVypIe3Gt3DS4K6GM/s640/13Schizobranchia+insignis+-+split-branch+feather-duster.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Schizobranchia insignis</span></i></div>
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Some specimens have 'highlighted' feathers, like the hair fashion in the eighties.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGLIIDjib9eCGoyg7J0zRxlVzGNp2lsBbdWKTZ-RslYF-QyK-EX3m-BqiuhPV3Iz_5AqfP8SuyFbfeSwV2EOu50FotZBbjIHhh-ng4YAeKCZypw7QLH7bc78_UaXGapX_vSAk5X1gKmBQ/s1600/15Schizobranchia+insignis+-+split-branch+feather-duster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGLIIDjib9eCGoyg7J0zRxlVzGNp2lsBbdWKTZ-RslYF-QyK-EX3m-BqiuhPV3Iz_5AqfP8SuyFbfeSwV2EOu50FotZBbjIHhh-ng4YAeKCZypw7QLH7bc78_UaXGapX_vSAk5X1gKmBQ/s640/15Schizobranchia+insignis+-+split-branch+feather-duster.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Schizobranchia insignis</span></i></div>
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The jetty of Rock Bay is riddled with these beautiful worms! To quote the excellent book 'Marine Life of the Pacific Northwest' (Lamb & Hanby, 2005) about a 'nephew', the Vancouver feather-duster worm (see later): '...and records from the early 1920s estimated that large groves contained as many as 375,000 to 500,000 individuals.' Length up to 16 cm.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifJ6xtoYjBssvcJd8iEo1djosmv55IbtxzKUS-p8OAreQES00Xt4t1x2TqCgD1m-MeJuYop4MjSDk-MlpEKuKeKiH1ijRRxwM6czUymA9iBL1CqYFnxUjQL5hyphenhyphenU93x0Lj58QkhQ_zd2sk/s1600/16Schizobranchia+insignis+-+split-branch+feather-duster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifJ6xtoYjBssvcJd8iEo1djosmv55IbtxzKUS-p8OAreQES00Xt4t1x2TqCgD1m-MeJuYop4MjSDk-MlpEKuKeKiH1ijRRxwM6czUymA9iBL1CqYFnxUjQL5hyphenhyphenU93x0Lj58QkhQ_zd2sk/s640/16Schizobranchia+insignis+-+split-branch+feather-duster.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Schizobranchia insignis</span></i></div>
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This specimen shows clearly that it is a worm. It was hanging from its tube and was clearly wounded.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-zd3fFtuBb75d9vYDK8DErTEafxdz8m3tiGsbB-J4V12ZOFyENO-Y_oTjVEfLKGxcVsBLym3p7q9mt-22vqlMc-kdRhqVtrMzOED28bFZhk51jrNEMkH1oi5BIK-uSUfzqaDOlXs9cJ0/s1600/17Schizobranchia+insignis+-+split-branch+feather-duster%3f.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-zd3fFtuBb75d9vYDK8DErTEafxdz8m3tiGsbB-J4V12ZOFyENO-Y_oTjVEfLKGxcVsBLym3p7q9mt-22vqlMc-kdRhqVtrMzOED28bFZhk51jrNEMkH1oi5BIK-uSUfzqaDOlXs9cJ0/s640/17Schizobranchia+insignis+-+split-branch+feather-duster%3f.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Schizobranchia insignis?</span></i></div>
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I found quite a lot of these smaller worms and I think they are young specimens of <i>S. insignis</i>. Again the eyes are clearly visible.<br />
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For these tube dwelling worms hard, rocky substrates are the preferred sites for attachment. The jetty of Rock Bay is made of <a href="http://micksmarinebiology.blogspot.nl/2013/03/seascapes-and-rock-bays-jetty.html" target="_blank">styrofoam</a>, the cream-white substrate on the photo.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJzLVyq0lL2ZwGzmrSpQ2oB1D3_pKL4ug2yFn6fQY6Tq-71x6ZEB4-riAGh6lg7gIqhEPjnDkrTt0O_fzDPlsJFMSFphs5Y6HelS1zB8FgzaOHqwcrtC7-OC9UE2spfMcnuRUhsMe5fHU/s1600/14Eudistylia+vancouveri+-+vancouver+feather-duster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="540" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJzLVyq0lL2ZwGzmrSpQ2oB1D3_pKL4ug2yFn6fQY6Tq-71x6ZEB4-riAGh6lg7gIqhEPjnDkrTt0O_fzDPlsJFMSFphs5Y6HelS1zB8FgzaOHqwcrtC7-OC9UE2spfMcnuRUhsMe5fHU/s640/14Eudistylia+vancouveri+-+vancouver+feather-duster.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Eudistylia vancouveri</span></i></div>
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This is probably the Vancouver feather-duster, <i>Eudistylia vancouveri</i>. Its feathers are not branched and this is <i>the</i> common colour variety. However, a 100% identification is only possible by microscopic examination.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE2xc_PWNx2K4IMtinc-5nmNPl7f9Vfgyc-dU1hqkvnPew6dB4WCe8G6ImzLtNm_jEtVTq1YklyZNYWfgswYWJahEhyphenhyphenVZJ3Ng7-U7282iAzIHBrX4hyphenhyphentDabBpltcRMgwH65_fpx-Tw_DA/s1600/18Demonax+medius+-+parasol+feather-duster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE2xc_PWNx2K4IMtinc-5nmNPl7f9Vfgyc-dU1hqkvnPew6dB4WCe8G6ImzLtNm_jEtVTq1YklyZNYWfgswYWJahEhyphenhyphenVZJ3Ng7-U7282iAzIHBrX4hyphenhyphentDabBpltcRMgwH65_fpx-Tw_DA/s640/18Demonax+medius+-+parasol+feather-duster.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Demonax medius</span></i></div>
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<i>Demonax medius</i>, the parasol feather-duster. Distinguishing feature: the two lobes of this feather-duster jointly expand to form a symmetrical, virtually unbroken circle (Lamb & Hanby, 2005). Length up to 10 cm.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWIjJssgn_4hjrFY3UaByRzYkoSqMCGMB4vAHlCes6mL7yFQtViiqnBGjUY3w2UhWA2NxEjdd6GuEONvGZUjt9R6QJN_aiFwcx2jfvsugzvf9CQSoGbQPSXVcEloCnweqR-3lSGrD9HMQ/s1600/19Myxicola+infundibulum+-+slime-tube+feather-duster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWIjJssgn_4hjrFY3UaByRzYkoSqMCGMB4vAHlCes6mL7yFQtViiqnBGjUY3w2UhWA2NxEjdd6GuEONvGZUjt9R6QJN_aiFwcx2jfvsugzvf9CQSoGbQPSXVcEloCnweqR-3lSGrD9HMQ/s640/19Myxicola+infundibulum+-+slime-tube+feather-duster.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Myxicola infundibulum</span></i></div>
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<i>Myxicola infundibulum, </i>the<i> </i>slime-tube feather-duster, lives communally in rock crevices (photo above; styrofoam jetty) or solitary in sand or mud (photo below). Length up to 20 cm (Carlton, 2007).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlnIrSZEipVDLOyCV8H1zDet6nLj551skjZF1LnDwrwx_xWLOrkKBbHl4-AMO_6wyVlAPiioJhIunSwEIBBmPR1206UXICa5AoTCxDfllPMpQ1o7p8M_x-eIIW3W5-3lMTdrz3jxAiC9s/s1600/20Myxicola+infundibulum+-+slime-tube+feather-duster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlnIrSZEipVDLOyCV8H1zDet6nLj551skjZF1LnDwrwx_xWLOrkKBbHl4-AMO_6wyVlAPiioJhIunSwEIBBmPR1206UXICa5AoTCxDfllPMpQ1o7p8M_x-eIIW3W5-3lMTdrz3jxAiC9s/s640/20Myxicola+infundibulum+-+slime-tube+feather-duster.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Myxicola infundibulum</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i>
Distinguishing feature is the membrane connecting the radioles together over most of their length. Their tube is just mucus: no sediment, no calcium carbonate.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtJ-uP4tcDAtbrN3PEwoAKPbt3J1wIhk6crFGa72OcJ3Xr-ZBhC_2FFaAkQ7I6zmkSJmTl6i8UfAPBzB2CkhqgVOdfOVpRg-aJbtREAkHr_DAYZjInBxWQRKJgUGozSYAWu7w30GXyCbM/s1600/21Myxicola+infundibulum+-+slime-tube+feather-duster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtJ-uP4tcDAtbrN3PEwoAKPbt3J1wIhk6crFGa72OcJ3Xr-ZBhC_2FFaAkQ7I6zmkSJmTl6i8UfAPBzB2CkhqgVOdfOVpRg-aJbtREAkHr_DAYZjInBxWQRKJgUGozSYAWu7w30GXyCbM/s640/21Myxicola+infundibulum+-+slime-tube+feather-duster.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Myxicola infundibulum (tubes)</span></i></div>
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The worms readily retreat in their slime tubes when disturbed. The species is of European origin, but current investigations suggest that these local species are actually different from their European counterparts (Lamb & Hanby, 2005). I have seen <i>Myxicola</i> in Brittany, France, where it is quite common.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXj-UDfb9M7sO_6SLRT82XZxbkrIZ7gbdcrjZxdyeZ2VyUl5Currp5eFbsMpoZiCCv9T-oW2QK3v57aQukLCr5thWeGOvwoVitTViRGC48THgkXgCCO5e0oqdtkvx9ysg4M8pg4O89dvg/s1600/22Sabellinae+species+(unknown).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXj-UDfb9M7sO_6SLRT82XZxbkrIZ7gbdcrjZxdyeZ2VyUl5Currp5eFbsMpoZiCCv9T-oW2QK3v57aQukLCr5thWeGOvwoVitTViRGC48THgkXgCCO5e0oqdtkvx9ysg4M8pg4O89dvg/s640/22Sabellinae+species+(unknown).jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sabellinae species</span></i></div>
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I found it far from easy to distinguish worm species. In a lot of cases you are forced to collect specimens: the distinguishing features are sometimes microscopic small and can not be seen on a photo, even when the worm is fully expanded. This worm (top and bottom) belongs to the subfamily <i>Sabellinae</i>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgONmlmFSI06hoX_39HVgSLPqE2yWzJrqjWItSWrR2MNs8MPno1vuNIbXmeyZ5pAQ_p3Hc0RGwcz7ejKtj8vrCCgYHu21bBSWCeHe60HGXK-82CiK3FdTH6fEHkVcOUycZfhI-2p6FvPUA/s1600/23Sabellinae+species+(unknown).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgONmlmFSI06hoX_39HVgSLPqE2yWzJrqjWItSWrR2MNs8MPno1vuNIbXmeyZ5pAQ_p3Hc0RGwcz7ejKtj8vrCCgYHu21bBSWCeHe60HGXK-82CiK3FdTH6fEHkVcOUycZfhI-2p6FvPUA/s640/23Sabellinae+species+(unknown).jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sabellinae species</span></i></div>
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There are about 10,000 <i>polychaete</i> species described. Because of their often hidden, nocturnal and obscure way of living, as a marine biologist you can spend your lifetime discovering and describing new species!<br />
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Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1125378901301298870.post-63467906826834958662013-03-04T22:33:00.000+01:002013-03-04T22:33:29.088+01:00Seascapes and Rock Bay's jetty<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFM73_WSmsh26oAo-iAj28YdMbWkzjTcNiivyDcxLhyphenhyphenpAIH9a9qGAPlbbXMtvWVrpniR5gY4ypDCGBNS_2dFx5QN4m2AL51ayUuC_CeFkb43nJPfipOW4BhL54GaAkiEDoxc1Xa4zXuuE/s1600/01Tsawwassen+-+Schwartz+Bay.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="137" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFM73_WSmsh26oAo-iAj28YdMbWkzjTcNiivyDcxLhyphenhyphenpAIH9a9qGAPlbbXMtvWVrpniR5gY4ypDCGBNS_2dFx5QN4m2AL51ayUuC_CeFkb43nJPfipOW4BhL54GaAkiEDoxc1Xa4zXuuE/s400/01Tsawwassen+-+Schwartz+Bay.jpg" width="400" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8MUBlcAVAgs7fsQgQKtSwbUWXsnD1AuzNDSvLhvG-_Pb9q8d-FaE5XkieDL1XSDbQ4BLkb9nr4nBwo0_DZUVs5D7TLZBkJzeTWOrqYaMk988YHCdVJtxqCIsOEyRkVf-ql3GMvs7OQKM/s1600/02Tsawwassen+-+Schwartz+Bay.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="137" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8MUBlcAVAgs7fsQgQKtSwbUWXsnD1AuzNDSvLhvG-_Pb9q8d-FaE5XkieDL1XSDbQ4BLkb9nr4nBwo0_DZUVs5D7TLZBkJzeTWOrqYaMk988YHCdVJtxqCIsOEyRkVf-ql3GMvs7OQKM/s400/02Tsawwassen+-+Schwartz+Bay.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiombHLmBdj4LqQulqyV7tQqlbcIfEcWRYh78jyVLcpV0QsYw5iHc2oN4gn6yCQ_uXEZb-4uTNuuw9P9TtlE5aXgvyd3V9WUxBKU1NDygNJ9TPc4zxG4bvSNUGwS82C_HUMzmK0sycMHD8/s1600/03Tsawwassen+-+Schwartz+Bay.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="137" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiombHLmBdj4LqQulqyV7tQqlbcIfEcWRYh78jyVLcpV0QsYw5iHc2oN4gn6yCQ_uXEZb-4uTNuuw9P9TtlE5aXgvyd3V9WUxBKU1NDygNJ9TPc4zxG4bvSNUGwS82C_HUMzmK0sycMHD8/s400/03Tsawwassen+-+Schwartz+Bay.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />
I skip a post about a few species of fish of Vancouver Island for now, as I want to show you some very beautiful worms (yes worms!). But while writing and selecting photo's I realized I haven't shown and described the landscape. And there is one man made structure I need to show you before the post about worms, because this structure creates the environment in which these animals thrive. It is also a justification to show some more 'seascapes'.<br />
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I took the first photo's of this post on the ferry from Tsawwassen (mainland) to Schwartz Bay (near Victoria, Vancouver Island). The weather forecast said sunny. It wasn't sunny at all, but I enjoyed the misty and grey weather. To see tiny islands popping up in the mist, like Atlantis the other way round.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_4jn5iv4iSiLFMHK7VaCXDBhYYk1iwACTd4yZc7JWRmJUAX9Z9ZuOwQPpgCxjlE7oDgg_CbUGVzNQVDF7sXHO6pMfEhZqb6qPBl6pxxYiPJcELHzG0DssNwwR3drX96eaVIRVQijX3VA/s1600/04Vancouver+Island.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_4jn5iv4iSiLFMHK7VaCXDBhYYk1iwACTd4yZc7JWRmJUAX9Z9ZuOwQPpgCxjlE7oDgg_CbUGVzNQVDF7sXHO6pMfEhZqb6qPBl6pxxYiPJcELHzG0DssNwwR3drX96eaVIRVQijX3VA/s400/04Vancouver+Island.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
If you don't know where to find Vancouver Island have a look at these Google Earth-maps.<br />
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You can see how narrow the Johnstone Strait is and it doesn't take a lot of imagination to understand how fierce the tidal current can be.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0_3SSIZ8h4TDMqs7ApPmCHerTzcQDcgfAaWusKky4OYlHzk0Lmg7uklkDJOg_qMaozZZrIktL8nn2cHh9RabIiC2fW3_Q1koMk8kJBDls1mq917sA_ADvy9QgA2jY7R50PwQGC61iC_g/s1600/05Vancouver+Island.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0_3SSIZ8h4TDMqs7ApPmCHerTzcQDcgfAaWusKky4OYlHzk0Lmg7uklkDJOg_qMaozZZrIktL8nn2cHh9RabIiC2fW3_Q1koMk8kJBDls1mq917sA_ADvy9QgA2jY7R50PwQGC61iC_g/s400/05Vancouver+Island.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdhyGbud3s83CsbZYuU5XgS074mFLqhq6SvKRcpSGsBXXAJs8w9KrEFYCMto5ZEXMERLiLozwoMRrArsmJjD0g4kDEWiKgInm8-bo81FJVh6TobSfSvJpU91Q78oCzFzvLc8g3B5cruXg/s1600/06Tsawwassen+-+Schwartz+Bay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdhyGbud3s83CsbZYuU5XgS074mFLqhq6SvKRcpSGsBXXAJs8w9KrEFYCMto5ZEXMERLiLozwoMRrArsmJjD0g4kDEWiKgInm8-bo81FJVh6TobSfSvJpU91Q78oCzFzvLc8g3B5cruXg/s400/06Tsawwassen+-+Schwartz+Bay.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
Both our journeys to and from Vancouver Island we saw a sharp-edged barrier between muddy and clear(er) water. This was at a distance of a few hundred meters from islands in front of the main island. I have no idea what caused it, but I was glad that at my dives the water wasn't as drabby as the dominant stream!<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-VIuxLbEJMx0hVLFDaMzfAZ0w0hK74BRezftzpe1qxpXGlLtub4zPDYLrZsU2rlwxqcgNQz1osht8g2IAqGyE5MpINBuEuMIRiAQawUjrYFwX4tBfbWxo8lxqQQ_P0cJhedxorjeAWnY/s1600/07.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="137" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-VIuxLbEJMx0hVLFDaMzfAZ0w0hK74BRezftzpe1qxpXGlLtub4zPDYLrZsU2rlwxqcgNQz1osht8g2IAqGyE5MpINBuEuMIRiAQawUjrYFwX4tBfbWxo8lxqQQ_P0cJhedxorjeAWnY/s400/07.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
It was difficult to find a nice spot to stay for the first night in our camper van. All spots had a sign: no camping from dusk to dawn. Very different from Newfoundland. At 8.00 PM we found - at last - a nice place. See the lovely view. But after a while we were ordered to get out. It appeared to be a <a href="http://www.viea.ca/vancouver-island-first-nations" target="_blank"><span style="color: orange;">first nations</span></a> reserve...<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghBg54iIsWkyw8sDKp8qAOChrXq3BhhZ8woPel94WLwtyQtfafUp1a_5OLbeWsK3vBgGn_k2pywJO8HyAmB6d72_yg-3t7srrE5q3Vw7IhlzieHfsMKPBDbYGwUeO8adTdEaryN_fHzBE/s1600/08Rock+Bay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="137" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghBg54iIsWkyw8sDKp8qAOChrXq3BhhZ8woPel94WLwtyQtfafUp1a_5OLbeWsK3vBgGn_k2pywJO8HyAmB6d72_yg-3t7srrE5q3Vw7IhlzieHfsMKPBDbYGwUeO8adTdEaryN_fHzBE/s400/08Rock+Bay.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
The last week we stayed at Rock Bay and this was our view.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzXSW9jpI6-LK2H-RQfybNpovwDjWlqs2CxW5cpMW4YPrCFGWq40f3hF8EZN17nkTpDSKn4p-xF3AvKNBFahYqfQYw7Bkb3ty9zOL6FZlsR4C5qlNj__nB6EXG8HDGvnbDWvhBwKuhN3o/s1600/09Rock+Bay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzXSW9jpI6-LK2H-RQfybNpovwDjWlqs2CxW5cpMW4YPrCFGWq40f3hF8EZN17nkTpDSKn4p-xF3AvKNBFahYqfQYw7Bkb3ty9zOL6FZlsR4C5qlNj__nB6EXG8HDGvnbDWvhBwKuhN3o/s400/09Rock+Bay.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
Rock Bay itself: a small natural bay, here at high tide. There is a boat ramp and a jetty. The jetty is made (mostly) of wood and is floating on huge blocks of styrofoam! It is simple but does the job.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXw-uHojvSyTymzqUSqEfWqXC0GCJYW5VGV4dVHaw7WECuHEbdIQOR2kQUb-gCbiIDpLTMsSCRvoCD2ZG44SXmilfSK1hTbIiBNEjMGCHnTyVsEpmp7olnPoccTxQjTIOs7NV9ekLNzio/s1600/10Rock+Bay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXw-uHojvSyTymzqUSqEfWqXC0GCJYW5VGV4dVHaw7WECuHEbdIQOR2kQUb-gCbiIDpLTMsSCRvoCD2ZG44SXmilfSK1hTbIiBNEjMGCHnTyVsEpmp7olnPoccTxQjTIOs7NV9ekLNzio/s400/10Rock+Bay.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
At extreme low tide.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKxpJxN8F3_cP29P8qSI11BpJfLf9XavMiLdntWAoD7OhptbmVUUU87MSaoDXVH2XUzgoeCS7IpT7lNFdMZGy9udmFGvhd507iaCEJVLCAX6s_eDZtGCm1uEy1tzs028aBq9r_4-pebLA/s1600/11Rock+Bay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKxpJxN8F3_cP29P8qSI11BpJfLf9XavMiLdntWAoD7OhptbmVUUU87MSaoDXVH2XUzgoeCS7IpT7lNFdMZGy9udmFGvhd507iaCEJVLCAX6s_eDZtGCm1uEy1tzs028aBq9r_4-pebLA/s400/11Rock+Bay.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxeN5L65mECA4xJk4jF-zUphp3vyuOjqhJful8pn1qSe7h8QnuwxL3HeHkBKMrPwdY50qodbOLGLTHiTBDnoo8PkyP0H8ZTYSwOWkjEBUT2YAkMzKtkiY_4nBsT3MPrGf22XTHOuRg-U0/s1600/14Rock+Bay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxeN5L65mECA4xJk4jF-zUphp3vyuOjqhJful8pn1qSe7h8QnuwxL3HeHkBKMrPwdY50qodbOLGLTHiTBDnoo8PkyP0H8ZTYSwOWkjEBUT2YAkMzKtkiY_4nBsT3MPrGf22XTHOuRg-U0/s400/14Rock+Bay.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
A Google Earth-map of Rock Bay. You can see the jetty and the floating tree trunks, which protect the bay; my dive boundary. In the olden days it was a small village with a hospital and 1.500 inhabitants, owned by a tree logging firm. Now it is a camp site with no water or electricity but with very nice and hospitable people. And still owned by a tree logging firm. As Wayne told me: Rock Bay is for sale with a huge amount of woodland for just 1,2 million Can $. But for the same price you can buy the island at the other side of the strait. An island of your own.... Unimaginable in the Netherlands.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2q2rXpofV7A9_-irn5Ko30oQ20xoH2ugPbfejzlHmsDaVnM9YSeol6Z-rZOeWp2EE5-S1kTefAV4NuNAuTxHW7wxiiyw3aIHl5oRWMa5ZbSLmzBWqbM4m7gD-fMW02NjEgGpEzvvrzyY/s1600/12Rock+Bay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2q2rXpofV7A9_-irn5Ko30oQ20xoH2ugPbfejzlHmsDaVnM9YSeol6Z-rZOeWp2EE5-S1kTefAV4NuNAuTxHW7wxiiyw3aIHl5oRWMa5ZbSLmzBWqbM4m7gD-fMW02NjEgGpEzvvrzyY/s400/12Rock+Bay.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
The boardwalk is a mess, but I like it: it's very photogenic.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcyngP6IB2cDmjhJ8pCt23XuOmnEg8ZHE4ZpbRKz12oTqyoe6D4WvJk4NE8oraAZ-yAKVH8XpwqZbN8NIEGCsDjy7C3w1A6Okwda7OOvCaxwpHoHT3CLr57_y6omDAYc9nWkfDb0PqRUs/s1600/13Rock+Bay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcyngP6IB2cDmjhJ8pCt23XuOmnEg8ZHE4ZpbRKz12oTqyoe6D4WvJk4NE8oraAZ-yAKVH8XpwqZbN8NIEGCsDjy7C3w1A6Okwda7OOvCaxwpHoHT3CLr57_y6omDAYc9nWkfDb0PqRUs/s400/13Rock+Bay.jpg" width="266" /></a></div>
Still existing: wooden base of the former railway.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs8OgBdfUzNdRO4cYpA11mVg0NLrobp-rIlorE0rUBF029UZS__QzUx3DnL8wWo_-VER97HfQol-tAnlj8Pcwldu1E3tHKoRbUNknNZXg9DauWkBVcVaUqXsXXcqhO1vmfDoTKP6PLbHc/s1600/15Rock+Bay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs8OgBdfUzNdRO4cYpA11mVg0NLrobp-rIlorE0rUBF029UZS__QzUx3DnL8wWo_-VER97HfQol-tAnlj8Pcwldu1E3tHKoRbUNknNZXg9DauWkBVcVaUqXsXXcqhO1vmfDoTKP6PLbHc/s400/15Rock+Bay.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
I already mentioned Wayne. He and Linda were our very hospitable and friendly neighbors.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4aZoRYo843GuDwX8QFf9sjlfg4pVH0iuRJI60xdSsyKz4Mom9ihLwnbczfCljYdG9IkTnlOb4V2vaKLJ8qu_09Bq5vpE229st_edJ8ZK87idfmQaHmSmLM5VAzJQmCtenEoFY3AbOpXk/s1600/16Rock+Bay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4aZoRYo843GuDwX8QFf9sjlfg4pVH0iuRJI60xdSsyKz4Mom9ihLwnbczfCljYdG9IkTnlOb4V2vaKLJ8qu_09Bq5vpE229st_edJ8ZK87idfmQaHmSmLM5VAzJQmCtenEoFY3AbOpXk/s400/16Rock+Bay.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
They had their own boat and frequently went out to catch a fish for dinner. They took us on a fishing trip and tried to teach us how to fish. We were no good but enjoyed the trip.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXjYwMGMb9DQcQuTOCVY_F0WldVDsQpoHldq7Uih7j0Wi084ZQ_JbhIyHAYIJAnjDJaGTBu26Tp5XdzDd327S_ArbX1ulH0YxqTQvpCwT3RZZeN_EuuTHq1mgHXA4ML92pnJMCMmu5T0U/s1600/17Rock+Bay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXjYwMGMb9DQcQuTOCVY_F0WldVDsQpoHldq7Uih7j0Wi084ZQ_JbhIyHAYIJAnjDJaGTBu26Tp5XdzDd327S_ArbX1ulH0YxqTQvpCwT3RZZeN_EuuTHq1mgHXA4ML92pnJMCMmu5T0U/s400/17Rock+Bay.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWeBk1owXqaD3Mf3i_C3cWOPGADb599IEa6usMGlRdHtAxDrf9yZsG-_RtbflWVmi02F-z2nDCJlnNUwBzfWQ25EpxRLSTjz9_2OrNkkW8coIuTPhyxFHn5zEXKO2DQbfb9UEIdlSVbQU/s1600/18Rock+Bay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWeBk1owXqaD3Mf3i_C3cWOPGADb599IEa6usMGlRdHtAxDrf9yZsG-_RtbflWVmi02F-z2nDCJlnNUwBzfWQ25EpxRLSTjz9_2OrNkkW8coIuTPhyxFHn5zEXKO2DQbfb9UEIdlSVbQU/s400/18Rock+Bay.jpg" width="266" /></a></div>
Linda preparing fresh salmon.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx2_AP7UhpsTqxQrXX5615T9gwJCnuG2XqSQ1UGtjBPDCxelfRTsvItwfGmoxQUYG-PD2RgdnAnZL_ivCenh56w_g3SsDExrgDPWrLm8ab5tebRowWFk_DFeVwRbFyLl107a73OoRWtsg/s1600/19Rock+Bay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx2_AP7UhpsTqxQrXX5615T9gwJCnuG2XqSQ1UGtjBPDCxelfRTsvItwfGmoxQUYG-PD2RgdnAnZL_ivCenh56w_g3SsDExrgDPWrLm8ab5tebRowWFk_DFeVwRbFyLl107a73OoRWtsg/s400/19Rock+Bay.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
Wayne told me the logging firm is going to replace the jetty. They were glad but I am not. Why? That will be revealed in my next post.Mick Otten - Nieuwe Wending Productieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12300885106717576686noreply@blogger.com3